8.11 : Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory

Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, introduced in 1943, is widely known as the "Hierarchy of Needs." This theory posits that human needs are arranged in a hierarchical structure, starting with basic survival needs and progressing toward more complex psychological and self-fulfillment desires. The hierarchy is typically a pyramid, and the lower needs must be satisfied to reach the next level.

At the pyramid's base are physiological needs, including food, water, and shelter — essentials for survival. Once physiological needs are satisfied, individuals seek safety and security, both physically and financially. The third level includes social needs, like relationships, love, and a sense of belonging. Next are esteem needs, where individuals seek self-worth, achievement, and recognition from others.

At the top of the pyramid lies self-actualization, where a person works to achieve their full potential and personal growth. Maslow described self-actualized individuals as those who are creative, confident, and capable of solving problems independently. An example of self-actualization can be seen in artists or scientists who, after securing their basic and social needs, focus on fulfilling their creative and intellectual potential.

Later in his career, Maslow added a level of self-transcendence. This stage involves individuals seeking meaning and purpose beyond themselves, often through spiritual or philanthropic activities, such as charitable work or advocacy for social causes. For instance, figures like Mahatma Gandhi are frequently cited as reaching this stage, dedicating their lives to the service of others. However, this concept wasn't fully integrated into the original model and remains somewhat underexplored in his writings.

While Maslow's hierarchy has profoundly impacted psychology, business management, marketing, and education, it has been criticized for lacking empirical support and for cultural or personal limitations. It assumes that individualistic needs are universal across all societies and fails to explain why a mother may sacrifice her physiological needs, such as hunger or fatigue, to ensure her child's well-being.