Diese Arbeit wurde ermöglicht durch Zuschüsse von der US Army Research Office (W911NF-07-1-0415 (GS), W911NF-08-1-0216 (GS)) und der NIH / NIBIB (EB006356 (GS) und EB00856 unterstützt ( JRW und GS)). Die Autoren danken Sean Austin für die SigfriedSigProcLAVA Modul, und Griffin Milsap für technische Hilfe.

1. Elektroden-Lokalisierung <ol><li> Sammeln Sie eine präoperative T1-gewichteten MRT-strukturellen (1.5T oder 3T) von dem Kopf des Patienten: 256 x 256 Pixel pro Scheibe, volles Sehfeld, keine Interpolation, 1 mm Schnittbreite, vorzugsweise sagittalen Querschnitten. </li><li> Beachten Sie die chirurgische Implantation der Netze und Bänder. Sammeln Sie digitale Fotos von den Elektroden in situ, und dem Neurochirurgen die Hinweise zu den Standorten der implantierten Netze und Bänder. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die post-operative Schädel Röntgenbilder und CT-Scans des Gehirns mit hoher Auflösung (1 mm Schnittbreite, Haut an Haut, kein Winkel). </li><li> Erstellen Sie ein dreidimensionales Modell der kortikalen das Gehirn des Patienten mit der präoperativen MRT, und Co-registrieren Sie es mit den Post-Raster Implantation CT-Bildern. Wir verwenden die CURRY-Software-Paket für diesen Zweck, und exportieren Sie die 3D-Struktur und kortikale Elektrode Koordinaten in MATLAB-Format. Von MATLAB, exportieren wir einen Film, der die Elektroden auf das Gehirn abgebildet zeigt. Wir map koordiniert die Elektrode zu Standard-Brodmann Bereiche mit Hilfe eines automatisierten Talairach Atlas. </li><li> Überprüfen Sie die Informationen aus dem 3D-Modell-, Röntgen-Bildern, Fotografien und Notizen. Finalize ein Nummerierungsschema für die Elektroden, und die Arbeit mit den Krankenhaus-Techniker, um sicherzustellen, dass die Elektroden in den Verteiler werden im Anschluss an diese Nummerierung genau gepatcht. Auch eine schematische Darstellung zur Darstellung der Elektroden in zwei Dimensionen, so dass alle die Elektrodenpositionen eindeutig ohne Überlappung zu unterscheiden. Wenn Sie vorhaben, Sigfried (siehe Abschnitt 4) ausgeführt werden, speichern Sie diese zweidimensionalen Koordinaten als Parameter BCI2000 Fragment, in dem von der ElectrodeLocations Parameter erforderlich. Wählen Sie schließlich zwei Elektroden-Standorten, die wahrscheinlich electrocorticographically sind &quot;stille&quot;, dh sie sind nicht in der Nähe der vermuteten eloquent Kortex, um als ersten Grund-und Referenz verwenden (Vorbereitung der g.USBamps durch Patchen der Verweis auf die blauen Buchsen, und Bodenzu den gelben Sockel, am äußersten rechten Rand jeder Einheit). </li></ol> 2. Hardware-und Software-Setup <ol><li> Sicherstellen, dass die Spezifikationen für Computer ausreichend für den Umgang mit Anforderungen an die Verarbeitung des Experiments sind. Ein Multi-Core-Prozessor wird wahrscheinlich notwendig sein, um den Anforderungen von Echtzeit-Datenerfassung und-verarbeitung, Video-Aufzeichnung, und andere notwendige Aufgaben unterzubringen. Für die Aufzeichnung und Echtzeit-Analyse von 128 Kanälen bei 1200 Hz, verwenden wir ein 3-GHz-Quad-Core-Maschine mit 4 GB RAM. Die Verstärker sollte auf einen speziellen USB-Controller, die sich von der Steuerung (en) durch andere bandbreitenintensive Peripheriegeräte wie externe Festplatten und Kameras (dies kann über das System den Geräte-Manager überprüft werden) verwendet angeschlossen werden. Schließlich muss genügend Speicherplatz zum Speichern von bis zu 5 MB pro Sekunde von experimentellen Daten, und ein System zur Archivierung und Backup zu sein. </li><li> Richten Sie die Forschungs-Geräte (Verstärker, Computer, Bildschirm Experimentators, DetailtagebuchARD, Lautsprecher, Mikrofon und Kamera) auf einem einzigen Wagen, der schnell ausgerollt werden können, in die und aus der Zimmer des Patienten, mit nur einem einzigen Stromkabel in der Wand stecken. Um den Computer von Raum zu Raum zu bewegen, verwenden Sie die Hibernate-Funktion, bevor Sie. Der Patient Bildschirm sollte auf einer separaten Tablett Tisch oder Monitor Arm sein. In Anbetracht, dass der Patient anfällig für Anfälle ist, stellen Sie sicher, dass alle Geräte aus der Art und Weise kann schnell ausgerollt werden für den Fall das medizinische Personal sofort Zugriff auf die Patienten brauchen. Die Ausrüstung sollte auch mit antiseptischen Tüchern vor und nach Gebrauch in Zimmer des Patienten desinfiziert werden. </li><li> Zeit mit dem Patienten ist begrenzt, und alle Verfahren müssen robust und optimiert, um bestmögliche Nutzung der damaligen Zeit zu machen. In dieser Hinsicht sind die Flexibilität und Robustheit BCI2000 unschätzbare Eigenschaften. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Experimente an der Knopfdruck gestartet werden kann. Im Falle von BCI2000, verwenden Sie eine Batch-Datei, um die richtige Kombination aus startenBCI2000 Module automatisch mit den benötigten Kommandozeilen-Optionen. Der Betreiber und gUSBampSource Module benötigt werden, zusammen mit der entsprechenden Signalverarbeitung und Programm-Module für Ihre speziellen Experiment. Verwendung BCI2000 der Betreiber Skriptfunktion, um sicherzustellen, dass alle erforderlichen Parameter-Dateien automatisch einschließlich der, die spezifisch für diese Patienten sind, wie die Anzahl der Elektroden und ihre Namen und Positionen geladen werden. Der Zweck dieser Automatisierung ist die Anzahl der manuellen Schritte vom Versuchsleiter, und somit die Möglichkeiten für Fehler zu minimieren. Die Software und die Parameter müssen abgeschlossen und getestet (vielleicht mit einem EEG Sachgebiet) mindestens ein bis zwei Wochen vor der Implantation. Es ist auch sehr ratsam, zur Durchführung einer &quot;trocken&quot; laufen am Tag vor dem ersten experimentellen Sitzung, einschließlich aller neuen Patienten-spezifischen Parametern. </li></ol> 3. Experimentelle Session Set-up <ol><li> Wählen Sie Ihre Zeit fürdarauf hindeutet, experimentelle Aufnahmen für den Patienten, indem sie ihnen bemerken früher am Tag, und wieder 15 Minuten, bevor Sie beginnen. Die Arbeiten rund um Besucher, Mahlzeiten, Nickerchen, medizinische Verfahren, und der Patient die körperlichen, emotionalen und kognitiven Zustand. Es ist wichtig, um eine Beziehung mit dem medizinischen Personal auf dem Boden zu schaffen, die bei der Optimierung der Zeitpunkt und die Dauer der Aufnahmen zu helfen. </li><li> Rad das Gerät in Position, an die Steckdose anschließen, auf der Versuchsperson Bildschirm drehen und verbinden Sie es mit dem Computer, und un-Ruhezustand des Computers. </li><li> Starten Sie BCI2000. Mit der VisualizeSource Parameter aktiviert, drücken Sie Set Config. Das Signal-Viewer öffnet, so dass Sie beurteilen die ECoG Signalqualität. Auf den Betrachter mit der rechten Maustaste klicken und stellen Sie den Hochpassfilter zu einem 5 Hz Grenzfrequenz. (Dieser Filter Einstellung wirkt sich nur auf Visualisierungen, und nicht Sammlung von Daten.) </li><li> Prüfen Sie auf Interferenzen von Stromleitung Lärm: Hat die Aktivierung eines Notch-Filter im Viewer (bei 50 Hz oder 60 Hz,je nachdem, welches Land Sie sich befinden) machen einen großen Unterschied zu dem Signal? Wenn ja, versuchen Sie dies, indem Sie nicht verwendete Übersprechen Kabel, oder die Ermittlung und Beseitigung andere Stromquellen Störungen zu reduzieren. Ändern Sie die Elektroden für Referenz-und Boden bei Bedarf verwendet. </li><li> Wenn Sie mit einem Eye-Tracker sind, kalibrieren Sie es mit der Kalibrierungs-Software vom Hersteller zur Verfügung. Die BCI2000 Quelle Modul sollte mit der Erweiterung einbezogen EyetrackerLogger kompiliert werden, und sollte mit der gestartet werden - LogEyetracker = 1 Flag aktiviert, so dass Eye-Tracking-Daten synchron mit der ECOG-Signale erfasst werden. </li><li> Um Ablenkungen und Unterbrechungen zu vermeiden, und um mögliche Störungen zu minimieren Signal, sicherzustellen, dass Fernsehgeräte, Radios und Handys ausgeschaltet sind. </li><li> Gib genaue Anweisungen für den Patienten für das Experiment Sie sich über zu laufen. Je nach Thema hat die Aufgabe, Powerpoint-Folien vorbereitet, die die Aufgabe zu zeigen, kann die vorgeschlagene Körperhaltung, etc., als nützlich erweisen. </li&gt; <li> Drücken Sie auf Start auf dem Operator, um das Experiment zu starten. Jedes Mal, wenn Sie beginnen oder fortsetzen, wird eine neue Datei erstellt, um nicht zu überschreiben vorherigen Daten werden, und die Datei wird mit einer Kopie aller Parameter-Werte initialisiert werden. Die Rohdaten werden dann automatisch gestreamt werden, um die Datei zusammen mit Event Marker, bis Sie Suspend oder die experimentellen Lauf beendet drücken. </li><li> Während der Sitzung, überwachen das Verhalten des Patienten und der ECOG-Signale bei Verdacht auf Krampfanfälle, und bereit sein, Anweisungen von medizinischem Personal zu reagieren. </li></ol> 4. Beispiel Experimental Session: Sigfried Klinische Mapping mit BCI2000 <ol><li> Vorbereitung: Bevor die Sitzung beginnt, müssen Sie bereitete einen model.ini Datei, die die Signalverarbeitungs-Einstellungen Sigfried verwenden, um ein Modell zu bauen wird enthält haben, und ein PRM-Datei (oder getrennte Fragmente PRM.) Mit den Parametern, die BCI2000. das Modul SigfriedSigProcwird für Echtzeit-Visualisierung nutzen. Zwei wichtige Parameter sind ElectrodeLocations, unter Angabe der 2-D-Layout, das Sie für dieses Patienten insbesondere Elektroden und ElectrodeCondition, die die verschiedenen Aufgaben, unter welchen Bedingungen abgebildet wird spezifiziert gewählt haben. In diesem Beispiel verwenden wir die einfache StimulusPresentation Modul zum Kommunizieren Anweisungen an den Patienten, so dass die Impulse Parameter muss auch die Aufgaben ausführen wollen wir angepasst werden. </li><li> Baseline Schritt: Start der gUSBampSource, DummySignalProcessing und StimulusPresentationTask Modulen konfiguriert Probe ECoG Aktivität aus allen Netzen und Streifen bei 1200Hz, bei 0,1 Hz High-Pass-gefiltert. Weisen Sie den Betreff zu entspannen und bleiben regungslos mit offenen Augen. Rekord 6 Minuten der Baseline-Aktivität, unter komfortable Beleuchtung in einer ruhigen Umgebung. </li><li> Modeling Schritt: Starten Sie das Tool data2model_gui und die Extraktion von Merkmalen in 5 Hz Linien from 70 bis 110 Hz mit maximaler Entropie-Methode für jede 500 ms an Daten. Drücken Sie Buildmodell eine probabilistische Modell des ausgewählten spektralen Merkmale mit Gauß-Mischungen zu bauen. </li><li> Mapping Schritt: Starten Sie den gUSBampSource, SigfriedSigProcLAVA und StimulusPresentationTask Module und konfigurieren Sie den Operator, den probabilistischen Modell zu laden, die kortikale Modell, und die 2 - und 3-dimensionale Koordinaten Elektrode. Nach Anweisen des Subjekts, starten Sie den Mapping-Prozess. Bei diesem Verfahren wird ein Gegenstand jede Aufgabe 10 Sekunden zu einer Zeit durchführen, auf jeder der 5 Wiederholungen. Während jeder Aufgabe, erkennt Sigfried aufgabenbezogene ECoG Aktivität, die in ständig aktualisierten 2 dargestellt wird - und 3-dimensionale Karten von eloquenten Kortex. In den 2-dimensionalen Karten, stellt die Größe und Rötung jedes Kreises seine Bedeutung in dieser bestimmten Aufgabe. Insbesondere ist die Größe des Kreises proportional zum Anteil des gesamten Signals Varianz in der Gamma-band, die für die Aufgabe berücksichtigt wird. Diese Statistik basiert wie das Bestimmtheitsmaß, oder R 2 bekannt. Es liegt in dem Bereich (0,1) und in der aktuellen Setup ein Wert von 0,1 können in der Regel als signifikant angesehen werden. Die Skalierung der Kreise um eine maximale R 2-Werte können über die Schieberegler (siehe Abbildung 1C) werden. In den 3-dimensionalen Karten werden die R 2-Werte, um unterschiedliche Farben als Kreisgrößen zugeordnet. </li></ol> 5. Repräsentative Ergebnisse Abbildung 1 zeigt repräsentative Ergebnisse, von einem Sigfried Mapping-Session bei einem Patienten. Die Patientin war eine 28-jährige Rechtshänder Frau, die hartnäckig Lokalisation im Zusammenhang mit Epilepsie von links-zeitliche Beginn mit sekundärer Generalisierung hatte. 120 electrocorticographic Elektroden wurden subdural über linken frontalen, parietalen und temporalen Kortex implantiert. Eine seitliche Röntgenaufnahme (Feld A) und eine intra-operative Foto (Bild B) zeigen dieKonfiguration eines vorderen Gitters mit 40 Elektroden, eine höhere Dichte zeitlichen Raster mit 68 Elektroden, und drei Streifen von jeweils 4 Elektroden. Aus den aufgezeichneten Anfälle, ein Neurologe der epileptischen Foci lokalisiert und festgestellt, dass es notwendig sei, eine chirurgische Resektion des linken Schläfenlappens führen unter Schonung beredte Sprache Kortex. Dies wurde erfolgreich durchgeführt: bei 8 Monate nach der Resektion der Patient als anfallsfrei und ohne neurologische Defizite bewertet worden. Der Passiv-Mapping-Verfahren identifiziert Sigfried Kortex in Sprache-Funktion durch die Gegenüberstellung aufgabenbezogene Änderungen beim Hören Aufgaben beteiligt. Ein 2-dimensionaler Schnittstelle (Panel C), die die Anordnung der Elektroden deutlich macht, und eine 3-dimensionale anatomisch richtige Schnittstelle (Panel D): Die Ergebnisse wurden in zwei Schnittstellen vorgestellt. Von links nach rechts die Paneele Gegensatz zu hören gesprochene Sprache vs Baseline (Gesang), hören Töne vs Baseline (Tönen), und das Hören der gesprochenen Sprache vs listening um Töne (Sprache). Der letzte von ihnen wird als ein grobes Bild der auditiven Funktion, die spezifisch für Sprache empfänglich ist enthalten. Die Ergebnisse der VOICE Zustand zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit Stellen, an denen rezeptiven Sprache Funktion gestört ECS in dieser Patientengruppe (markiert als gelbe Kreise in Abb. A). <img alt="1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3993/3993fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Beispiel Ergebnisse von einem Patienten. Panel A zeigt eine seitliche Röntgenaufnahme. Gelbe Kreise markieren die Elektroden in rezeptiven Sprache gebracht, in der später durch elektrokortikale Stimulation Mapping identifiziert. Tafel B ist ein Foto während der Implantation entnommen. Panel C zeigt die Sigfried Mapping-Ergebnisse in einer schematischen zweidimensionale Layout: die Größe und Rötung jeder Scheibe repräsentiert die Bedeutung der Beteiligung der einzelnen Elektrode in der Aufgabe, im Vergleich zum Ausgangswert. Im Feld D wird die gleiche Statistik, um Farbe auf einem dreidimensionalen Modell des Gehirns abgebildet Renderot aus patienteneigenen MRT.

<ol>
	<li>Miller, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+Changes+in+Cortical+Surface+Potentials+during+Motor+Movement.">Spectral Changes in Cortical Surface Potentials during Motor Movement.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27, 2424-2424 (2007).</li><li>Chang, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Categorical+speech+representation+in+human+superior+temporal+gyrus.">Categorical speech representation in human superior temporal gyrus.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 13, 1428-1428 (2010).</li><li>Gunduz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+visual-spatial+attention+in+electrocorticographic+signals+in+humans.">Neural correlates of visual-spatial attention in electrocorticographic signals in humans.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 5, (2011).</li><li>Pei, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+dynamics+of+electrocorticographic+high+gamma+activity+during+overt+and+covert+word+repetition.">Spatiotemporal dynamics of electrocorticographic high gamma activity during overt and covert word repetition.</a> NeuroImage. 54, 2960 (2010).</li><li>Crone, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+gamma+oscillations+and+human+brain+mapping+with+electrocorticography.">High-frequency gamma oscillations and human brain mapping with electrocorticography.</a> Progress in Brain Research. 159, 275 (2006).</li><li>Brunner, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+communication+with+a+"P300"+matrix+speller+using+electrocorticographic+signals+(ECoG).">Rapid communication with a "P300" matrix speller using electrocorticographic signals (ECoG).</a> Frontiers in Neuroprosthetics. 5, (2010).</li><li>Leuthardt, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+brain-computer+interface+using+electrocorticographic+signals+in+humans.">A brain-computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 1, (2004).</li><li>Schalk, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BCI2000:+A+General-Purpose+Brain-Computer+Interface+(BCI)+System.">BCI2000: A General-Purpose Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System.</a> IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering. 51, 1034 (2004).</li><li>Schalk, G., Mellinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A Practical Guide to Brain-Computer Interfacing with BCI2000. , (2010).</li><li>Brunner, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+procedure+for+real-time+functional+mapping+of+eloquent+cortex+using+electrocorticographic+signals+in+humans.">A practical procedure for real-time functional mapping of eloquent cortex using electrocorticographic signals in humans.</a> Epilepsy and Behavior. 15, 278 (2009).</li></ol>

Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Das Sammeln ECoG Daten für die Forschung erfordert eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Klinikern und Forschern, mit einem hoch interdisziplinären Team der Lösung von Problemen in der klinischen Neurologie, Neurochirurgie, grundlegende Neurowissenschaft, Informatik und Elektrotechnik. Die Belohnung ist, dass ECoG Signale, insbesondere Amplituden im hohen Gamma-Frequenzbereich (70-110Hz), sind sehr wertvoll. Nicht nur sie bieten wissenschaftliche Einblicke in die neuronalen Korrelate von kognitiven, sensorischen und moto...

<ol><li> 8 x 16-Kanal-Verstärker g.USBamp ( <a href="http://gtec.at" target="_blank">http://gtec.at</a> ) </li><li> 2 x 64-Kanal-Break-Out Box (Splitter Kopf-Box) </li><li> 2 x Verbindungskabel vom Splitter in die klinische System </li><li> 2 x Verbindungskabel von Splitter zu vier g.USBamps </li><li> 2 x Vier-Wege-Netzteil für vier g.USBamps </li><li> 2 x Vier-Wege-Sync-Adapter zu vier g.USBamps synchronisieren </li><li> 1 x Sync-Kabel zum Synchronisieren zwei Sätze von vier g.USBamps </li><li> 1 x potentialfreier Entzerrung Klemme + Kabel für g.USBamp </li><li> 18 x berührungssicher Starthilfekabel </li><li> 2 x Vier-Wege-USB 2.0-Hubs </li><li> Steckdosenleiste </li><li> Laptop oder Desktop-Computer (siehe Abschnitt 2.1) </li><li> Sichere, mobile Wagen für alle der oben genannten </li><li> Eyetracker (oder gewöhnliche LCD-Monitor) für Patient </li><li> Bewegliche Tablett für den Patienten-Monitor </li><li> Andere Peripheriegeräte (Joysticks usw.) für Patient Verhaltensreaktionen </li><li> BCI2000 Software </li><li> CUrry Software </li><li> MATLAB-Software </li></ol>

recording human electrocorticographic (ecog) signals for neuroscientific research and real-time functional cortical mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping at JoVE.com

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Wir stellen eine Methode zum Sammeln electrocorticographic Signale für die Forschung von Menschen, die sich einer invasiven Monitoring-Epilepsie sind. Wir zeigen, wie das BCI2000 Software-Plattform für die Datenerfassung, Signalverarbeitung und Stimulus Präsentation zu nutzen. Insbesondere zeigen wir, Sigfried, ein BCI2000-basiertes Tool für die Echtzeit-funktionelles Brain Mapping.

Aufnahme Menschliche Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signale für neurowissenschaftliche Forschung und Real-time Funktionelle kortikale Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

25.5K Aufrufe.  New York State Department of Health. Wir stellen eine Methode zum Sammeln electrocorticographic Signale für die Forschung von Menschen, die sich einer invasiven Monitoring-Epilepsie sind. Wir zeigen, wie das BCI2000 Software-Plattform für die Datenerfassung, Signalverarbeitung und Stimulus Präsentation zu nutzen. Insbesondere zeigen wir, Sigfried, ein BCI2000-basiertes Tool für die Echtzeit-funktionelles Brain Mapping.

Serie: Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

Functional Mapping mit Simultaneous MEG und EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

Korrelation von Verhaltensreaktionen auf fMRI Signalen von Human präfrontalen Kortex: Untersuchung kognitiver Prozesse mit dem Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in intact spinal cord, brainstem, retina, cortex and dissociated neuronal culture preparations. During periods of spontaneous activity, neurons depolarize to fire single or bursts of action potentials, activating many ion channels. Depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels on dendrites and spines that mediate calcium influx. Highly synchronized electrical activity has been measured from local neuronal networks using field electrodes. This technique enables high temporal sampling rates but lower spatial resolution due to integrated read-out of multiple neurons at one electrode. Single cell resolution of neuronal activity is possible using patch-clamp electrophysiology on single neurons to measure firing activity. However, the ability to measure from a network is limited to the number of neurons patched simultaneously, and typically is only one or two neurons. The use of calcium-dependent fluorescent indicator dyes has enabled the measurement of synchronized activity across a network of cells. This technique gives both high spatial resolution and sufficient temporal sampling to record spontaneous activity of the developing network.
A key feature of newly-forming cortical and hippocampal networks during pre- and early postnatal development is spontaneous, synchronized neuronal activity (Katz &amp; Shatz, 1996; Khaziphov &amp; Luhmann, 2006). This correlated network activity is believed to be essential for the generation of functional circuits in the developing nervous system (Spitzer, 2006). In both primate and rodent brain, early electrical and calcium network waves are observed pre- and postnatally in vivo and in vitro (Adelsberger et al., 2005; Garaschuk et al., 2000; Lamblin et al., 1999). These early activity patterns, which are known to control several developmental processes including neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and plasticity (Rakic &amp; Komuro, 1995; Spitzer et al., 2004) are of critical importance for the correct development and maturation of the cortical circuitry.
In this JoVE video, we demonstrate the methods used to image spontaneous activity in developing cortical networks. Calcium-sensitive indicators, such as Fura 2-AM ester diffuse across the cell membrane where intracellular esterase activity cleaves the AM esters to leave the cell-impermeant form of indicator dye. The impermeant form of indicator has carboxylic acid groups which are able to then detect and bind calcium ions intracellularly.. The fluorescence of the calcium-sensitive dye is transiently altered upon binding to calcium. Single or multi-photon imaging techniques are used to measure the change in photons being emitted from the dye, and thus indicate an alteration in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, these calcium-dependent indicators can be combined with other fluorescent markers to investigate cell types within the active network.

Spontaneous activity of developing neuronal networks can be measured using AM-ester forms of calcium-sensitive indicator dyes. Changes in intracellular calcium, indicating neuronal activation, are detected as transient changes in indicator fluorescence with one- or two-photon imaging. This protocol can be adapted for a range of developmentally-dependent neuronal networks in vitro.

Functional Calcium Imaging in Entwicklungsländern Kortikale Netzwerke

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in ...

Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery. Here we provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting electrode systems. We demonstrate the implantation procedure of both a penetrating and a surface electrode. The surgical process is described from start to finish, including detailed descriptions of each step throughout the procedure. It should also be noted that this video guide is focused towards procedures conducted in rodent models and other small animal models. Modifications of the described procedures are feasible for other animal models.

We provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting chronic neural recording electrodes. Techniques for both penetrating and surface electrode systems are described in a rodent animal model.

Chirurgische Implantation von Elektroden für die Neural Chronische Aufnahme Single Unit Activity und Electrocorticographic Signale

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery.  Here we provide useful information for ...

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

Mapping Kortikale Dynamics Mit Simultaneous MEG / EEG und anatomisch eingeschränkt Minimum-Norm Schätzungen: ein Auditory Achtung Beispiel

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Funktionelle Bildgebung Auditory Cortex bei erwachsenen Katzen mit Hochfeld-fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

Ein Protokoll für die Verwaltung von Real-Time-fMRT Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

Chronische Implantation des gesamten kortikalen Electrocorticographic Arrays in der Weißbüschelaffe

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Dynamic fMRI responses vary largely according to the physiological conditions of animals either under anesthesia or in awake states. We developed a real-time fMRI platform to guide experimenters to monitor fMRI responses instantaneously during acquisition, which can be used to modify the physiology of animals to achieve desired hemodynamic responses in animal brains. The real-time fMRI set-up is based on a 14.1T preclinical MRI system, enabling the real-time mapping of dynamic fMRI responses in the primary forepaw somatosensory cortex (FP-S1) of anesthetized rats. Instead of a retrospective analysis to investigate confounding sources leading to the variability of fMRI signals, the real-time fMRI platform provides a more effective scheme to identify dynamic fMRI responses using customized macro-functions and a common neuroimage analysis software in the MRI system. Also, it provides immediate troubleshooting feasibility and a real-time biofeedback stimulation paradigm for brain functional studies in animals.

Animal brain functional mapping can benefit from the real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experimental set-up. Using the latest software implemented in the animal MRI system, we established a real-time monitoring platform for small animal fMRI.

Echtzeit-fMRT-Kartierung des Gehirns bei Tieren

Dynamic fMRI responses vary largely according to the physiological conditions of animals either under anesthesia or in awake states. We developed a ...

Electrocorticographic Recording of Cerebral Cortex Areas Manipulated Using an Adeno-Associated Virus Targeting Cofilin in Mice

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are increasingly used to improve understanding of brain circuits and their functions. The AAV-mediated manipulation of specific cell populations and/or of precise molecular components has been tremendously useful to identify new sleep regulatory circuits/molecules and key proteins contributing to the adverse effects of sleep loss. For instance, inhibiting activity of the filamentous actin-severing protein&#160;cofilin&#160;using AAV prevents sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Here, a protocol is&#160;described that combines the manipulation of cofilin function in a cerebral cortex area with the recording of ECoG activity to examine whether cortical cofilin modulates the wakefulness and sleep ECoG signals. AAV injection is performed during the same surgical procedure as the implantation of ECoG and electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in adult male and female mice. Mice are anesthetized, and their heads are shaved. After skin cleaning and incision, stereotaxic coordinates of the motor cortex are determined, and the skull is pierced at this location. A cannula prefilled with an AAV expressing cofilinS3D, an inactive form of cofilin, is slowly positioned in the cortical tissue. After AAV infusion, gold-covered screws (ECoG electrodes) are screwed through the skull and cemented to the skull with gold wires inserted in the neck muscles (EMG electrodes). The animals are allowed three weeks to recover and to ensure sufficient expression of cofilinS3D. The infected area and cell type are verified using immunohistochemistry, and the ECoG is analyzed using visual identification of vigilance states and spectral analysis. In summary, this combined methodological approach allows the investigation of the precise contribution of molecular components regulating neuronal morphology and connectivity to the regulation of synchronized cerebral cortex activity during wakefulness and sleep.

This article describes a protocol for the manipulation of molecular targets in the cerebral cortex using adeno-associated viruses and for monitoring the effects of this manipulation during wakefulness and sleep using electrocorticographic recordings.

Elektrokortikographische Aufzeichnung von Großhirnrindenbereichen manipuliert mit einem Adeno-assoziierten Virus, das auf Cofilin bei Mäusen abzielt

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. ...