Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

Summary

Right heart failure (RHF) is characterized by right-sided cardiac dilation and hypertrophy, leading to ventricular and atrial malfunction. Cardiopulmonary conditions associated with RHF are accompanied by an increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias. This article describes a standardized model of pulmonary artery banding-induced RHF associated with enhanced ventricular and atrial arrhythmogenesis.

Abstract

Clinical conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), can lead to chronic right ventricle pressure overload and progressive right heart failure (RHF). RHF can be identified by right-sided cardiac hypertrophy and dilation associated with abnormal myocardial function affecting the RV and the right atrium (RA). We recently demonstrated that severe RHF is accompanied by an increased risk of atrial inflammation, atrial fibrosis, and atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia (CA). Recent studies have shown that RV and RA inflammation plays an important role in the arrhythmogenesis of CA, including AF. However, the impact of inflammation in the development of CA and AF in RHF is poorly described.

Experimental models of RHF are required to better understand the association between right-sided myocardial inflammation and CA. The rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) is well-established to provoke RHF. However, MCT triggers severe pneumo-toxicity and pulmonary inflammation. Hence, MCT-induced RHF does not help to distinguish whether the subsequent myocardial inflammation originates from the RHF per se or circulating inflammatory signals secreted by the injured lung.

In this article, a mechanical method involving pulmonary artery trunk banding (PAB) was used to provoke right-sided cardiac arrhythmogenesis. The PAB consists of performing a permanent suture of the pulmonary artery trunk for 3 weeks. Such an approach generates increased right-sided pressure overload. At D21 post-PAB, the suture results in hypertrophied, dilated, and inflamed RV and RA. The PAB-induced RHF is also accompanied by vulnerability to ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, including AF.

Introduction

Right heart failure (RHF) is characterized by right ventricular (RV) and atrial (RA) hypertrophy and dilation, leading to right-sided cardiac malfunction in response to chronic RV pressure overload due to the constriction of the pulmonary arteries (PA)¹. Hence, conditions provoking the narrowing of PA can be responsible for an increased risk of RHF^1,2,3,4. Clinical data revealed that RHF is the major cause of hospitalization (56%) in patients with PA hypertension (PAH)². Clinical studies have s....

Protocol

All procedures described below were approved by the Montreal Heart Institute ethics committee (protocol numbers: 2021-2938-2021-47-01 and 2024-3412-2024-48-01) and strictly followed the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines. Male Wistar rats (225-275 g) aged 6-8 weeks were used for the procedures. All animals were housed in the animal care facility of the Montreal Heart Institute, with free access to water and food.

1. Preoperative preparation

1. Sterilize.......

Discussion

The successful performance of the PAB is the most crucial part of this protocol. It is important to properly distinguish the aorta and the PA trunk. The isolation of the PA must be performed meticulously to avoid tearing, bleeding, and death during the procedure. The application of the suture around the 19G lead must be performed quickly and followed by immediate removal of the lead, to avoid too long 'complete obstruction' of the PA due to the presence of the lead.

According to the re.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Sodium Chlorine Injection USB (100 ml)	Baxter	JB1302P	Solution used for drugs (analgesic and anti-inflammatory) dilution and for preparing saline water syringes dedicated to rehydrating the animal after the surgery
19 G x 1 1/2 PrecisionGlide Needle	BD	305187	Needle modified (bent and blunted) to be used as a spacer during for the partial constriction of the pulmonary trunk
2" x 2" Non Woven Non-Sterile Ritmed Gauze Sponge, 4-Ply	AMD-Ritmed	A2101-CH	Gauze sponges used to absorb blood from the wound or to gently push organs (ex: thymus) aside.
4" x 4" Non Woven Non-Sterile Ritmed Gauze Sponge, 4-Ply (x200)	AMD-Ritmed	A2100-CH	Gauze sponges used to absorb blood from the wound or to gently push organs (ex: thymus) aside.
5-0 Vicryl Violet Suture RB-1 1/2 Circle Needle 17mm 27"	Ethicon	J303H	Synthetic absorbable sterile surgical suture with a taperpoint needle used for muscle and skin wounds closure.
Anafen (100 mg/mL)	Merial Canada, Inc.	1938126	Diluted injectable solution of ketoprofen administered as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug.
AutoClip System	FST	12020-00	Can be used to close the skin wound. Includes a clip applier, wound clips (9 mm) and a clip remover.
Dumont #5/45 Forceps	FST	11251-35	Dumoxel forceps with tips angled at 45°. Used to tighten the knots around the spacer placed on the pulmonary trunk.
Fine Scissors - Sharp	FST	14060-10	Stainless steel iris scissors dedicated to intercostal muscles incision and suture cutting.
Forane (Isoflurane) 100 mL	Baxter Canada	BAXCA2L9100	Inhalation anesthetic used for rodents during their PAB surgery.
IV Catheter 16 G x 1.77 " (Straight)	BD Insyte	381257	Catheter used as an endotracheal tube with its metal stylet blunted.
Light  LED 130 F - DrMach	Eickemeyer	M130300	LED wall mounted light.
Magnetic Fixator Retraction System: Base plate	FST	18200-50	Metal plate on which the associated fixtures are installed. It is placed around the heating plate.
Magnetic Fixator Retraction System: Elastomer (2 m Roll)	FST	18200-07	Used to attach the retractors to the fixators.
Magnetic Fixator Retraction System: Fixators	FST	18200-02	Movable anchors that can be placed on the base plate.
Magnetic Fixator Retraction System: Retractors	FST	18200-11	Retractors allowing to maintain the surgical wound with the desired opening
Metzenbaum Scissors (Curved)	FST	14017-14	Stainless steel blunt scissors used for blunt dissection of the skin and muscles.
Micro-Adson Forceps	FST	11018-12	Stainless steel serrated forceps used to grasp skin and other tissues.
Oster Golden A5 2-Speed Clipper	Oster Professional	34264416949	Pet grooming clipper used to prepare the surgical field. Since it's meant to be used with large animals, the user needs to be careful with rats.
Rodent heating plate or warming system	Custom made	N/A	Plate connected to a unit equipped with a LED screen displaying the temperature detected by the rectal probe as well as the target temperature.
Rodent Ventilator Model 683	Harvard Apparatus	74240-2	Mechanical ventilator used for small laboratory animals (max 5 kg).
Semken Forceps with Serrations (Curved)	FST	11009-13	Stainless steel forceps used for tissue dissection.
Semken Forceps with Serrations (Straight)	FST	11008-13	Stainless steel forceps used for tissue dissection.
Silky Fresh Hair removal Cream	Veet	62200825036	Hair removal product used to prepare the surgical site after shaving.
Soluprep	3M	103.26	Bottled antiseptic solution tinted with 2% chlorhexidine and 70 % alcohol 225 mL.
Stainless steel spatula 195 mm	Heathrow Scientific	HS15907	Spatula used as a tongue depressor during rat intubation.
Stereomicroscope System SZ61TR	Olympus	88-126	Microscope equipped with binoculars and a built-in camera allowing for video filming.
Sterile Sodium Chloride 0.9% Irrigation Bottle (60 mL)	Saline H2O	25-6048SA-L	Solution used to keep the wound moist throughout the surgery.
Surgical Scissors - Sharp-Blunt (Straight)	FST	14001-12	Stainless steel scissors used to make the initial skin incision.
Suture 5-0 Silk No Needle	Henry Schein	102-6344	Silk thread used to do the constriction of the pulmonary trunk
Systane Ointment	Alcon	2444062	Eyes lubricant providing a temporary relief of burning and irritation caused by the dryness of the eyes during surgery.
SZ2-STU2 stereomicroscope stand	Olympus	N1198900	The arm attached to the base provides a great freedom of movement to the microscope head.
Tissue forceps - 1X2 Teeth	FST	11021-15	Stainless steel forceps allowing to grasp, hold and manipulate tissues (skin and muscles).
Transpore Surgical Tape	3M	1527-1	Medical tape used to immobilized the rats' forelimbs and hindlimbs.
Vetbond Tissue Adhesive (3 mL)	3M	1469SB	Surgical glue that can be applied in small amounts on the skin It can be used as a complement to subcutaneous sutures.
Vetergesic Multidose (0.3 mg/mL) 10 mL	Ceva Canada	2342510	Diluted injectable solution of buprenorphine administered as an analgesic drug.
Veterinary anesthesia evaporator Tec 4	Dispomed	34001 Iso	Enables vaporization of isoflurane and concentration at 0–5%.