Capítulo 12
Soluciones y coloides
Formación de las Soluciones
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a ...
Las Fuerzas Intermoleculares en las Soluciones
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external ...
Entalpía de Solución
There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
A decrease in the internal energy of the system (an ...
Soluciones Acuosas y Calores de Hidratación
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole ...
Equilibrio y Saturación de las Soluciones
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this ...
Propiedades Físicas que Afectan la Solubilidad
Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute ...
Expresando la concentración de las Soluciones
A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described ...
Reducción de la Presión de Vapor
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
...
Soluciones Ideales
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent ...
Descenso del punto de Congelamiento y Elevación del Punto de Ebullición
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the ...
Ósmosis y Presión Osmótica de las Soluciones
A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, ...
Electrolitos: Factor de van't Hoff
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species ...
Coloides
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera ...
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