Quantifying Drosophila melanogaster Eye Phenotypes: A Computational Approach Integrating ilastik and Flynotyper

Summary

The Drosophila eye system is a useful tool for studying various biological processes, particularly human neurodegenerative diseases. However, manual quantification of rough eye phenotypes can be biased and unreliable. Here we describe a method by which ilastik and Flynotyper are used to quantify eye phenotype in an unbiased way.

Abstract

The Drosophila melanogaster compound eye is a well-structured and comprehensive array of around 800 ommatidia, exhibiting a symmetrical and hexagonal pattern. This regularity and ease of observation make the Drosophila eye system a powerful tool to model various human neurodegenerative diseases. However, ways of quantifying abnormal phenotypes, such as manual ranking of eye severity scores, have limitations, especially when ranking weak alterations in eye morphology. To overcome these limitations, computational approaches have been developed such as Flynotyper. The use of a ring light allows for better qualitative images accessing the intactness of individual ommatidia. However, these images cannot be analyzed by Flynotyper directly due to shadows on ommatidia introduced by the ring light. Here, we describe an unbiased way to quantify rough eye phenotypes observed in Drosophila disease models by combining two software, ilastik and Flynotyper. By preprocessing the images with ilastik, successful quantification of the rough eye phenotype can be achieved with Flynotyper.

Introduction

The Drosophila melanogaster genome contains ~75% of human disease-related gene orthologs. Additionally, during Drosophila eye development, approximately two-thirds of the genes in the genome are expressed, making the Drosophila eye an outstanding genetic system to investigate various molecular and cellular functions, development, and disease models^1,2. Thus, the Drosophila eye system is a useful experimental tool to study various biological processes.

The Drosophila compound eye is a well-structured and comprehensive array of ~800 ommatid....

Protocol

1. Preparing for quantification

1. Download and install ilastik¹¹, ImageJ, and the ImageJ plugin Flynotyper¹. See Table of Materials for website links to installation. Download the appropriate packages according to the computer operating system (Mac, Windows, Linux, etc). Follow the installation instructions exactly as stated.
   NOTE: Following the directions exactly as stated in the provided links is imperative. The computer .......

Discussion

The ommatidia of Drosophila comprise a useful system for studying various biological functions and genetic diseases. The regularity of ommatidia is a good measurement to examine the effect of genetic mutations⁴. Even though several methods for calculating ommatidial regularity exist, such as manual ranking, these methods can be heavily biased. To overcome this biased approach, semi-automatic tools have been developed^1,11.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Computer specifications			Ryzen 5, 16 GB RAM, Nvidia RTX 3070 Super, Windows 10
Flynotyper	Iyer, J. et al. (2016)	Download software here: https://flynotyper.sourceforge.net/imageJ.html	Open source software. Do not use Flynotyper 2.0. At the time of publication, 2.0 was fairly new and this protocol is optimized for the original version of Flynotyper.
ilastik	Berg, S. et al. (2019)	Download software here: https://www.ilastik.org/download.html	Open source software. Download Version 1.4.0.post1 under Regular Builds corresponding to your computer operating system.
ImageJ		Download software here: https://imagej.net/ij/download.html	Open source software. Versions 1.53 and 1.54 were used. 1.54 is the updated version and is the default download.
Leica Application Suite (LAS X)	Leica Microsystems	LASX Office 1.4.6 28433	System and software used for z-stack acquisition.
Leica Z16 APO microscope with a DMC2900 camera	Leica Microsystems	10 447 173, 12 730 466	Referred to as Z-stack microscope and camera in the text. This product is now archived.