La inducción de la inflamación experimental: <ol><li> Una quemadura de primer grado se induce en la piel no curtida de un muslo con ayuda de un calibrado, la fuente de los rayos ultravioleta B (Saalmann Multitester SBB LT 499, Saalmann GmbH, Hereford, Alemania). La quemadura solar es inducida por 24 horas antes de iniciar un experimento de microdiálisis mediante la aplicación de tres veces la cantidad de luz UVB necesaria para causar enrojecimiento completa de la piel expuesta, o tres veces la dosis mínima de eritema (MED). El MED se determina en cada tema antes de iniciar el estudio. La entrega precisa de la energía está asegurada con un medidor de UV (RM 12, el Dr. Grobel UV-Electronic GmbH, Ettlingen, Alemania). </li></ol> Catéter de colocación y recogida de muestras: <ol><li> Prepare un área de ensayo con guantes estériles, un porta-agujas estériles, jeringas de 1 cc punta luer con un calibre 23 (G) de aguja, la jeringa de 1 cc con una aguja 30G, lidocaína al 1%, algodones con alcohol, gasas estériles de 2x2, los catéteres de microdiálisis conectado a un fin a una aguja de 4 cm de 23G (diálisis dérmica, Erlangen, Alemania), y tubos de 1,5 ml Microcent colección (E &amp; K Científico, Santa Clara, CA.) con una solución de 4μl inhibidor de la proteasa por muestra 100μl en hielo seco. solución de inhibidor de la proteasa se hace según las instrucciones del fabricante, utilizando comprimidos de cóctel de inhibidores de la proteasa (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Alemania). </li><li> Prepare una solución al 1% de albúmina humana en solución de Ringer lactato y dibujarlo en la punta de la jeringa de 1cc luer, asegurándose de que no haya burbujas de aire que queda en la jeringa. </li><li> Cargue la jeringa con el 1% de albúmina humana enriquecida con solución de Ringer lactato en la cuna (microdiálisis multi-jeringa rack, Harvard Apparatus, Natick del Sur, MA) montado en una bomba de precisión de la infusión de alto (la bomba 22, Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA ). Asegúrese de que la barra de la bomba de infusión de conducción de la jeringa se encuentra en pleno contacto con el émbolo de la jeringa. Establecer la velocidad de la bomba después de confirmar que el diámetro de la jeringa ha sido exactamente entró en la bomba. Comúnmente utilizado las tasas de infusión oscila entre 2 a 4μl/min. </li><li> Definir el área que el plan para recoger la muestra de. Cuando el muestreo de un área creada artificialmente inflamada, como la quemadura de sol se ha descrito anteriormente, el plan de inserción del catéter en el borde de la quemadura. </li><li> Limpiar un área pequeña en los bordes opuestos de la lesión, o en el sitio tiene la intención de tomar la muestra de, con el alcohol. Estas áreas ya limpias se pretende la inserción y puntos de salida del catéter. Inyectar suficiente lidocaína intra-cutánea (evidenciado por la palidez de la piel de inyección) en estos sitios para crear una ampolla muy pequeña (máximo de 2 mm). La inyección de dicha cantidad limitada de intra-cutánea de lidocaína en la entrada y salida del catéter de microdiálisis no debe alterar los resultados de los bioensayos, pero hace que la inserción del catéter significativamente menos doloroso para los sujetos de estudio. </li><li> Utilizando las técnicas de asepsia, inserte los catéteres de microdiálisis con la ayuda de la aguja de 23G unida a lo largo de la zona de la piel explorado. La profundidad de inserción se encuentra en la interfaz entre el cutis y el tejido subcutáneo. Inserción a una profundidad adecuada se puede verificar de forma óptica. A medida que la aguja y el catéter conectado se mueven hacia delante de la aguja debe causar un poco más arriba-pliegue de la piel, así como algunos blanqueo de la piel. No debe ocurrir sangrado. Si se produce una hemorragia, esto indica que la aguja se encuentra más profunda de lo previsto y la profundidad de inserción tiene que ser ajustada. Una vez que la aguja ha sido empujado a través del punto de salida de la piel, lavar los catéteres con albúmina al 1% enriquecido solución de Ringer lactato hasta que vea las gotas a lo largo de la longitud del catéter. Esto se hace introduciendo cuidadosamente el extremo de la aguja de una jeringa (aguja 23G) en el extremo distal del catéter de microdiálisis, e inyectando lentamente la solución. </li><li> Después de lavar el catéter tire suavemente de la aguja para alimentar a la sonda conectada a través de la piel. Un manejo cuidadoso es necesario porque los catéteres de diámetro pequeño y frágil en consecuencia. Tirar el catéter hasta que esté completamente pasa a través de la piel, es decir, la base del tubo de plástico más grandes incorporación del extremo distal del catéter toca la piel en el punto de entrada. Como se mencionó anteriormente, poco o ningún sangrado al final del procedimiento confirma la colocación del catéter óptimo. </li><li> Conecte el extremo distal del catéter hasta la punta de la aguja 23G de la jeringa en reposo en el bastidor de la bomba de infusión. Es necesario tener cuidado para evitar la punción de la aguja a través de la pared de la sonda, lo que causa las posibilidades de fuga. </li><li> Corte la aguja del extremo proximal del catéter. </li><li> El uso de ¼ de pulgada de cinta de color rosa, conecte el tubo de 1,5 ml preparados colección Microcent en la piel cerca del sitio de salida del catéter. Coloque la punta del catéter en el tubo de recogida que permita la recogida de microdialysate. En marcha la bomba de perfusión en r predeterminadocomieron y de forma intermitente comprobar que el volumen de entrega y recogida coinciden. En el caso de los volúmenes no coinciden, la fuga del sitio de entrada la piel debe ser excluido (a veces se puede resolver tirando de la parte del catéter que se inserta en el tubo de plástico con más fuerza en el sitio de entrada de la piel). Por otra parte, un catéter puede necesitar ser reemplazada si los volúmenes de entrega y recogida no coinciden. </li><li> Una vez efectuada la toma, las muestras se colocaron en hielo seco hasta su almacenamiento a -80 º C. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Angst, M. S., Clark, J. D., Carvalho, B., Tingle, M., Schmelz, M., Yeomans, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+profile+in+human+skin+in+response+to+experimental+inflammation,+noxious+stimulation+and+administration+of+a+COX-inhibitor:+A+microdialysis+study.">Cytokine profile in human skin in response to experimental inflammation, noxious stimulation and administration of a COX-inhibitor: A microdialysis study.</a> Pain. 139, 15-27 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

El uso combinado de técnicas de microdiálisis y la tecnología de inmunoanálisis multiplex es un valor en tiempo real, en vivo bioensayo humanos proporcionando información sobre los eventos bioquímicos en el tejido de interés. En combinación con las pruebas de comportamiento, tales como pruebas de dolor, el método permite el estudio de las complejas interacciones bioquímicas de la mediación del dolor y la inflamación. El método es prometedor para 1) la identificación de biomarcadores específicos de tejido mediar el dolor y la ...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Microdialysis catheter</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Dermal Dialysis</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pump 22</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
<td>552219</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Saalmann Multitester SBB LT 400</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Saalmann GmbH</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RM-12 IP-65 Radiometer</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Dr. Grobel UV Elektronik GmbH</td>
<td>82120000/81112100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Complete Proteinase Inhibitor</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Bioscience</td>
<td>11836145001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcent tube</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>E&K Scientific</td>
<td>380150-X</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Albumin 5%</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>ZLB Behring</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lactated Ringer</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Hospira Inc</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Xylocaine-MPF</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Astra Zeneca</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Syringe 1mL</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson Co</td>
<td>309602</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

human in-vivo bioassay for the tissue-specific measurement of nociceptive and inflammatory mediators

Este bioensayo humana in vivo puede ser utilizado para estudiar voluntarios y pacientes. Las muestras se recogen de los sitios de los tejidos pertinentes, tales como la piel a través de catéteres de microdiálisis asépticamente insertado (diálisis dérmica, Erlangen, Alemania). Muestra en este ejemplo es la colección de líquido intersticial de la piel inflamada forma experimental en voluntarios humanos. La recogida de muestras se puede combinar con otras pruebas experimentales. Por ejemplo, la evaluación simultánea de productos bioquímicos liberados localmente y la sensibilidad subjetiva a los estímulos dolorosos en la piel inflamada experimental proporciona la crítica bioquímicos-conductual enlace para identificar biomarcadores de inflamación y dolor. Ensayo presentado en el organismo humano vivo permite visión mecanicista de los procesos específicos de tejido subyacente del dolor y / o la inflamación. El método también es adecuado para examinar la efectividad de las intervenciones existentes o nuevas - tales como los nuevos medicamentos - objetivo el tratamiento de dolor y / o inflamatorios. En este artículo se proporcionará una descripción detallada sobre el uso de técnicas de microdiálisis para recoger el líquido intersticial de la lesión de la piel inflamada forma experimental los sujetos de estudio humanos. Muestras de fluido intersticial son procesados ​​con la ayuda de los inmunoensayos multiplex serie de cuentas que permite ensayar hasta 100 analitos en muestras tan pequeñas como en el volumen de 50 microlitros.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators at JoVE.com

Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators

Una técnica se presenta para la colección en vivo de las muestras de líquido intersticial del tejido de los sitios pertinentes (la piel aquí, experimentalmente inflamación) para la medición de sustancias bioquímicas mediar el dolor y la inflamación.

Estudio in bioensayo para la medición específica de tejido de mediadores inflamatorios y nociceptivos

This in-vivo human bioassay can be used to study human volunteers and patients. Samples are collected from pertinent tissue sites such as the skin via ...

human-vivo-bioassay-for-tissue-specific-measurement-nociceptive

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.2K vistas.  Stanford University School of Medicine. Una técnica se presenta para la colección en vivo de las muestras de líquido intersticial del tejido de los sitios pertinentes (la piel aquí, experimentalmente inflamación) para la medición de sustancias bioquímicas mediar el dolor y la inflamación.

Video: Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators

In vivo Micro-circulation Measurement in Skeletal Muscle by Intra-vital Microscopy

BACKGROUND: Regulatory factors and detailed physiology of in vivo microcirculation have remained not fully clarified after many different modalities of imaging had invented. While many macroscopic parameters of blood flow reflect flow velocity, changes in blood flow velocity and red blood cell (RBC) flux does not hold linear relationship in the microscopic observations. There are reports of discrepancy between RBC velocity and RBC flux, RBC flux and plasma flow volume, and of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of flow regulation in the peripheral tissues in microscopic observations, a scientific basis for the requirement of more detailed studies in microcirculatory regulation using intravital microscopy. METHODS: We modified Jeff Lichtman's method of in vivo microscopic observation of mouse sternomastoid muscles. Mice are anesthetized,
ventilated, and injected with PKH26L-fluorescently labeled RBCs for microscopic observation.RESULT &amp; CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescently labeled RBCs are detected and distinguished well by a wide-field microscope. Muscle contraction evoked by electrical stimulation induced increase in RBC flux. Quantification of other parameters including RBC velocity and capillary density were feasible. Mice tolerated well the surgery, injection of stained RBCs, microscopic observation, and electrical stimulation. No muscle or blood vessel damage was observed, suggesting that our method is relatively less invasive and suited for long-term observations.

A new versatile method for observation of microcirculation is presented. It is considered suitable for long-term observation, and for combination with pharmacophysiological or molecular biological interventions.

En vivo la micro-circulación de medición en el músculo esquelético de Intra-vital Microscopía

BACKGROUND: Regulatory factors and detailed physiology of in vivo microcirculation have remained not fully clarified after many different modalities of ...

Investigación

Biología

Collecting and Measuring Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators in Surgical Wounds 

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure inflammatory and nociceptive biochemical mediators at the surgical wound site. Collecting site-specific biochemical markers allows us to evaluate the relationship between surgical wound and serum levels; determine any associations between mediator release, pain and analgesic consumption; and evaluate the effect of systemic and peripheral drug administration on surgical wound biochemistry.
This methodology has been applied to healthy women undergoing elective cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Wound exudate and serum mediators, in conjunction with pain scores and analgesics consumption were measured at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours post-cesarean delivery. Biochemical mediators that were detected included IL-1&beta;, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNF&alpha;, INF&gamma;, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and MIP-1&beta;, nerve growth factor (NGF), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) and substance P. We found no correlations between wound and serum cytokines concentrations or time-release profiles (J Pain. 2008 Jul 9(7):650-7). This article describes and demonstrates the feasibility of collecting and assaying nociceptive and inflammatory mediators in surgical wounds at specific time points. The lack of significant correlations between serum and wound levels shows the importance of determining site-specific release if surgical wounds and localized pathologies are to be studied.

Collecting and Measuring Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators in Surgical Wounds

A technique to collect and measure surgical wound biochemical mediators at specific time points.

La recogida y medición de mediadores inflamatorios y nociceptivos en las heridas quirúrgicas

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure inflammatory and nociceptive biochemical mediators at the surgical wound site. ...

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).

La medición de pH vacuolar y citosólica<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; En suspensiones de células de levadura

Vacuolar and  cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in  overall pH homeostasis. We describe  protocols for ...

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo, and can be genetically manipulated.1 These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present a systematic approach for developing physiologically relevant, sensitive and specific in vivo assays for interpreting variation in human pathology. Transient genetic manipulation via microinjection of WT and mutant human mRNA and morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides harness the tractability of the developing zebrafish embryo to rapidly assay pathogenic mutations, especially, but not exclusively, in the context of human developmental disorders.

En Vivo Modelado del Genoma Humano Morbid usando Danio rerio

Here,  we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically  significant nonsynonymous changes using in  vivo complementation ...

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.

We describe a simple cell-based bioassay for detecting, quantifying and monitoring the activity of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands. The assay uses chimeric receptors expressed in a factor-dependent cell line to provide a semi-quantitative or quantitative assessment of receptor binding and cross-linking by the ligand.

Un ensayo biológico simple para la Evaluación de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive ...

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels, which is a major intercellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained. Interruption of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by toxicants, toxins, drugs, etc. has been linked to numerous adverse health effects. Many genetic-based human diseases have been linked to mutations in gap junction genes. The SL-DT technique is a simple functional assay for the simultaneous assessment of GJIC in a large population of cells. The assay involves pre-loading cells with a fluorescent dye by briefly perturbing the cell membrane with a scalpel blade through a population of cells. The fluorescent dye is then allowed to traverse through gap junction channels to neighboring cells for a designated time. The assay is then terminated by the addition of formalin to the cells. The spread of the fluorescent dye through a population of cells is assessed with an epifluorescence microscope and the images are analyzed with any number of morphometric software packages that are available, including free software packages found on the public domain. This assay has also been adapted for in vivo studies using tissue slices from various organs from treated animals. Overall, the SL-DT assay can serve a broad range of in vitro pharmacological and toxicological needs, and can be potentially adapted for high throughput set-up systems with automated fluorescence microscopy imaging and analysis to elucidate more samples in a shorter time.

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels. Gap junctional intercellular communication is a major cellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained and disruption of this cell signaling has adverse health effects.

Brecha ocasiones intercelular de comunicación: un biomarcador funcional para evaluar los efectos adversos de las sustancias tóxicas y toxinas, y de Salud Beneficios de Productos Naturales

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction ...

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Common murine models study small vessels such as the carotid and femoral arteries. Herein we describe an in vivo system in which both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function can be simultaneously assessed in a large vessel. We studied the infrarenal aortic response to injury in C57BL/6 mice. The aorta was injured from the left renal vein to the aortic bifurcation by 30 transmural crushes of 5-seconds duration with a cotton-tipped applicator. Morphological changes were assessed with conventional histology. Aorta wall thickness was measured from the luminal surface to the adventitia. EdU integration and counter staining with DAPI and alpha-actin was used to demonstrate VSMC proliferation. Activation of ERK1/2, a known moderator of intimal hyperplasia formation, was determined by Western Blot analysis. The effect of inflammation was determined by immunohistochemistry for B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages. En face sections of endothelium were visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Endothelial barrier function was determined with Evans Blue staining. Transmural injury resulted in aortic wall thickening. This injury induced VSMC proliferation, most prominently at 3 days after injury, and early activation of ERK1/2 and decreased p27kip1 expression. Injury did not result in increased B-cells, T-cells, or macrophages infiltration in the vessel wall. Injury caused partial endothelial cell denudation and loss of cell-cell contact. Injury resulted in a significant loss of endothelial barrier function, which returned to baseline after seven days. The murine transmural blunt aortic injury model provides an efficient system to simultaneously study both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function in a large vessel.

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Restenosis following cardiovascular procedures (bypass surgery, angioplasty, or stenting) is a significant problem reducing the durability of these procedures. An ideal therapy would inhibit smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation while promoting regeneration of the endothelium. We describe a model for simultaneous assessment of VSMC proliferation and endothelial function in vivo.

Lesión por aplastamiento aórtico murino: una eficacia<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Modelo de proliferación de células musculares lisas y función endotelial

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Screen for Tissue-Specific Chaperone Interactions

Correct folding and assembly of proteins and protein complexes are essential for cellular function. Cells employ quality control pathways that correct, sequester or eliminate damaged proteins to maintain a healthy proteome, thus ensuring cellular proteostasis and preventing further protein damage. Because of redundant functions within the proteostasis network, screening for detectable phenotypes using knockdown or mutations in chaperone-encoding genes in the multicellular organism Caenorhabditis elegans results in the detection of minor or no phenotypes in most cases. We have developed a targeted screening strategy to identify chaperones required for a specific function and thus bridge the gap between phenotype and function. Specifically, we monitor novel chaperone interactions using RNAi synthetic interaction screens, knocking-down chaperone expression, one chaperone at a time, in animals carrying a mutation in a chaperone-encoding gene or over-expressing a chaperone of interest. By disrupting two chaperones that individually present no gross phenotype, we can identify chaperones that aggravate or expose a specific phenotype when both perturbed. We demonstrate that this approach can identify specific sets of chaperones that function together to modulate the folding of a protein or protein complexes associated with a given phenotype.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Screen for Tissue-Specific Chaperone Interactions

To study chaperone-chaperone and chaperone-substrate interactions, we perform synthetic interaction screens in Caenorhabditis elegans using RNA interference in combination with mild mutations or over-expression of chaperones and monitor tissue-specific protein dysfunction at the organismal level.

Uso de Caenorhabditis elegans para detectar interacciones de chaperonas específicas del tejido

Correct folding and assembly of proteins and protein complexes are essential for cellular function. Cells employ quality control pathways that correct, ...

In vivo Measurement of Knee Extensor Muscle Function in Mice

Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the clinic and the research laboratory, maximal muscular strength is widely measured longitudinally in humans, with knee extensor musculature the most reported functional outcome. Pathology of the knee extensor muscle complex is well documented in aging, orthopedic injury, disease, and disuse; knee extensor strength is closely related to functional capacity and injury risk, underscoring the importance of reliable measurement of knee extensor strength. Repeatable, in vivo assessment of knee extensor strength in pre-clinical rodent studies offers valuable functional endpoints for studies exploring osteoarthritis or knee injury. We report an in vivo and non-invasive protocol to repeatedly measure isometric peak tetanic torque of the knee extensors in mice across time. We demonstrate consistency using this novel method to measure knee extensor strength with repeated assessment in multiple mice producing similar results.

Quantification of knee extensor maximal strength is imperative to understand functional adaptations to aging, disease, injury, and rehabilitation. We present a novel method to repeatedly measure in vivo knee extension isometric peak tetanic torque.

Medición in vivo de la función muscular extensora de la rodilla en ratones

Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the ...

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Rapid responses involving fast redistribution of messenger(m)RNA and alterations of mRNA translation are pertinent to ongoing homeostatic adjustments of the cells. These adjustments are critical to eukaryotic cell survivability and &#39;damage control&#39; during fluctuating nutrient and salinity levels, temperature, and various chemical and radiation stresses. Due to the highly dynamic nature of the RNA-level responses, and the instability of many of the RNA:RNA and RNA:protein intermediates, obtaining a meaningful snapshot of the cytoplasmic RNA state is only possible with a limited number of methods. Transcriptome-wide, RNA-seq-based ribosome profiling-type experiments are among the most informative sources of data for the control of translation. However, absence of a uniform RNA and RNA:protein intermediate stabilization can lead to different biases, particularly in the fast-paced cellular response pathways. In this article, we provide a detailed protocol of rapid fixation applicable to eukaryotic cells of different permeability, to aid in RNA and RNA:protein intermediate stabilization. We further provide examples of isolation of the stabilized RNA:protein complexes based on their co-sedimentation with ribosomal and poly(ribo)somal fractions. The separated stabilized material can be subsequently used as part of ribosome profiling-type experiments, such as in Translation Complex Profile sequencing (TCP-seq) approach and its derivatives. Versatility of the TCP-seq-style methods has now been demonstrated by the applications in a variety of organisms and cell types. The stabilized complexes can also be additionally affinity-purified and imaged using electron microscopy, separated into different poly(ribo)somal fractions and subjected to RNA sequencing, owing to the ease of the crosslink reversal. Therefore, methods based on snap-chilling and formaldehyde fixation, followed by the sedimentation-based or other type of RNA:protein complex enrichment, can be of particular interest in investigating finer details of rapid RNA:protein complex dynamics in live cells.

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

We present a technique to rapidly stabilize translational (protein biosynthesis) complexes with formaldehyde crosslinking in live yeast and mammalian cells. The approach enables dissecting transient intermediates and dynamic RNA:protein interactions. The crosslinked complexes can be used in multiple downstream applications such as in deep sequencing-based profiling methods, microscopy, and mass-spectrometry.

Fijación rápida in vivo y aislamiento de complejos traslacionales de células eucariotas

Rapid responses involving fast redistribution of messenger(m)RNA and alterations of mRNA translation are pertinent to ongoing homeostatic adjustments of ...