Este trabajo fue apoyado por el NIH subvención DK080351 para PC, y por una generosa donación de la familia de Terry y Kristine Gore.

Protocolo experimental Una vez que el inmunógeno pituitaria está preparado (véase el artículo del compañero), se inyecta por vía subcutánea en ratones SJL (de los Laboratorios Jackson, las acciones de 000.686). Una inyección de idéntica se repite 7 días después. Los ratones se utilizan para recoger en vivo y los resultados post-mortem. Paso 1. La inyección subcutánea de inmunógeno hipófisis en ratones SJL Los ratones son los primeros anestesiados mediante la inyección de 0,5 ml de 20 mg / ml 2,2,2-tribromoetanol (Avertin, Islas Turcas y Caicos Estados Unidos, T-1420) por vía intraperitoneal. Los ratones son inyectados por vía subcutánea con 100 l de la emulsión de la hipófisis que, como se indica en el compañero JoVe 2181 artículo, contiene 1 mg de extracto de pituitaria y 0,25 mg de adyuvante completo de Freund. La emulsión se inyecta en la región dorsal izquierda pata trasera ((50 l) y la región inguinal derecha (50 l). La emulsión de la hipófisis se inyecta de nuevo en el día 7 en los sitios opuestos (50 l en la región dorsal derecha y la pierna trasera 50 l en la región inguinal izquierda). Los ratones son monitoreados diariamente por los primeros 3 días y luego semanalmente hasta el día del sacrificio, que por lo general 28 días después de la primera inmunización. Paso 2. Recopilación de los resultados en vivo: ensayos de sangre El tejido más utilizado para evaluar los resultados experimentales, mientras que los ratones siguen vivos es la sangre. La sangre es habitualmente elaborado 14 días después de la primera inmunización para medir los niveles séricos de anticuerpos pituitaria u otros marcadores como citocinas y quimiocinas. Sanguínea de ratones vivos de la siguiente manera. Los ratones se llevan a cabo de forma segura por la piel del cuello y la parte posterior de la mandíbula se encuentra. Una vez que la parte de atrás de la mandíbula se encuentra, 4 mm lancetas se utilizan para perforar el paquete vascular submandibular. Después se recoge la sangre, ejercen presión sobre los de la zona con una gasa con alcohol para evitar un hematoma. La sangre recogida se centrifuga a 2.000 g durante 20 minutos, y se almacenan a -80 ° C hasta su uso. Paso 3. Recopilación de los resultados post-mortem: la hipófisis histopatología Los ratones suelen ser sacrificados 28 días después de la primera inmunización. La característica principal necesarias para establecer el diagnóstico de HAE es la infiltración de la glándula pituitaria por hematopoyéticos de células mononucleares. Los ratones son sacrificados colocándolos en una cámara de plástico sellada que es perfundido con CO 2. Los ratones se mantienen en la cámara para un total de 8 minutos. Después de la eutanasia, la glándula pituitaria se recoge como se describe en el artículo del compañero. Una glándula suprarrenal se ve hinchada y más firmemente adheridas a los alrededores de la duramadre. Pinzas de Sharp se utiliza para aflojar las meninges que rodean la glándula pituitaria. Una vez que se mueve libremente en la pituitaria del hueso esfenoides, uno de los extremos de la glándula pituitaria se sujeta con una pinza y la glándula pituitaria es levantarse con cuidado. La glándula se coloca en un tubo de microcentrífuga que contiene 5 fijador Beckstead es. La glándula pituitaria es fija durante la noche, envuelto en papel de la lente, y se coloca en un casete. Las glándulas se procesan utilizando el siguiente protocolo: <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Número de estación </td><td> Reactivo </td><td> Tiempo en minutos </td><td> Temperatura (Celsius) </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 70% de alcohol </td><td> 5 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 70% de alcohol </td><td> 15 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 95% de alcohol </td><td> 15 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 95% de alcohol </td><td> 15 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> 100% de alcohol </td><td> 15 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> 100% de alcohol </td><td> 7.5 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> 100% de alcohol </td><td> 7.5 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> xileno </td><td> 20 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> xileno </td><td> 20 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> xileno </td><td&gt; 20 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> 11 </td><td> parafina </td><td> 30 </td><td> 58 </td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td> parafina </td><td> 5 </td><td> 58 </td></tr><tr><td> 13 </td><td> parafina </td><td> 5 </td><td> 58 </td></tr></tbody></table> Después del procesamiento, la glándula pituitaria son embebidos en parafina y al menos 5 secciones no consecutivos (5 m de espesor) se cortan de cada glándula. Después del corte, las glándulas se tiñen con hematoxilina y eosina, y se analizan para cuantificar la infiltración mononuclear. La sección con la infiltración más grave se ha seleccionado para la puntuación. La gravedad se califica sobre la base de una estimación subjetiva del grado de sustitución de la pituitaria anterior o la destrucción por las células inmunes: grado 0, ausencia de enfermedad, grado 1, 2% y un 20% la participación, grado 2, 20% -30%, grado 3, 30% -50%, grado 4, 50% -90%, el 5 º grado, superior al 90%. Todas las secciones están marcados por dos individuos ciegos a la fuente de las secciones.

<ol>
	<li>Tzou, S. C., Lupi, I., Landek, M., Gutenberg, A., Tzou, Y. M., Kimura, H., Pinna, G., Rose, N. R., Caturegli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+Hypophysitis+of+SJL+mice:+Clinical+Insights+from+a+New+Animal+Model.">Autoimmune Hypophysitis of SJL mice: Clinical Insights from a New Animal Model.</a> Endocrinology. , (2008).</li><li>Twarog, F. J., Rose, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+production+of+thyroid+autoantibodies+in+mice.">The production of thyroid autoantibodies in mice.</a> J Immunol. 101, 242-2450 (1968).</li><li>Patrick, J., Lindstrom, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+response+to+acetylcholine+receptor.">Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor.</a> Science. 180, 871-872 (1973).</li><li>Caturegli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+hypophysitis:+an+underestimated+disease+in+search+of+its+autoantigen(s).">Autoimmune hypophysitis: an underestimated disease in search of its autoantigen(s).</a> J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92, 2038-2040 (2007).</li><li>Beckstead, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+for+preservation+of+fixation-sensitive+antigens+in+paraffin-embedded+tissues:+addendum.">A simple technique for preservation of fixation-sensitive antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues: addendum.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 43, 345-345 (1995).</li><li>Levine, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allergic+adenophypophysitis:+new+experimental+disease+of+the+pituitary+gland.">Allergic adenophypophysitis: new experimental disease of the pituitary gland.</a> Science. 158, 1190-1191 (1967).</li><li>Yoon, J. W., Choi, D. S., Liang, H. C., Baek, H. S., Ko, I. Y., Jun, H. S., Gillam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+an+organ-specific+autoimmune+disease,+lymphocytic+hypophysitis,+in+hamsters+by+recombinant+rubella+virus+glycoprotein+and+prevention+of+disease+by+neonatal+thymectomy.">Induction of an organ-specific autoimmune disease, lymphocytic hypophysitis, in hamsters by recombinant rubella virus glycoprotein and prevention of disease by neonatal thymectomy.</a> Journal of Virology. 66, 1210-1214 (1992).</li><li>Davis, J. R., McMahon, R. F., Lowenstein, P. R., Castro, M. G., Lincoln, G. A., McNeilly, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus-mediated+gene+transfer+in+the+ovine+pituitary+gland+is+associated+with+hypophysitis.">Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in the ovine pituitary gland is associated with hypophysitis.</a> J Endocrinol. 173, 265-271 (2002).</li><li>Rotondo, F., Quintanar-Stephano, A., Asa, S. L., Lombardero, M., Berczi, I., Scheithauer, B. W., Horvath, E., Kovacs, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenohypophysitis+in+rat+pituitary+allografts.">Adenohypophysitis in rat pituitary allografts.</a> Int J Exp Pathol. , (2010).</li></ol>

Cuatro técnicas se han reportado para inducir hipofisitis en animales de experimentación. La técnica descrita en este artículo, que es la inyección de proteínas pituitaria mezclada con adyuvante de Freund s, es la más antigua, que data de 1967 6, y se ha mejorado, más recientemente, 1. Otras técnicas son la inyección de glicoproteínas solubles virus de la rubéola en 1992 7, la inyección estereotáxica de un adenovirus directamente en la glándula pituitaria en 2002 8,</...

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<td>SJL mice (The Jackson Laboratories)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>stock 000686</td>
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<td>2,2,2-Tribromoethanol (Avertin)</td>
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<td>TCI America</td>
<td>T-1420</td>
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<td>Beckstead's fixative</td>
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induction of experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in sjl mice

Hipofisitis autoinmune se puede reproducir experimentalmente mediante la inyección de proteínas de la hipófisis se mezcla con un adyuvante en ratones susceptibles 1. Los modelos de ratón nos permitirá estudiar cómo se desarrollan las enfermedades, a menudo proporciona una buena réplica de los mismos procesos que ocurren en los seres humanos. Para algunas enfermedades autoinmunes, como la diabetes tipo 1A, hay modelos (el ratón NOD), que desarrollan espontáneamente una enfermedad similar a la contraparte humana. Para muchas otras enfermedades autoinmunes, sin embargo, el modelo necesita ser inducida experimentalmente. Un enfoque común a este respecto consiste en inyectar el ratón con un antígeno dominante derivada de la del órgano estudiado. Por ejemplo, los investigadores interesados ​​en la tiroiditis autoinmune inyectar ratones con tiroglobulina 2, y aquellos interesados ​​en la miastenia gravis inyectarles el receptor de acetilcolina 3. Si el autoantígeno para una enfermedad autoinmune en particular no se conoce, los investigadores inyectan un extracto de proteína cruda del órgano blanco de la reacción autoinmune. Para hipofisitis autoinmune, el autoantígeno patógenos (s) aún no se han identificado 4, y por lo tanto una preparación de proteína cruda pituitaria se utiliza. En este artículo de vídeo se demuestra cómo inducir hipofisitis autoinmune experimental en ratones SJL.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice at JoVE.com

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Este video muestra la forma de inducir hipofisitis autoinmune en ratones SJL y la forma de evaluar su gravedad por la histopatología.

La inducción de la hipofisitis autoinmune experimental en ratones SJL

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

induction-of-experimental-autoimmune-hypophysitis-in-sjl-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.4K vistas.  The Johns Hopkins University. Este video muestra la forma de inducir hipofisitis autoinmune en ratones SJL y la forma de evaluar su gravedad por la histopatología.

Video: Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1. It has traditionally been considered a rare disease but reporting has increased markedly in recent years. Hypophysitis, in fact, develops not uncommonly as a "side effect" in cancer patients treated with antibodies that block inhibitory receptors expressed on T lymphocytes, such as CTLA-42 and PD-1 receptors. Autoimmune hypophysitis can be induced experimentally by injecting mice with pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant3. In this video article we demonstrate how to extract proteins from mouse pituitary glands and how to prepare them in a form suitable for inducing autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced in mice by injecting an extract of mouse pituitary proteins.

Preparación de inmunógeno ratón hipófisis para la inducción de la hipofisitis autoinmune experimental

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1.  It has traditionally been considered a ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

La mielina glicoproteína del oligodendrocito (MOG<sub&gt; 35-55</sub&gt;) Inducida por la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental (EAE) en ratones C57BL / 6 ratones

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

La inducción de la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental en ratones y evaluación de la distribución de la enfermedad dependiente de las células inmunes en diversos tejidos

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

A Non-invasive and Technically Non-intensive Method for Induction and Phenotyping of Experimental Bacterial Pneumonia in Mice

Although community-acquired pneumonia remains a major public health problem, murine models of bacterial pneumonia have recently facilitated significant preclinical advances in our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular pathogenesis. In vivo mouse models capture the integrated physiology and resilience of the host defense response in a manner not revealed by alternative, simplified ex vivo approaches. Several methods have been described in the literature for intrapulmonary inoculation of bacteria in mice, including aerosolization, intranasal delivery, peroral endotracheal cannulation under &#39;blind&#39; and visualized conditions, and transcutaneous endotracheal cannulation. All methods have relative merits and limitations. Herein, we describe in detail a non-invasive, technically non-intensive, inexpensive, and rapid method for intratracheal delivery of bacteria that involves aspiration (i.e., inhalation) by the mouse of an infectious inoculum pipetted into the oropharynx while under general anesthesia. This method can be used for pulmonary delivery of a wide variety of non-caustic biological and chemical agents, and is relatively easy to learn, even for laboratories with minimal prior experience with pulmonary procedures. In addition to describing the aspiration pneumonia method, we also provide step-by-step procedures for assaying the subsequent in vivo pulmonary innate immune response of the mouse, in particular, methods for quantifying bacterial clearance and the cellular immune response of the infected airway. This integrated and simple approach to pneumonia assessment allows for rapid and robust evaluation of the effect of genetic and environmental manipulations upon pulmonary innate immunity.

Several methods have been described in the literature for modeling bacterial pneumonia in mice. Herein, we describe a non-invasive, inexpensive, rapid method for inducing pneumonia via aspiration (i.e., inhalation) of a bacterial inoculum pipetted into the oropharynx. Downstream methods for assessment of the pulmonary innate immune response are also detailed.

Un método no invasivo y técnicamente no intensivos para la inducción y Fenotipificación Experimental de neumonía bacteriana en ratones

Although community-acquired pneumonia remains a major public health problem, murine models of bacterial pneumonia have recently facilitated significant ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

Inducción de hepatitis autoinmune inducida por fármacos en ratones BALB/c para el estudio de sus mecanismos patógenos

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with embedded pericytes, and the glia limitans composed by the parenchymal basement membrane and astrocytic end-feed embracing the abluminal aspect of central nervous system (CNS) microvessels. In addition to maintaining CNS homeostasis the NVU controls immune cell trafficking into the CNS. During immunosurveillance of the CNS low numbers of activated lymphocytes can cross the endothelial barrier without causing BBB dysfunction or clinical disease. In contrast, during neuroinflammation such as in multiple sclerosis or its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) a large number of immune cells can cross the BBB and subsequently the glia limitans eventually reaching the CNS parenchyma leading to clinical disease. 
Immune cell migration into the CNS parenchyma is thus a two-step process that involves a sequential migration across the endothelial and glial barrier of the NVU employing distinct molecular mechanisms. If following their passage across the endothelial barrier, T cells encounter their cognate antigen on perivascular antigen-presenting cells their local reactivation will initiate subsequent mechanisms leading to the focal activation of gelatinases, which will enable the T cells to cross the glial barrier and enter the CNS parenchyma. Thus, assessing both, BBB permeability and MMP activity in spatial correlation to immune cell accumulation in the CNS during EAE allows to specify loss of integrity of the endothelial and glial barriers of the NVU. 
We here show how to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice by active immunization and how to subsequently analyze BBB permeability in vivo using a combination of exogenous fluorescent tracers. We further show, how to visualize and localize gelatinase activity in EAE brains by in situ zymogaphy coupled to immunofluorescent stainings of BBB basement membranes and CD45+ invading immune cells.

Here, we present protocols to investigate impairment of the neurovascular unit during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. We specifically address how to determine blood-brain barrier permeability and gelatinase activity involved in leukocyte migration across the glia limitans.&#160;

Visualizar el deterioro de las barreras endoteliales y Glial de la unidad Neurovascular durante la encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental In Vivo

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an endothelial basement membrane with ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Inmunoterapia adoptiva de células iNKT en ratones RA inducidos por glucosa-6-fosfato (G6PI)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

Análisis citométrico de flujo de infiltración de linfocitos en el sistema nervioso central durante la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) is driven by immune cells responding to self-antigens. Many features of this non-infectious, intraocular inflammatory disease model recapitulate the clinical phenotype of posterior uveitis affecting humans. EAU has been used reliably to study the efficacy of novel inflammatory therapeutics, their mode of action and to further investigate the mechanisms that underpin disease progression of intraocular disorders. Here, we provide a detailed protocol on EAU induction in the C57BL/6J mouse - the most widely used model organism with susceptibility to this disease. Clinical assessment of disease severity and progression will be demonstrated using fundoscopy, histological examination and fluorescein angiography. The induction procedure involves subcutaneous&#160;injection of an emulsion containing a peptide (IRBP1-20) from the ocular protein interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (also known as retinol binding protein 3), Complete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant (CFA) and supplemented with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Injection of this viscous emulsion on the back of the neck is followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of Bordetella pertussis toxin. At the onset of symptoms (day 12-14) and under general anesthesia, fundoscopic images are taken to assess disease progression through clinical examination. These data can be directly compared with those at later timepoints and peak disease (day 20-22) with differences analyzed. At the same time, this protocol allows the investigator to assess potential differences in vessel permeability and damage using fluorescein angiography. EAU can be induced in other mouse strains - both wildtype or genetically modified - and combined with novel therapies offering flexibility for studying drug efficacy and/or disease mechanisms.

In this report we present a protocol that allows the investigator to generate a mouse model of intraocular uveitis. More commonly referred to as experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), this established model captures many aspects of human disease. Herein, we will describe how to induce and monitor disease progression using several readouts.

Uveítis autoinmune experimental: un modelo de ratón inflamatorio intraocular

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) is driven by immune cells responding to self-antigens. Many features of this non-infectious, intraocular ...

Mejora de la inmunogenicidad por Mycobacterium paratuberculosis en la encefalomielitis autoinmune

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) requires immunization by a MOG peptide emulsified in complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant (CFA) containing inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antigenic components of the mycobacterium activate dendritic cells to stimulate T-cells to produce cytokines that promote the Th1 response via toll-like receptors. Therefore, the amount and species of mycobacteria present during the antigenic challenge are directly related to the development of EAE. This methods paper presents an alternative protocol to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice using a modified incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strain K-10.
M. paratuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, is the causative agent of Johne&#39;s disease in ruminants and has been identified as a risk factor for several human T-cell-mediated disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Overall, mice immunized with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis showed earlier onset and greater disease severity than mice immunized with CFA containing the strain of M. tuberculosis H37Ra at the same doses of 4 mg/mL. The antigenic determinants of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)&#160;strain K-10 were able to induce a strong Th1 cellular response during the effector phase, characterized by significantly higher numbers of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ CD27+), dendritic cells (CD11c+ I-A/I-E+), and monocytes (CD11b+ CD115+) in the spleen compared to mice immunized with CFA. Furthermore, the proliferative T-cell response to the MOG peptide appeared to be highest in M. paratuberculosis-immunized mice. The use of an encephalitogen (e.g., MOG35-55) emulsified in an adjuvant containing M. paratuberculosis in the formulation may be an alternative and validated method to activate dendritic cells for priming myelin epitope-specific CD4+ T-cells during the induction phase of EAE.

Autor destacado: Actividad adyuvante de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis en la mejora de la inmunogenicidad de los autoantígenos durante la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental  

Here, we present an alternative protocol to actively induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice, using the immunogenic epitope myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 suspended in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Actividad adyuvante de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis en la mejora de la inmunogenicidad de los autoantígenos durante la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) requires immunization by a MOG peptide emulsified in ...