Esta investigación fue apoyada por el Premio Joven Investigador de la Alianza Nacional de EE.UU. para la Investigación sobre la Esquizofrenia y la Depresión y el Premio del PCFR de la Fundación Canadiense de Investigación de Psiquiatría (de FD). ED fue apoyado por una Wyeth-CIHR beca posdoctoral. Los autores desean agradecer a Peter Seres de asistencia con fMRI recolección de datos y Suen Kristina de asistencia con el análisis de datos.

1. Recogida y selección de recuerdos, de tareas fotografiado, y el Protocolo Experimental Colección del acompañamiento emocional <ol><li> Recuerdos personales se suscitó a partir de cada participante durante una entrevista realizada antes de la sesión de fMRI, similar al procedimiento empleado por falta de medidas de acompañamiento emocional (por ejemplo, 11, 12). A diferencia de la mayoría de las técnicas anteriores, nuestra AMQ se construyen específicamente para orientar la evaluación de los episodios emocionales personales y sus propiedades recollective. Un método muy utilizado en la investigación del comportamiento y adaptado para su uso en estudios de neuroimagen implica la Crovitz y Schiffman técnica de 13 a 15, donde los sujetos de recordar acontecimientos especiales, personal experimentado en respuesta a palabras claves. Una foto de paradigma ha sido también utilizado para investigar AMs en entornos más controlados en los estudios de fMRI 16, 17. Sin embargo, estas técnicas no suelen centrarse en el examen de la componente emocional de la AMS, que se comparan en términos de cualidades recollective. </li><li> Nuestra AMQ comprende una lista de 115 indicaciones verbales para eventos de la vida distinta (por ejemplo, el nacimiento de un miembro de la familia, la muerte de un familiar), que es una combinación y la ampliación de las listas utilizadas por otros 18, 19. Para cada señal, los participantes se les pide que recuerden un episodio único de su vida, que ocurrió en un lugar y tiempo específico (por ejemplo, un ejemplo, cuando s / he jugado en un partido de baloncesto específicos), en vez de recordar los acontecimientos generales o repetidas (por ejemplo, , jugar al baloncesto de secundaria). Es importante destacar que los recuerdos deben estar acompañados por el recuerdo de estar implicado personalmente, en lugar de oír hablar de los otros. </li><li> Tras el recuerdo, los participantes se les pide que proporcione una breve descripción de la memoria (ver Figura 1), que luego se utilizará como una señal de memoria personalizada durante la exploración fMRI (los participantes son ingenuos para el propósito específico de la entrevista previa a la exploración). </li><li> Cada memoria es también de fecha y clasificado en seis escalas de Likert 20, 21, para evaluar sus propiedades fenomenológicas (ver Figura 1). Nuestras escalas incluyen la valencia emocional (en una escala de 7 puntos: -3 = muy negativo, 0 = neutral, 3 = muy positiva), la intensidad emocional, la importancia personal, la cantidad de detalles contextuales, la cantidad de viso-perceptivas detalles ( es decir, intensidad), y la frecuencia de recuperación (todos los de este último mediante una escala de 7 puntos: 1 = nada, 7 = extremadamente). </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Ilustración de la AMQ Administración. Para cada señal, los participantes a recordar y describir brevemente un evento específico, a continuación, la fecha y la tasa que el 6 de escalas. Selección de muy emocional AMs <ol start="5"><li> A continuación, los 40 recuerdos más emotivos (20 positivos y negativos 20) son seleccionados para cada participante, en base a las calificaciones previstas en el AMQ (es decir, tiene 2 o 3 y -2 o -3, respectivamente). La AMS positivos y negativos se ven igualadas en cuanto a edad y propiedades fenomenológicas, para asegurarse de que las diferencias en la actividad cerebral durante el recuerdo no se confunden por las diferencias en estas propiedades básicas. </li><li> Si es necesario, las descripciones de las claves de la memoria seleccionada es ligeramente adaptado para ser encontrados lo más cerca posible de la longitud y complejidad gramatical, sino que también se recomienda para seleccionar unos cuantos recuerdos adicionales para fines de la práctica. </li></ol> La tarea fMRI <ol start="7"><li> La tarea de resonancia magnética funcional se ha diseñado para permitir la comparación de la tarea de AM con una memoria semántica (SM) tarea de control, los ensayos de AM y SM de recuperación tienen una similar estructura general (véase la Figura 2A). Hemos utilizado CIGAL ( <a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/</a> ) para la presentación del estímulo en el escáner de RM, pero otro software de presentación de estímulo también puede ser utilizado. </li><li> La tarea de AM se basa en las señales personalizada recogidos antes de la digitalización. Cada ensayo comienza con una señal que activa el recuerdo AM, que se indica que el participante con sólo pulsar un botón. Luego, los participantes siguen recordando los detalles del evento hasta con claves de nuevo para votar la memoria recordaba (Figura 2B). </li><li> La tarea de SM implica la generación de ejemplares de diferentes categorías semánticas (por ejemplo, instrumentos musicales, deportes), que al igual que AM recuperación implica buscar en la memoria y el tiempo de recuperación prolongado 22 (Figura 2B). Después de una categoría semántica es con claves, los participantes presionar un botón tan pronto como iniciar la recuperación de ejemplares de esa categoría y luego continuar hasta que recordar una vez más con claves para las clasificaciones de la memoria. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2a.jpg" /> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2b.jpg" /> Figura 2. Estructura de los juicios de fMRI. A. GeneralEstructura de los ensayos. B. Estructura de los estudios específicos de AM y SM. <ol start="10"><li> Además de la comparación básica de la mañana y ensayos SM, las manipulaciones de otros también pueden participar. Por ejemplo, el enfoque de la recuperación de AM puede ser manipulado por la dirección de los participantes a prestar atención a los aspectos emocionales o no-emocional de los hechos recordados (Figura 2B). Esta manipulación permite la investigación de cómo el enfoque de recuperación puede influir en la experiencia del acompañamiento y los cambios asociados en los correlatos neurales asociados. </li><li> Cada ensayo AM o SM es seguido por las pantallas de calificación presentados en un orden contrapeso, con escala de 5 puntos de Likert (ver Figura 2B). </li><li> El experimento se divide en carreras / bloques de ensayos, tanto para dar tiempo a los participantes para descansar y evitar la pérdida de datos en caso de mal funcionamiento del equipo. Orden de ejecución se equilibra entre los participantes. Cada carrera se inicia con seis segundos de fijación, para permitir la estabilización de la señal de RM. Las condiciones de AM y SM se presentan en un orden aleatorio separadas por un intervalo entre ensayos de duración variable (5-9 s, media = 7 seg.). </li></ol> 2. Preparar el tema para la exploración Todos los participantes dan fe por escrito el consentimiento informado antes de ejecutar el protocolo experimental, que es aprobado por un comité de ética. Por lo general, para evitar confunde en la lateralización de las activaciones cerebrales, los participantes escaneado es diestro. Antes de entrar en la sala de exploración <ol><li> En el día de la exploración, el estado de los participantes afectivo actual se evalúa 23, para controlar el efecto del estado de ánimo en el recuerdo de acompañamiento emocional. Junto con las evaluaciones de exploración después de estas primeras evaluaciones también se puede utilizar para detectar cambios en el estado de ánimo, como resultado de la participación en el estudio, y como covariables en los análisis de resonancia magnética funcional para investigar las activaciones cerebrales influenciadas por los estados actuales. Del mismo modo, las evaluaciones de los rasgos de la personalidad también se puede hacer (por ejemplo, el neuroticismo), para investigar sus posibles sesgos en la tarea AM 24 y los correlatos neurales asociados. </li><li> Antes del examen, los participantes se les informa en detalle de los procedimientos de exploración, y se dan instrucciones específicas para la tarea de comportamiento. Los participantes también completar una sesión de entrenamientos cortos, para familiarizarse con la tarea. </li></ol> Entrar en la sala de exploración <ol start="3"><li> Los participantes son instruidos para mentir en decúbito supino sobre la camilla del equipo, y están provistas de amortiguación cabeza adicionales, para garantizar la comodidad durante la exploración y para minimizar el movimiento. Para minimizar aún más el movimiento de la cabeza, el lado no adhesivo de la longitud de la cinta se puede envolver suavemente por la frente de los sujetos. Los sujetos se les da protección para los oídos, así como los auriculares de aislamiento para comunicarse con el investigador durante la resonancia magnética. </li><li> Mano derecha del sujeto se coloca cómodamente en la caja de respuesta, permitiendo así que la mano izquierda que se utilizará para apoyar o para otras medidas (por ejemplo, las respuestas de conductancia de la piel). Un botón de parada de emergencia se encuentra cerca, por lo que el sujeto puede indicar la necesidad urgente de detener el escáner. </li><li> Antes de comenzar la recolección de datos, es fundamental para asegurarse de que los sujetos pueden ver la pantalla de proyección con claridad de la presentación del estímulo y que los botones de respuesta funcione correctamente. </li></ol> 3. Registro de datos y procesamiento de Parámetros de la digitalización Se recogieron datos de resonancia magnética utilizando un 1.5 Tesla Siemens Sonata escáner de resonancia magnética para las grabaciones. Imágenes anatómicas fueron series 3D anatómicos MPRAGE (tiempo de repetición (TR) = 1600 ms, tiempo de eco (TE) = 3,82 ms, el número de rebanadas = 112; tamaño de voxel = 1x1x1 mm), y las imágenes funcionales fueron series de 28 rebanadas funcional, adquirida axialmente utilizando una secuencia de echoplanar (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 40 ms, campo de visión FOV = 256x256 mm, el tamaño de voxel = 4x4x4 mm), lo que permite a todo el cerebro de cobertura. Análisis de Datos Hemos utilizado Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM: <a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm</a> ) en combinación con in-house Matlab herramientas basadas en. Pre-procesamiento para los pasos típicos: la garantía de calidad, la alineación TR, corrección de movimiento, co-registro, normalización, y suavizado (8 mm 3 Kernel). Análisis individual y grupal-estadística puede incluir comparaciones de la actividad cerebral de acuerdo al tipo de memoria (AM vs SM), el enfoque valencia emocional (positiva vs negativos), y la recuperación (contenido emocional frente a no-emocional). 4. Resultados representante <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Correlatos neurales de la recuperación de AM. Validación del presente Protocolo, la recuperación de la AMS produjo una mayor actividad en la red AM recuperación de 4, 25, incluyendo hipopótamosáreas Campal (a), participan en la recuperación de la memoria general, la corteza prefrontal medial (b), asociado con el compromiso personal, las regiones cuneus / precuneus y unión parieto-occipital (c, e, respectivamente), asociados con el procesamiento viso-espaciales de representación , y la unión frontotemporal (d), involucrados en la recuperación afectiva AM, efectos similares a este último se encuentra también en la amígdala (no mostrado). Los &quot;mapas de activación&quot; se superponen a imágenes de alta resolución del cerebro está representada en la corona (panel izquierdo) y sagital (paneles de centro y derecha) puntos de vista, las barras de colores indican el gradiente de los valores t de los mapas de activación (p &lt;0,005, 10 voxels contiguos 26), lo que refleja la actividad cerebral de tiempo bloqueado en el inicios de las claves de la memoria. Los gráficos de líneas muestran la evolución temporal de la señal de resonancia magnética funcional (% de variación de la señal), para cada tipo de ensayo y TR (1 TR = 2 segundos). L = Izquierda, R = Derecha.

<ol>
	<li>Markowitsch, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autobiographical+memory:+a+biocultural+relais+between+subject+and+environment.">Autobiographical memory: a biocultural relais between subject and environment.</a> Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 258, 98-103 (2008).</li><li>D'Argembeau, A., Van der Linden, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remembering+pride+and+shame:+self-enhancement+and+the+phenomenology+of+autobiographical+memory.">Remembering pride and shame: self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory.</a> Memory. 16, 538-547 (2008).</li><li>Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., Bohni, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+memory-based+model+of+posttraumatic+stress+disorder:+evaluating+basic+assumptions+underlying+the+PTSD+diagnosis.">A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis.</a> Psychol Rev. 115, 985-1011 (2008).</li><li>Jacques, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+neuroimaging+of+autobiographical+memory.">Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory.</a> Trends Cogn Sci. 11, 219-227 (2007).</li><li>Moscovitch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+neuroanatomy+of+remote+episodic,+semantic+and+spatial+memory:+a+unified+account+based+on+multiple+trace+theory.">Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: a unified account based on multiple trace theory.</a> J Anat. 207, 35-66 (2005).</li><li>Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., Cabeza, R., Uttl, B., Ohta, N., Siegenthaler, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Memory and emotion: Interdisciplinary perspectives. , 107-134 (2006).</li><li>Dolcos, F., Denkova, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Correlates+of+Encoding+Emotional+Memories:+A+Review+of+Functional+Neuroimaging+Evidence.">Neural Correlates of Encoding Emotional Memories: A Review of Functional Neuroimaging Evidence.</a> Cell Science Reviews. 5, 78-122 (2008).</li><li>Dolcos, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Impact of Emotion on Memory: Evidence from Brain Imaging Studies. , (2010).</li><li>Dolcos, F., Iordan, A. D., Dolcos, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Correlates+of+Emotion-Cognition+Interactions:+A+Review+of+Evidence+from+Brain+Imaging+Investigations.">Neural Correlates of Emotion-Cognition Interactions: A Review of Evidence from Brain Imaging Investigations.</a> Journal of Cognitive Psychology. , (2011).</li><li>Markowitsch, H. J., Vandekerckhove, M. M., Lanfermann, H., Russ, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engagement+of+lateral+and+medial+prefrontal+areas+in+the+ecphory+of+sad+and+happy+autobiographical+memories.">Engagement of lateral and medial prefrontal areas in the ecphory of sad and happy autobiographical memories.</a> Cortex. 39, 643-665 (2003).</li><li>Denkova, E., Botzung, A., Manning, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+remembering/knowing+famous+people:+an+event-related+fMRI+study.">Neural correlates of remembering/knowing famous people: an event-related fMRI study.</a> Neuropsychologia. 44, 2783-2791 (2006).</li><li>Botzung, A., Denkova, E., Ciuciu, P., Scheiber, C., Manning, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+bases+of+the+constructive+nature+of+autobiographical+memories+studied+with+a+self-paced+fMRI+design.">The neural bases of the constructive nature of autobiographical memories studied with a self-paced fMRI design.</a> Memory. 16, 351-363 (2008).</li><li>Crovitz, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Galton's walk: Methods for the analysis of thinking, intelligence, and creativity. , (1970).</li><li>Crovitz, H. F., Schiffman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+of+episodic+memories+as+a+function+of+their+age.">Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age.</a> Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 4, 517-518 (1974).</li><li>Galton, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychometric+experiments.">Psychometric experiments.</a> Brain. 2, 149-162 (1879).</li><li>Cabeza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+activity+during+episodic+retrieval+of+autobiographical+and+laboratory+events:+an+fMRI+study+using+a+novel+photo+paradigm.">Brain activity during episodic retrieval of autobiographical and laboratory events: an fMRI study using a novel photo paradigm.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 16, 1583-1594 (2004).</li><li>Gilboa, A., Winocur, G., Grady, C. L., Hevenor, S. J., Moscovitch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remembering+our+past:+functional+neuroanatomy+of+recollection+of+recent+and+very+remote+personal+events.">Remembering our past: functional neuroanatomy of recollection of recent and very remote personal events.</a> Cereb Cortex. 14, 1214-1225 (2004).</li><li>Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., Moscovitch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+and+autobiographical+memory:+dissociating+episodic+from+semantic+retrieval.">Aging and autobiographical memory: dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval.</a> Psychol Aging. 17, 677-689 (2002).</li><li>Sharot, T., Riccardi, A. M., Raio, C. M., Phelps, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+mediating+optimism+bias.">Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias.</a> Nature. 450, 102-105 (2007).</li><li>Addis, D. R., Moscovitch, M., Crawley, A. P., McAndrews, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recollective+qualities+modulate+hippocampal+activation+during+autobiographical+memory+retrieval.">Recollective qualities modulate hippocampal activation during autobiographical memory retrieval.</a> Hippocampus. 14, 752-762 (2004).</li><li>Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W., Greenberg, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Belief+and+recollection+of+autobiographical+memories.">Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories.</a> Mem Cognit. 31, 887-901 (2003).</li><li>Greenberg, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-activation+of+the+amygdala,+hippocampus+and+inferior+frontal+gyrus+during+autobiographical+memory+retrieval.">Co-activation of the amygdala, hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus during autobiographical memory retrieval.</a> Neuropsychologia. 43, 659-674 (2005).</li><li>Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+brief+measures+of+positive+and+negative+affect:+the+PANAS+scales.">Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales.</a> J Pers Soc Psychol. 54, 1063-1070 (1988).</li><li>Denkova, E., Dolcos, S., Dolcos, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliving+Emotional+Personal+Memories:+Affective+Biases+Linked+to+Personality+and+Sex-Related+Differences.">Reliving Emotional Personal Memories: Affective Biases Linked to Personality and Sex-Related Differences.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M. C., Levine, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+neuroanatomy+of+autobiographical+memory:+a+meta-analysis.">The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis.</a> Neuropsychologia. 44, 2189-2208 (2006).</li><li>Lieberman, M. D., Cunningham, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+I+and+Type+II+error+concerns+in+fMRI+research:+re-balancing+the+scale.">Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: re-balancing the scale.</a> Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 4, 423-428 (2009).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

El diseño experimental presentado aquí permite la investigación de los correlatos neurales de recordar emocional recuerdos autobiográficos. Este diseño tiene el potencial para avanzar en el conocimiento de cómo el cerebro genera sesgos afectivos (positivo o negativo) en el recuerdo de los recuerdos personales, y cómo los prejuicios pueden ser modulados por el centro de recuperación (en los aspectos emocionales y no emocionales). Este protocolo tiene beneficios adicionales, ya que también se puede utilizar con p...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of emotional autobiographical recollection

El recuerdo de los recuerdos autobiográficos emocional (AMS) es importante para el funcionamiento saludable cognitivos y afectivos 1 - recordando positivo AMs se asocia con aumento de personal de bienestar y autoestima 2, mientras que recordar y meditando sobre la MGA negativa puede dar lugar a trastornos afectivos 3. Aunque se han logrado importantes progresos en la comprensión de los mecanismos cerebrales subyacentes AM recuperación en general (revisado en 4, 5), poco se sabe sobre el efecto de la emoción en la re-experiencia subjetiva de la AMS y los correlatos neurales asociados. Esto se debe en parte al hecho de que, a diferencia de las investigaciones del efecto de la emoción en la memoria de laboratorio basado en eventos de micro (revisado en 6, 7-9), a menudo los estudios de AM no tienen un claro enfoque en los aspectos emocionales de recordar hechos personales (pero ver 10). A continuación, presentamos un protocolo que permite la investigación de los correlatos neurales de acompañamiento emocional recordando utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI). Las señales de estas memorias se recogen antes de la digitalización por medio de un cuestionario de la memoria autobiográfica (AMQ), por lo tanto, permite la selección adecuada de medidas de acompañamiento emocional sobre la base de sus propiedades fenomenológicas (es decir, la intensidad, viveza, el significado personal). Este protocolo se puede utilizar en poblaciones sanas y clínicos por igual.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Se presenta un protocolo que permite la investigación de los correlatos neurales de recordando los recuerdos emocionales autobiográfico, utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional. Este protocolo se puede utilizar con los participantes sanos y clínicos.

La investigación del cerebro imágenes de los correlatos neurales de recuerdo autobiográfico emocional

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

brain-imaging-investigation-neural-correlates-emotional

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K vistas.  University of Alberta, Edmonton. Se presenta un protocolo que permite la investigación de los correlatos neurales de recordando los recuerdos emocionales autobiográfico, utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional. Este protocolo se puede utilizar con los participantes sanos y clínicos.

Video: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

La investigación del cerebro imágenes de los correlatos neurales de Observación de las interacciones sociales virtuales

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

La investigación del cerebro imágenes de los correlatos neurales de regulación de las emociones

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

La investigación del cerebro de imagen del efecto de la memoria-Mejora de la emoción

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

La investigación del cerebro de imagen del efecto perjudicial de la emoción sobre la cognición

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

La detección de la hipoxia Microrregional en corteza cerebral de ratón por la imagen de dos fotones de fluorescencia endógena NADH

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

Formación extinción durante la ventana de reconsolidación impide una recuperación del Miedo

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

Co-análisis de la estructura y función cerebral mediante resonancia magnética funcional y la difusión de imágenes ponderado

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

A multi-electrodo Sistema Patch-clamp asistida por ordenador

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of &#60;200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.

Mitochondrial visualization and analysis from mammalian brain tissue is a challenging task. Here, we describe how three dimensional (3D) reconstruction analysis from the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) can be used to gain insights on the morphological and volumetric analysis of this critical energy generating organelle.

Análisis del Cerebro Las mitocondrias Usando serie Bloque-Cara Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imágenes de la actividad neuronal en la corteza somatosensorial primaria usando Thy1-ratones transgénicos GCaMP6s

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...