Damos las gracias a Krista den Ouden por su excelente asistencia técnica. Esta técnica ha sido financiado por la fundación holandesa de riñón, donación C06.2174. MCV es apoyada por la Organización Holandesa para la Investigación Científica (NWO) Vidi-grant 016.096.359.

Todos los experimentos se realizan con arreglo a los animales de experimentación pautas éticas del comité animal experimental Utrecht. El protocolo se lleva a cabo bajo la dirección y aprobación del cuidado de los animales de la institución del autor y el empleo. ERC se induce en ratas Lewis macho endogámicas (Charles River, Sulzfeld, Alemania) a la edad de 8 semanas. Las ratas están alojados en condiciones normales en un ambiente de luz, temperatura y humedad controladas. 1. Preparación para la Cirugía <ol><li> Esterilizar los instrumentos quirúrgicos: <ul><li> 1 tejido estudiante fórceps 1-2 dientes de 12 cm </li><li> 1 estudiante forceps patrón estándar </li><li> 2 pinzas Semken </li><li> 1 Mayo tijeras </li><li> 1 estudiante iris tijeras </li><li> 1-Olsen Hegar portaagujas con tijeras </li><li> Manta </li></ul></li><li> Lista de control de inventarios: <ul><li> Mesa de operaciones con el cojín de calentamiento y la lámpara </li><li> O <sub&gt; 2, isoflurano </li><li> Tejidos </li><li> Maquinilla de afeitar </li><li> Balanza </li><li> Set operativo estéril </li><li> 5x5 gasa estéril y 10x10 </li><li> 70% de alcohol </li><li> Solución de NaCl al 0,9% </li><li> 1 ml jeringa </li><li> Needles (25G) </li><li> Juntas de gel de espuma: Spongostan </li><li> Vicryl 4.0 y 5.0 </li><li> La buprenorfina 0,03 mg / kg (diluido 1:10 en salina fisiológica) </li><li> Jaula limpia para ratas después de la cirugía </li></ul></li></ol> 2. Derecho uninefrectomía Side <ol><li> Desinfectar la tabla con un 70% de alcohol. </li><li> Lugar de rata en la caja de la inducción y de inducir la anestesia con isoflurano y 4% 1 litro de flujo de O 2. Nota: dependiendo de la cepa de ratas utilizada, pre y perioperatoria analgesia se prescriben, esto tiene que ser discutido con el veterinario local. </li><li> Transferencia de rata a la mesa y el lugar nariz en cono. La rata y el cono de nariz se colocan en una almohadilla caliente para mantener la temperatura corporal de la rata. La rata is ventilado con una mezcla de 2% de isoflurano y 1 litro de O 2. </li><li> Shave el flanco de la rata y desinfectar con alcohol. Lavar y desinfectar las manos y utilizar guantes quirúrgicos estériles. Use un gorro de la cabeza y una máscara. Hacer un 1-1,5 cm incisión paralela a las costillas con pinzas anatómicas y tijeras romas. Exponga el riñón mediante disección roma de los músculos de la espalda. </li><li> El polo inferior del riñón es visible, use cuidadosamente las pequeñas pinzas romas para sujetar el tejido adiposo perirrenal. Externalizar el riñón tirando suavemente de la grasa perirrenal con fórceps. Tenga cuidado de no molestar a la glándula adrenal durante este procedimiento. La glándula suprarrenal se puede quitar fácilmente mediante la colocación de una pinza en el sitio medial en el tejido graso y se movió suavemente hacia arriba entre la glándula suprarrenal y el riñón como se muestra en la Figura 2. </li><li> Coloque riñón suavemente una gasa y clara de los alrededores grasa y tejido conectivo. Identificar la arteria y la vena renal y colocar una ligadura (5,0vicryl) con un solo nudo alrededor de los vasos, pero no atar el nudo. </li><li> Mueva el nudo flojo cuidadosamente a lo largo de los vasos hacia la aorta por aproximadamente 0,5 cm, para crear un espacio entre el riñón y el nudo. Esto se hace para evitar que la ligadura se deslice fuera después del corte. </li><li> Haga un nudo con dos nudos dobles. Si se detiene la perfusión, el color del riñón cambiará inmediatamente a marrón. No corte los extremos de la ligadura. </li><li> Cortar los vasos renales cerca de los riñones y extraer el riñón. Tire suavemente los largos extremos de la ligadura para comprobar el sangrado de los vasos renales. La ligadura debe permanecer en el lugar en el buque. Cortar los largos extremos de la ligadura. Nota, los vasos renales remanente se retraen en la cavidad abdominal inmediatamente. </li><li> Seque riñón extirpado secar y pesar que. </li><li> Cierre la incisión del músculo esquelético con el funcionamiento de las suturas con Vicryl 5.0. Inyectar 0,10 ml (0,03 mg / kg) im buprenorfina en la extremidad posterior. Cierre lapiel con Vicryl 4.0 con suturas intracutáneas. Esto evita que las ratas de la apertura de la herida. Nota: debido a la depresión respiratoria en ratas Lewis, sólo damos analgesia postoperatoria justo antes de apagar el isoflurano. </li><li> La casa de los rata en una jaula solitaria limpio y con fácil acceso a los alimentos y el agua. Coloque la mitad de la jaula sobre el calentamiento pad O / N y comprobar cuidadosamente la rata al día siguiente. Cuando la herida se cierra y la rata es activa, la cual es normalmente entre 6 y 12 horas después de la cirugía, la rata se puede colocar de nuevo en el alojamiento en grupo. </li></ol> 3. Lado izquierdo Nefrectomía Subtotal <ol><li> Siete días más tarde, las mismas preparaciones se realizan en el lado izquierdo como para el lado derecho como se describe 2,1-2,5. Antes de la cirugía, se calcula la cantidad de tejido renal que necesita ser eliminado debido a que corresponde a aproximadamente 2/3rds de el peso del riñón derecho. Preparar pequeñas piezas de espuma de gel (Spongostan, Johnson &amp; Johnson, New Jersey) antes de la cirugía. </li&gt; <li> Coloque unas tijeras afiladas alrededor del polo superior del riñón izquierdo y resección del polo superior de un solo golpe (para la ubicación de tijera, ver Figura 3). Cubra inmediatamente con un trozo de espuma de gel y ejercer una presión suave con una gasa estéril. </li><li> Repita con el polo inferior del riñón como en 3.3. </li><li> Levante riñón para evitar la coagulación de la piel. Mantenga una presión leve en ambos almohadillas de espuma de gel con una gasa estéril hasta que el sangrado se detenga. Cuando la hemorragia persiste, añada otra almohadilla de espuma. </li><li> Coloque remanente renal con gel adherente almohadillas de espuma en el interior del abdomen. Cierre el músculo y la piel y siga 02.09 a 02.12. </li></ol> 4. Sham Cirugía <ol><li> Controles de operación simulada se someten al mismo procedimiento con el fin de exponer a los riñones. En lugar de extirpar el riñón o el corte de los polos una semana más tarde, ambos riñones están decapsulated en un intervalo de una semana, teniendo cuidado de no molestar a las glándulas suprarrenales. Cierre de la herida y los cuidados postoperatorios son Identificaciónentical a 2,11 y 2,12. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A., Picken, M. M., Churchill, M., Churchill, P., Bidani, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+structural+correlates+of+glomerulosclerosis+after+renal+mass+reduction+in+the+rat.">Functional and structural correlates of glomerulosclerosis after renal mass reduction in the rat.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 (3), 497-506 (2000).</li><li>Kang, D. H., Kanellis, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+microvascular+endothelium+in+progressive+renal+disease.">Role of the microvascular endothelium in progressive renal disease.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 (3), 806-816 (2002).</li><li>Baylis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+synthase+derangements+and+hypertension+in+kidney+disease.">Nitric oxide synthase derangements and hypertension in kidney disease.</a> Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 21 (1), 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Bongartz, L. G., Braam, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+nitric+oxide+reduction+induces+permanent+cardiac+systolic+dysfunction+and+worsens+kidney+damage+in+rats+with+chronic+kidney+disease.">Transient nitric oxide reduction induces permanent cardiac systolic dysfunction and worsens kidney damage in rats with chronic kidney disease.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298 (3), 815-823 (2010).</li><li>Fujihara, C. K., De N, G., Zatz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+nitric+oxide+synthase+inhibition+aggravates+glomerular+injury+in+rats+with+subtotal+nephrectomy.">Chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition aggravates glomerular injury in rats with subtotal nephrectomy.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 (7), 1498-1507 (1995).</li><li>Fujihara, C. K., Sena, C. R., Malheiros, D. M., Mattar, A. L., Zatz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+nitric+oxide+inhibition+induces+progressive+nephropathy+after+regression+of+initial+renal+injury.">Short-term nitric oxide inhibition induces progressive nephropathy after regression of initial renal injury.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290 (3), F632-F640 (2006).</li><li>Dikow, R., Kihm, L. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+infarct+size+in+uremic+rats:+reduced+ischemia+tolerance?.">Increased infarct size in uremic rats: reduced ischemia tolerance?.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15 (6), 1530-1536 (2004).</li><li>Elrashidy, R. A., Asker, M. E., Mohamed, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pioglitazone+attenuates+cardiac+fibrosis+and+hypertrophy+in+a+rat+model+of+diabetic+nephropathy.">Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy.</a> J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 17 (3), 324-333 (2012).</li><li>Haylor, J., Schroeder, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+gadolinium+following+use+of+MR+contrast+agents+in+a+rat+model+of+nephrogenic+systemic+fibrosis.">Skin gadolinium following use of MR contrast agents in a rat model of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.</a> Radiology. 263 (1), 107-116 (2012).</li><li>Moriguchi, Y., Yogo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+hypertrophy+is+associated+with+inflammation+in+sodium+loaded+subtotal+nephrectomized+rats.">Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with inflammation in sodium loaded subtotal nephrectomized rats.</a> Biomed. Res. 32 (2), 83-90 (2011).</li><li>van Koppen, A., Joles, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Healthy+bone+marrow+cells+reduce+progression+of+kidney+failure+better+than+CKD+bone+marrow+cells+in+rats+with+established+chronic+kidney+disease.">Healthy bone marrow cells reduce progression of kidney failure better than CKD bone marrow cells in rats with established chronic kidney disease.</a> Cell Transplant. , (2012).</li><li>Baylis, C., Corman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+aging+kidney:+insights+from+experimental+studies.">The aging kidney: insights from experimental studies.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9 (4), 699-709 (1998).</li><li>Szabo, A. J., Muller, V., Chen, G. F., Samsell, L. J., Erdely, A., Baylis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nephron+number+determines+susceptibility+to+renal+mass+reduction-induced+CKD+in+Lewis+and+Fisher+344+rats:+implications+for+development+of+experimentally+induced+chronic+allograft+nephropathy.">Nephron number determines susceptibility to renal mass reduction-induced CKD in Lewis and Fisher 344 rats: implications for development of experimentally induced chronic allograft nephropathy.</a> Nephrol. Dial Transplant. 23 (8), 2492-2495 (2008).</li><li>Darling, I. M., Morris, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+"true"+creatinine+clearance+in+rats+reveals+extensive+renal+secretion.">Evaluation of "true" creatinine clearance in rats reveals extensive renal secretion.</a> Pharm. Res. 8 (10), 1318-1322 (1991).</li><li>Levey, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+renal+function+in+chronic+renal+disease.">Measurement of renal function in chronic renal disease.</a> Kidney Int. 38 (1), 167-184 (1990).</li><li>Myers, G. L., Miller, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+improving+serum+creatinine+measurement:+a+report+from+the+Laboratory+Working+Group+of+the+National+Kidney+Disease+Education+Program.">Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program.</a> Clin. Chem. 52 (1), 5-18 (2006).</li><li>Hostetter, T. H., Meyer, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+clearance+methods+for+measurement+of+glomerular+filtration+and+tubular+reabsorption.">The development of clearance methods for measurement of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 287 (5), F868-F870 (2004).</li><li>Koeners, M. P., Racasan, S., Koomans, H. A., Joles, J. A., Braam, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide,+superoxide+and+renal+blood+flow+autoregulation+in+SHR+after+perinatal+L-arginine+and+antioxidants.">Nitric oxide, superoxide and renal blood flow autoregulation in SHR after perinatal L-arginine and antioxidants.</a> Acta. Physiol. (Oxf). 190 (4), 329-338 (2007).</li><li>van den Brandt, J., Wang, D., Kwon, S. H., Heinkelein, M., Reichardt, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentivirally+generated+eGFP-transgenic+rats+allow+efficient+cell+tracking+in+vivo.">Lentivirally generated eGFP-transgenic rats allow efficient cell tracking in vivo.</a> Genesis. 39 (2), 94-99 (2004).</li><li>Kreutz, R., Kovacevic, L., Schulz, A., Rothermund, L., Ketteler, M., Paul, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+high+NaCl+diet+on+spontaneous+hypertension+in+a+genetic+rat+model+with+reduced+nephron+number.">Effect of high NaCl diet on spontaneous hypertension in a genetic rat model with reduced nephron number.</a> J. Hypertens. 18 (6), 777-782 (2000).</li><li>Liu, Z. C., Chow, K. M., Chang, T. 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O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+partial+nephrectomy+in+rats.">Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in rats.</a> Acta. Cir. Bras. 22 (2), 152-156 (2007).</li></ol>

Los autores tienen nada que revelar.

La extirpación quirúrgica de 5/6th de masa renal en la rata Lewis, combinada con una dieta alta en sal y la inhibición de la NOS temporal conduce a un modelo de enfermedad renal crónica que se asemeja a ERC humana y permite el estudio de los mecanismos causales y la eficacia de las intervenciones terapéuticas en enfermedad renal crónica. El modelo de nefrectomía 5/6th es un modelo bien conocido y ampliamente descrito para el CKD. Sin embargo, la simple eliminación de 5/6th de masa re...

Debido a su naturaleza progresiva, extremo posterior enfermedad renal en estado terminal, y la morbilidad cardiovascular y mortalidad asociadas, la ERC es un problema creciente de salud pública 1. Retardar la progresión de la ERC por lo tanto, es una prioridad de la salud. Desde ERC se caracteriza por alteraciones de la homeostasis de complejos, modelos animales de integración son necesarias para estudiar el desarrollo y la progresión de la ERC. El riñón se compone de una amplia gama de diferentes tipos de células que interactúan entre sí. Esta complejidad no puede ser imitado in vitro. Para el estudio de nuevas intervenciones terapéuticas en la ERC, se utiliza el modelo de 5/6th nefrectomía ablación, un modelo experimental bien conocido de la enfermedad renal progresiva, se asemeja a varios aspectos de la enfermedad renal crónica humana 2,3. La reducción bruta de masa renal causa glomerular progresiva y lesiones túbulo-intersticial, la pérdida de nefronas remanentes y el desarrollo de la hipertensión arterial sistémica y glomerular. Se asocia con progressive pérdida capilar intrarrenal 4, la inflamación y la glomeruloesclerosis. Factores de riesgo de ERC invariablemente impacto sobre la función endotelial 5. Se utilizó una cepa de rata (Lewis) que es relativamente resistente al desarrollo de la ERC y por lo tanto se combinaron eliminación de 5/6th de masa renal con óxido nítrico (NO) el agotamiento de 6, 7, 8 y una dieta alta en sal 9. Después de la llegada y aclimatación, los animales reciben un inhibidor de la NO sintasa (L-NNA), complementado con el agua potable (20 mg / L) durante un período de 4 semanas, seguido de uninefrectomía lados derecho (UNX) con la continuación de la L-NNA después de dos días . Una semana más tarde, la nefrectomía subtotal (SNX) es decir, eliminación de 2/3rds de masa renal se lleva a cabo en el lado izquierdo. Después de SNX, los animales se les permitió recuperarse durante 2 días, seguido de nuevo por 20 mg / L de LNNA en el agua potable durante un periodo de 4 semanas. Una dieta alta en sal (6%), complementada en suelo chino (ver línea de tiempo Figura 1), se continúa durante todo el experimento. Tque la razón para realizar la UNX en el lado derecho y el SNX en el lado izquierdo es que los vasos renales son más largas en el lado izquierdo que hace que sea más fácil acceder a los riñones sin estirar demasiado los vasos cuando el riñón está expuesta fuera del cuerpo . En la literatura, se describen modelos en los que los polos del riñón izquierdo se eliminan primero, seguido por UNX del riñón derecho y una semana más tarde 10,11,12. En nuestras manos este modelo mostró un desarrollo mucho más rápido de insuficiencia renal, pero también una variación mucho mayor en la pérdida de la función renal. La progresión de la insuficiencia renal es seguida en el tiempo por la medición de urea en el plasma, la presión arterial sistólica y la proteinuria. A las seis semanas después de SNX, insuficiencia renal ha desarrollado, que se caracteriza por una marcada reducción en la tasa de filtración glomerular (69%) y el flujo plasmático renal eficaz (62%) 13 de la hipertensión (presión sanguínea sistólica&gt; 150 mmHg), proteinuria (&gt; 50 mg/24 hr) y la uremia leve (&gt; 10 mM). Características histológicas incluyen Tubuldaño o-reflejado por la inflamación intersticial, atrofia tubular y fibrosis y glomeruloesclerosis focal que conduce a la reducción masiva de glomérulos sanos dentro de la población remanente (&lt;10%). Seguimiento hasta 12 semanas después de SNX muestra la progresión de la ERC, proporcionando una ventana de oportunidad para la evaluación de las intervenciones terapéuticas.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-NNA</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>N5501</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spongostan dental: gel foam pads 1x1x1 cm</td>
			<td>Johnson&amp;Johnson</td>
			<td>Ms0005</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethicon Vicryl FS-2S naald 4/0 V392H p/36</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V303H</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethicon Vicryl RB-1+ naald 5/0 V303H p/36</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V392H</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (0.3 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Via local pharmacist ordered by Reckitt Benckiser pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>unknown</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Tissue Forceps - 1x2 Teeth 12 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>91121-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayo Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14010-15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X Semken Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11008-13</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Iris Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar Needle Holder</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12002-14</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

5/6th nephrectomy in combination with high salt diet and nitric oxide synthase inhibition to induce chronic kidney disease in the lewis rat

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema global. Retardar la progresión de la ERC es una prioridad de la salud. Desde ERC se caracteriza por alteraciones de la homeostasis de complejos, modelos animales de integración son necesarias para estudiar el desarrollo y la progresión de la ERC. Para estudiar el desarrollo de las intervenciones terapéuticas con ERC y novedoso en la ERC, se utiliza el modelo de ablación nefrectomía 5/6th, un modelo experimental bien conocido de la enfermedad renal progresiva, se asemeja a varios aspectos de la enfermedad renal crónica humana. La reducción bruta de masa renal causa glomerular progresiva y lesiones túbulo-intersticial, la pérdida de nefronas remanentes y el desarrollo de la hipertensión arterial sistémica y glomerular. También se asocia con la pérdida progresiva intrarrenal capilar, la inflamación y la glomeruloesclerosis. Factores de riesgo de ERC invariablemente impacto en la función endotelial. Para imitar este, combinamos eliminación de 5/6th de masa renal con óxido nítrico (NO) y el agotamiento de una dieta alta en sal. Después de la llegada y aclimatación, los animales vuelvenceive un inhibidor de la NO sintasa (NG-nitro-L-arginina) (L-NNA), complementado con el agua potable (20 mg / L) durante un período de 4 semanas, seguido de uninefrectomía lados derecho. Una semana más tarde, una nefrectomía subtotal (SNX) se lleva a cabo en el lado izquierdo. Después SNX, los animales se les permitió recuperar durante dos días seguidos de LNNA en el agua potable (20 mg / L) para un período de 4 semanas. Una dieta alta en sal (6%), complementada en suelo chino (ver línea de tiempo Figura 1), se continúa durante todo el experimento. La progresión de la insuficiencia renal es seguida en el tiempo por la medición de urea en el plasma, la presión arterial sistólica y la proteinuria. A las seis semanas después de SNX, insuficiencia renal ha desarrollado. La función renal se mide con inulina &#39;estándar de oro&#39; y el ácido para-amino hipúrico (PAH), la tecnología de liquidación. Este modelo de ERC se caracteriza por una reducción en la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y el flujo plasmático renal efectivo (FPRE), hipertensión (presión arterial sistólica&gt; 150 mmHg), proteinuria (&gt; 50 mg/24 h) Y la uremia leve (&gt; 10 mM). Características histológicas incluyen daño túbulo-intersticial reflejada por la inflamación, atrofia tubular y fibrosis y glomeruloesclerosis focal que conduce a la reducción masiva de glomérulos sanos dentro de la población remanente (&lt;10%). Seguimiento hasta 12 semanas después de SNX muestra la progresión de la ERC.

Después de la nefrectomía subtotal, aproximadamente 1/6o de la masa total renal se deja. Figura 4 muestra el peso de la pieza extraída del riñón derecho con media y desviación estándar de dos experimentos anteriores. Se debe tener en cuenta que en la semana después de UNX, hipertrofia del riñón izquierdo se produce, lo que indica que el peso que debe ser eliminado calcula en función del peso del riñón derecho siempre se traduce en menos de extracción 5/6th. Sin embargo, ya que no es posibl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat at JoVE.com

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Un método de dos etapas para establecer la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en ratas Lewis mediante la extirpación quirúrgica 5/6th de masa renal se describe. Combinación de la intervención quirúrgica, NOS-inhibición y una dieta alta en sal conduce a un modelo parecido a ERC humana, permitiendo el estudio de los mecanismos causales y el desarrollo de nuevas intervenciones terapéuticas.

5/6th nefrectomía en combinación con dieta alta en sal y el óxido nítrico sintasa inhibición para inducir la enfermedad renal crónica en la rata Lewis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

56th-nephrectomy-combination-with-high-salt-diet-nitric-oxide

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.4K vistas.  University Medical Center Utrecht. Un método de dos etapas para establecer la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en ratas Lewis mediante la extirpación quirúrgica 5/6th de masa renal se describe. Combinación de la intervención quirúrgica, NOS-inhibición y una dieta alta en sal conduce a un modelo parecido a ERC humana, permitiendo el estudio de los mecanismos causales y el desarrollo de nuevas intervenciones terapéuticas.

Video: 5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be considered one of the most important signaling molecules produced in our body, regulating essential functions including but not limited to regulation of blood pressure, immune response and neural communication. Therefore its accurate detection and quantification in biological matrices is critical to understanding the role of NO in health and disease. With such a short physiological half life of NO, alternative strategies for the detection of reaction products of NO biochemistry have been developed. The quantification of relevant NO metabolites in multiple biological compartments provides valuable information with regards to in vivo NO production, bioavailability and metabolism. Simply sampling a single compartment such as blood or plasma may not always provide an accurate assessment of whole body NO status, particularly in tissues. The ability to compare blood with select tissues in experimental animals will help bridge the gap between basic science and clinical medicine as far as diagnostic and prognostic utility of NO biomarkers in health and disease. Therefore, extrapolation of plasma or blood NO status to specific tissues of interest is no longer a valid approach. As a result, methods continue to be developed and validated which allow the detection and quantification of NO and NO-related products/metabolites in multiple compartments of experimental animals in vivo. The established paradigm of NO biochemistry from production by NO synthases to activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to eventual oxidation to nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) may only represent part of NO's effects in vivo. The interaction of NO and NO-derived metabolites with protein thiols, secondary amines, and metals to form S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), N-nitrosamines (RNNOs), and nitrosyl-heme respectively represent cGMP-independent effects of NO and are likely just as important physiologically as activation of sGC by NO. A true understanding of NO in physiology is derived from in vivo experiments sampling multiple compartments simultaneously. Nitric oxide (NO) methodology is a complex and often confusing science and the focus of many debates and discussion concerning NO biochemistry. The elucidation of new mechanisms and signaling pathways involving NO hinges on our ability to specifically, selectively and sensitively detect and quantify NO and all relevant NO products and metabolites in complex biological matrices. Here, we present a method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of nitrite and nitrate by HPLC as well as detection of free NO in biological samples using in vitro ozone based chemiluminescence with chemical derivitazation to determine molecular source of NO as well as ex vivo with organ bath myography.

The endogenous production of nitric oxide (NO) regulates a wide variety of biological functions. It is becoming increasingly clear that disruption or dysregulation of NO based signaling is involved in many human diseases. Methods to quantify relevant NO metabolites may provide novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for human disease.

Técnicas analíticas para el ensayo de bioactividad del óxido nítrico

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be ...

Investigación

Medicina

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1-3. The rapid, irregular, and disordered electrical activity in the atria gives rise to palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain and dizziness with or without syncope 4, 5. Patients with AF have a five-fold higher risk of stroke 6.
Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with warfarin is commonly used for stroke prevention in patients with AF and has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke by 64% 7. Warfarin therapy has several major disadvantages, however, including bleeding, non-tolerance, interactions with other medications and foods, non-compliance and a narrow therapeutic range 8-11. These issues, together with poor appreciation of the risk-benefit ratio, unawareness of guidelines, or absence of an OAC monitoring outpatient clinic may explain why only 30-60% of patients with AF are prescribed this drug 8.
The problems associated with warfarin, combined with the limited efficacy and/or serious side effects associated with other medications used for AF 12,13, highlight the need for effective non-pharmacological approaches to treatment. One such approach is catheter ablation (CA), a procedure in which a radiofrequency electrical current is applied to regions of the heart to create small ablation lesions that electrically isolate potential AF triggers 4. CA is a well-established treatment for AF symptoms 14, 15, that may also decrease the risk of stroke. Recent data showed a significant decrease in the relative risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack events among patients who underwent ablation compared with those undergoing antiarrhythmic drug therapy 16.
Since the left atrial appendage (LAA) is the source of thrombi in more than 90% of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation 17, another approach to stroke prevention is to physically block clots from exiting the LAA. One method for occluding the LAA is via percutaneous placement of the WATCHMAN LAA closure device. The WATCHMAN device resembles a small parachute. It consists of a nitinol frame covered by fabric polyethyl terephthalate that prevents emboli, but not blood, from exiting during the healing process. Fixation anchors around the perimeter secure the device in the LAA (Figure 1). To date, the WATCHMAN is the only implanted percutaneous device for which a randomized clinical trial has been reported. In this study, implantation of the WATCHMAN was found to be at least as effective as warfarin in preventing stroke (all-causes) and death (all-causes) 18. This device received the Conformit&eacute; Europ&eacute;enne (CE) mark for use in the European Union for warfarin eligible patients and in those who have a contraindication to anticoagulation therapy 19.
Given the proven effectiveness of CA to alleviate AF symptoms and the promising data with regard to reduction of thromboembolic events with both CA and WATCHMAN implantation, combining the two procedures is hoped to further reduce the incidence of stroke in high-risk patients while simultaneously relieving symptoms. The combined procedure may eventually enable patients to undergo implantation of the WATCHMAN device without subsequent warfarin treatment, since the CA procedure itself reduces thromboembolic events. This would present an avenue of treatment previously unavailable to patients ineligible for warfarin treatment because of recurrent bleeding 20 or other warfarin-associated problems.
The combined procedure is performed under general anesthesia with biplane fluoroscopy and TEE guidance. Catheter ablation is followed by implantation of the WATCHMAN LAA closure device. Data from a non-randomized trial with 10 patients demonstrates that this procedure can be safely performed in patients with a CHADS2 score of greater than 1 21. Further studies to examine the effectiveness of the combined procedure in reducing symptoms from AF and associated stroke are therefore warranted.

Catheter ablation is combined with placement of the WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device to prevent ischemic stroke in a patient with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Ablación con catéter en combinación con cierre de la orejuela izquierda por fibrilación auricular

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1-3. The rapid, irregular, and ...

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Cariotipo espectral para el Estudio de anomalías cromosómicas en humanos y ratones con la enfermedad renal poliquística

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the development of the many complications associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes. To study the mechanisms by which excessive levels of glucose and fatty acids affect the pancreatic beta-cell and the secretion of insulin, we have established a chronic nutrient infusion model in the rat. The procedure consists of catheterizing the right jugular vein and left carotid artery under general anesthesia; allowing a 7-day recuperation period; connecting the catheters to the pumps using a swivel and counterweight system that enables the animal to move freely in the cage; and infusing glucose and/or Intralipid (a soybean oil emulsion which generates a mixture of approximately 80% unsaturated/20% saturated fatty acids when infused with heparin) for 72 hr. This model offers several advantages, including the possibility to finely modulate the target levels of circulating glucose and fatty acids; the option to co-infuse pharmacological compounds; and the relatively short time frame as opposed to dietary models. It can be used to examine the mechanisms of nutrient-induced dysfunction in a variety of organs and to test the effectiveness of drugs in this context.

A protocol for chronic infusions of glucose and Intralipid in rats is described. This model can be used to study the impact of nutrient excess on organ function and physiological parameters.

Un modelo de infusión de nutrientes crónica en la rata

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to  affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the  ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Evaluación de la función vascular en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

De liberación lenta Drug Delivery través Elvax 40W a la Rata Retina: Implicaciones para el tratamiento de condiciones crónicas

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct biomarker isolated from donor mice. This technique allows for identification of donor-derived hematopoietic cells within the recipient mice, and can be used to isolate and characterize donor cells using various biochemical techniques. BMT typically relies on myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation to generate niche space within the BM compartment of recipient mice for donor cell engraftment. The protocol we describe here uses myelosuppressive conditioning with the chemotherapeutic agent busulfan. Unlike irradiation, which requires the use of specialized facilities, busulfan conditioning is performed using intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg busulfan until a total dose of 60-100 mg/kg has been administered. Moreover, myeloablative irradiation can have toxic side effects and requires successful engraftment of donor cells for survival of recipient mice. In contrast, busulfan conditioning using these doses is generally well tolerated and mice survive without donor cell support. Donor BM cells are isolated from the femurs and tibiae of mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and injected into the lateral tail vein of conditioned recipient mice. BM chimerism is estimated by quantifying the number of GFP+ cells within the peripheral blood following BMT. Levels of chimerism&nbsp;>80% are typically observed in the peripheral blood 3-4 weeks post-transplant and remain established for at least 1 year. As with irradiation, conditioning with busulfan and BMT allows for the accumulation of donor BM-derived cells within the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in mouse models of neurodegeneration. This busulfan-mediated CNS accumulation may be more physiological than total body irradiation, as the busulfan treatment is less toxic and CNS inflammation appears to be less extensive. We hypothesize that these cells can be genetically engineered to deliver therapeutics to the CNS.

We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous system.

El busulfán como agente mielosupresor para Generación estable de alto nivel de Médula Ósea quimerismo en ratones

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct ...

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage Renal Disease with high risk of death for cardiovascular events. Moreover, recent clinical studies have shown that renovascular structure and function may have a great impact on functional renal recovery after surgery. Here, we describe a protocol for the delivery of drugs into the renal artery of rats. This procedure offers significant advantages over the frequently used systemic administration as it may allow a more localized therapeutic effect. In addition, the use of rodents in pharmacodynamic analysis of preclinical studies may be cost effective, paving the way for the design of translational experiments in larger animal models. Using this technique, infusion of rat recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein in rats has induced activation of VEGF signaling as shown by increased expression of FLK1, pAKT/AKT, pERK/ERK. In summary, we established a protocol for the intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats, which is simple and highly reproducible.

The administration of drugs for recovery of kidney function requires control of the localization and distribution of the therapeutic compound. Here, we describe in detail a simple technique for intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats. This procedure may be easily performed with no mortality and high reproducibility.

Intravascular de entrega de los productos biológicos para el riñón de rata

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

Evaluación de la función renal en modelos de ratón de la enfermedad Glomerular

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent vasoactive agents, nitric oxide (NO), can also act as a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Direct NO detection in blood is very challenging due to its high reactivity with cell-free hemoglobin that limits NO half-life to the millisecond range. Currently, NO changes after interventions are only estimated based on measured changes of nitrite and nitrate (members of the nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolic pathway). However precise, these measurements are rather difficult to interpret vis a vis actual NO changes, due to the naturally high baseline nitrite and nitrate levels that are several orders of magnitude higher than expected changes of NO itself. Therefore, the development of direct and simple methods that would allow one to detect NO directly is long overdue. This protocol addresses a potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive NO sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet preparations and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as NO generators. Phosphorylation of VASP at serine 239 (P-VASPSer239) is used to detect the presence of NO. The fact that VASP protein is highly expressed in platelets and that it is rapidly phosphorylated when NO is present leads to a unique opportunity to use this pathway to directly detect NO presence in blood.

Here, we present a protocol to address the potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive nitric oxide sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet preparation and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as nitric oxide generators.

Detección basada en plaquetas de óxido nítrico en sangre mediante la medición de VASP fosforilación

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent ...