Los autores desean agradecer el fondo inicial y el departamento de cirugía de la beca de investigación de la Universidad del Sur de Illinois, Facultad de Medicina; y la beca de la Fundación Memorial Medical.

1. Recuperación Quirúrgica Nota: La aprobación IRB se obtuvo para recoger el muñón ACL durante la cirugía de reconstrucción del LCA. Exención IRB fue dado como el muñón ACL utilizados han sido generalmente descartada como desecho quirúrgico. 20 pacientes se utilizaron para recoger el muñón ACL. <ol><li> Administrar anestesia general y antibióticos preoperatorios según el protocolo de la institución para el paciente. </li><li> Aplicar el torniquete e inflar 100 mg por encima de la presión arterial sistólica. </li><li> Situar el paciente en posición supina. Haga una incisión anterolateral horizontal con la rodilla en flexión de 30 a 45 ° para un portal de 5 mm e insertar el trocar artroscópica y la cámara en la bolsa suprarrotuliano a 30 °. </li><li> Lleve a cabo una artroscopia diagnóstica de rutina. </li><li> Escriba una muesca y desbridar la sinovial membranosa sobre el LCA roto. </li><li> Use una máquina de afeitar 4,5 mm y ablador para identificar el muñón ACL. </li><li> Utilice un pico de pato recta amarga para recoger múltiples especimens del muñón ACL restante. </li><li> Mantener la muestra en solución salina normal en un recipiente estéril. </li><li> Enviar las muestras a la patología para la decodificación y la entrega final a las instalaciones del laboratorio. </li><li> Recuperar paciente y realizar el cuidado postoperatorio según el protocolo de la institución. </li></ol> 2. Digestión de los tejidos y HACL Aislamiento <ol><li> Transferir el tejido del LCA humano recibido de la patología a una placa de Petri con solución salina estéril / PBS (tampón fosfato salino). </li><li> Picar el tejido con tijeras estériles en 1-2 mm de 3 piezas y lavar el tejido picado con solución salina al menos 3 veces. </li><li> Se digiere el tejido picado con 0,4% de colagenasa en DMEM/F-12 (50/50, 1x) medio suplementado con 10% de suero bovino fetal (FBS) y 1% de penicilina / estreptomicina durante 4-6 horas a 37 ° C. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a 1000 xg durante 5 minutos y luego volver a suspender las células en el medio. </li><li> Lavar las células con el medio durante 2-3 veces y luego seed / cultura en matraces T-25 durante 2-3 días. </li></ol> 3. Expansión Celular, congelación y descongelación <ol><li> Utilice un microscopio de luz para visualizar las células cultivadas durante 2-3 días en un matraz T-25. </li><li> Mantener las células a 37 ° C en la DMEM/F-12 (50/50, 1x) medio suplementado con 10% de suero bovino fetal (FBS) y 1% de penicilina / estreptomicina (P / S). Nota: Cambiar los medios de comunicación cuando las células muestran la adhesión y la morfología normal. Utilice un microscopio de luz para observar las células. </li><li> Lavar las células confluentes con PBS en el día 7 (~ 1,3 X 10 6 células / frasco). Añadir tripsina (0,5 g / L) e incubar las células a 37 ° C durante 5 min. Añadir los medios de comunicación a las células en suspensión para neutralizar la tripsina. Divida la mezcla de células de medios entre tres matraces T-25. </li><li> Lavar las células confluentes con PBS, añadir tripsina (0,5 g / L), y volver a suspender en medio de congelación que contiene DMSO, de FBS y el medio completo (medio DMEM/F-12 + 10% de FBS + 1% P / S) en el proporción 01:02:07. </li><li> Tiendalos viales criogénicos a -80 ° C si se utilizan las células dentro de un mes, y en nitrógeno líquido si las células se almacenarán durante un período prolongado. </li><li> Descongele los viales en un 37 ° C baño de agua para su reutilización. Nota: Típicamente 90-95% de células sobreviven. </li></ol> 4. Fabricación de ingeniería tisular 2-D poli láctico-co-glicólico (PLAGA) Andamios <ol><li> Disolver 1 g de PLAGA en 12 ml de diclorometano en un vial de centelleo de 20 ml y agitar la solución durante 8 horas a una velocidad constante (800 rpm). Nota: Descripción detallada en Gupta et al 15. </li><li> Transferir la solución disuelta a una placa de Petri de vidrio forrado con papel de protección fluorado. </li><li> Coloque la placa de Petri bajo una campana de vacío durante 30 min. Agregar la placa de Petri a -20 ° C durante la noche y luego a temperatura ambiente. Colocar las cápsulas de Petri en liofilizador para asegurar la completa evaporación del disolvente para obtener películas delgadas de polímero. </li><li> Coloque la fi polímerolms en un desecador durante 24 horas. </li><li> Cortar las películas de polímero en 12 discos circulares mm de diámetro y almacenarlos en un desecador hasta que se necesite. </li></ol> 5. Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM) <ol><li> Lavar las células (50000 células / disco) se sembraron en la TCPS control y el andamio PLAGA con PBS 7 días después de la siembra. </li><li> Use 1,5% glutaraldehído en tampón cacodilato 0,1 M para fijar las células y 2,5% OSO 4 en 0,1 M de tampón cacodilato de post-fijación. </li><li> Lavar las células fijadas con tampón cacodilato 0,1 M. Secar las células fijadas usando deshidratación serie de etanol (50%, 70%, 80%, 90% y 100%) durante 15 min cada uno, y más seco en hexametildisilazano (HMDS) durante la noche. </li><li> Purgar la cámara del sistema de recubrimiento por pulverización catódica SEM con válvula de botón y levante la placa superior. </li><li> Coloque las muestras secas en la cámara. Baje la placa superior. </li><li> Cambie la perilla de control a la bomba para comenzar a evacuar la cámara. </li><li> Válvula de escape abierto argón. Esperarpara el vacío caiga a 0,05 mbar. </li><li> Cubrir las muestras secas con una capa delgada (0,13 nm) de oro / paladio. </li><li> Devuelva la válvula de escape de argón a su posición cerrada. </li><li> Cambie la perilla de control en off. </li><li> Purgar la cámara con válvula de botón y levante la placa superior. </li><li> Retire las muestras y almacenarlas en un desecador durante 24 horas. </li><li> Tenga en cuenta las muestras en un microscopio electrónico de barrido. </li></ol> 6. Inmunofluorescencia La tinción <ol><li> Lavar las células (50000 células / disco) se sembraron en la TCPS control y el andamio PLAGA con PBS 7 días después de la siembra. </li><li> Fijar las células utilizando etanol al 70% (en frío) durante 10 min. </li><li> Se incuban las células fijadas a temperatura ambiente con 1% albúmina de suero bovino (BSA) en PBS que tenía un 0,05% de Triton X-100 durante 20 min. </li><li> Sumergir las muestras en 1% de Tween a temperatura ambiente durante 20 min. </li><li> Añadir el anticuerpo anti-β-actina monoclonal de ratón (1:400) y se incuban las células overnight a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar las células con 0,05% de Tween. Añadir anticuerpo secundario (de cabra anti-ratón F (ab &#39;) 2 fragmento de IgG conjugado con una sonda de fluorescencia, 1:400) a las células y se incuba durante 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Se lavan las células con PBS. Teñir las células con tinción nuclear y montar utilizando 80% de glicerol. </li><li> Observar las células bajo un microscopio confocal. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

El objetivo principal de este estudio andamio hACL/2D era utilizar las células obtenidas en un parche para aumentar la reparación primaria del LCA se desgarra parciales. El tratamiento no quirúrgico de las rupturas del LCA parciales puede incluir un breve período de inmovilización, refuerzos, un programa de rehabilitación progresiva, y las evaluaciones de seguimiento regulares 13,16,17. Sin embargo, muchos estudios demuestran que el tratamiento conservador en los atletas se ha asociado con malos resulta...

El ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es un ligamento intraarticular comúnmente lesionado de la rodilla. Aproximadamente 200.000 (LCA) se reportan anualmente en los Estados Unidos. Más del 75% de los pacientes que sufren una lesión del LCA opt para la cirugía reconstructiva ortopédica 1,2,3,4. La intervención quirúrgica está indicada a menudo debido a un inherentemente pobre potencial curativo 3. La reconstrucción del ACL se realiza típicamente por medio de un autoinjerto o aloinjerto de tendón. Autoinjerto y aloinjerto representan el estándar de oro para la reconstrucción, ya que cuentan con altas tasas de éxito, y la reparación con sutura primaria, la otra opción de tratamiento, ha mostrado tasas de fracaso de hasta el 94% 5,6,7. Desgarros parciales del ligamento cruzado anterior representan el 10% y el 28% de todas las rupturas del LCA 8. En un estudio prospectivo, Noyes et al. Estima que el 50% de los pacientes con desgarros parciales que afectan a más de la mitad de la ACL ACL progresó hasta completar insuficiencia después notratamiento quirúrgico 9. Otros estudios reportan persistente inestabilidad y disminución de la función con menos de 30% de los pacientes capaces de volver a su pre-lesión 9,10,11,12,13 nivel de actividad. Las opciones de tratamiento son limitadas e incluyen modalidades conservadoras, la contracción térmica de permanecer ACL, o la reconstrucción del LCA. Recientemente, ha habido un creciente interés en la reparación primaria aumentada. Estas técnicas utilizan productos biológicos para mejorar la reparación de sutura primarios 14. La investigación reciente ha intentado cosechar-mesenquimales como HACL deriva células madre para eludir limitaciones de injerto, 31,32 pero la validez y la eficacia de estas células es todavía desconocido. La fuente de células ideal para aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos parece ser no mesechymal HACL deriva células de fibroblastos. La investigación actual se centra en la identificación de un material de matriz adecuado y fuente de células para el andamiaje de ingeniería. Es un procedimiento estándar para una rotura de ligamentos que ser descartado como doresiduos rgical durante la cirugía de reconstrucción, sin embargo, este ligamento dañado puede ser una fuente de calidad para la adquisición de células necesarias para desarrollar y mejorar un tejido ideal de ingeniería reemplazo ACL. Nuestro laboratorio ha desarrollado un protocolo para la expansión in vitro de estas células derivadas HACL cosechados. El uso de una matriz 2D diseñado infundido con células HACL derivados, hemos diseñado un parche que podrían aumentar la reparación del LCA parcial y fortalecer los ligamentos desgarrados.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:507px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Petri-dish</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">08-757-103C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP3994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Collagenase</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">17018-029</td>
			<td>Store at 40C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">10-092-CV</td>
			<td>Store at 40C. Warm in 370C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">10082</td>
			<td>Store at -800C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">17-602E</td>
			<td>Store at 40C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge Tubes- 15 ml</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">430790</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T-25 flasks</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Trypsin-Versene mixture</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">17-161E</td>
			<td>Store at 40C. Warm in 370C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP231-100</td>
			<td>Combustible liquid. Can cause skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryogenic vials</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">430489</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">PLAGA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Purac Biomaterials</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Purasorb PLG8523</td>
			<td>Store at -800C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TCPS disks</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">12-545-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">AC36423-0010</td>
			<td>Possible cancer hazard. Store in a dry, cool place.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Bytac paper</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Saint gobin performance plastics</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1420652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scintillation vial</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-339-21G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A7906</td>
			<td>Store at 40C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:216px;">mouse Anti-&#946;-actin antibody (10 Ab)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A5441</td>
			<td>Store at -200C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:216px;">goat-anti-mouse antibody (20 Ab)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Cell Signaling</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">4408</td>
			<td>Store at -200C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Hoechst dye</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">14530</td>
			<td>Store at -200C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP2547-1</td>
			<td>Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Causes burns by all exposure routes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hexamethyldisilazane</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">AC43085-1000</td>
			<td>Flammable liquid and vapor. Causes burns by all exposure routes.</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sterile Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">McKesson</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">25-716</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">5804R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">CK40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vortex</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Labnet&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">VX-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass Petri plates</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S31473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acu-Punch</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Acuderm Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P1225</td>
			<td>Acu-Punch was used to cut 12mm disks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cacodylate buffer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">97068</td>
			<td>Flammable liquid, carcinogen and irritant.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Osmium tetraoxide</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">201030</td>
			<td>Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">T8787</td>
			<td>Harmful if swallowed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Decon Labs</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2705</td>
			<td>Keep away from heat, sparks, flame and other form of ignition.</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">General/regional Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Amphastar pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>1% Lidocaine, 0.25% Bupivacaine,Anesthetic agents for induction and maintenance</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Antibiotics</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Hospira</td>
			<td>0409-0805-01</td>
			<td>Ancef 1g i.v.</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arthroscopy trocar</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Smith and Nephew</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arthroscopy Camera</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Smith and Nephew</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arthroscopic grasper and bitter</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Arthrex&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4.5mm shaver</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Arthrex&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Interference Screws</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Arthrex&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>stainless steel screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sputter Coater</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Polaron</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">E5400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical retrieval, isolation and in vitro expansion of human anterior cruciate ligament-derived cells for tissue engineering applications

La lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior es un problema comúnmente encontrado en los individuos activos. Incluso los desgarros parciales de este intra-articular del ligamento de la rodilla conducir a deficiencias biomecánicas que la función y la estabilidad deterioran. Las opciones actuales para el tratamiento de los desgarros del LCA parciales van desde no quirúrgico, el tratamiento conservador con múltiples opciones quirúrgicas, tales como: la modificación térmica, la reparación de un solo paquete, la reconstrucción completa, y la reconstrucción de la parte dañada del ligamento nativo. Pocos estudios, si los hay, han demostrado un método único para la gestión de ser siempre superior, y en muchos casos los pacientes seguir demostrando la inestabilidad persistente y otras comorbilidades. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar una fuente de células para la utilización potencial en el desarrollo de un parche de ingeniería tisular que podría implementarse en la reparación de un LCA desgarrado parcialmente. Un nuevo protocolo fue desarrollado para la expansión de las células derivadas de patients sometidos a la reconstrucción del LCA. Para aislar las células, tejido HACL picada obtenida durante la reconstrucción del ACL se digirió en una solución de colagenasa. La expansión se realizó usando medio DMEM/F12 suplementado con 10% de suero bovino fetal (FBS) y 1% de penicilina / estreptomicina (P / S). Las células entonces se almacenaron a -80 º C o en nitrógeno líquido en un medio de congelación que consiste de DMSO, de FBS y el medio de expansión. Después de la descongelación, las células HACL derivados fueron luego sembradas en un andamio de ingeniería tisular, de PLAGA (ácido láctico-co-glicólico Poli) y el control de cultivo de tejidos de poliestireno (TCPS). Después de 7 días, SEM se realizó para comparar la adhesión celular a la PLAGA contra el TCPS de control. La morfología celular se evaluó mediante tinción de inmunofluorescencia. SEM (microscopio electrónico de barrido) micrografías demostraron que las células crecieron y se adhirieron sobre ambas superficies de PLAGA y TCPS y fueron confluentes sobre las superficies enteras por día 7. La tinción de inmunofluorescencia mostró morfológica normal, no estresadoAL patrones en ambas superficies. Esta técnica es prometedor para aplicaciones en la regeneración y la reconstrucción de ACL.

El modelo de trabajo para la recuperación quirúrgica, la digestión del tejido y aislamiento de la humana ligamento cruzado anterior (HACL) células derivadas se muestra en la Figura 1. Las células que migraron a partir de los explantes y se adhirieron a los matraces T-25. Estas células se cultivaron durante 3 días y luego se visualizaron bajo un microscopio de luz (Figura 2). Una monocapa confluente se obtuvo por día 7. La presencia de células sanas, viables indica la recuperaci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications at JoVE.com

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Para aplicaciones futuras como un parche para reparar desgarros parciales del ligamento cruzado anterior (ACL), las células derivadas de ACL humana fueron aisladas de tejido obtenido durante los procedimientos reconstructivos, expandidas in vitro y cultivados en los andamios de ingeniería tisular. A continuación, se realizó la adhesión celular y la morfología para confirmar la biocompatibilidad de la superficie del andamio.

Recuperación Quirúrgica, aislamiento y<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Ampliación del cruzado anterior humana derivados de las células del ligamento para aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos

Injury to the ACL is a commonly encountered problem in active individuals. Even partial tears of this intra-articular knee ligament lead to biomechanical ...

surgical-retrieval-isolation-vitro-expansion-human-anterior-cruciate

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

11.4K vistas.  Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.  Para aplicaciones futuras como un parche para reparar desgarros parciales del ligamento cruzado anterior (ACL), las células derivadas de ACL humana fueron aisladas de tejido obtenido durante los procedimientos reconstructivos, expandidas in vitro y cultivados en los andamios de ingeniería tisular. A continuación, se realizó la adhesión celular y la morfología para confirmar la biocompatibilidad de la superficie del andamio. 

Video: Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Ingeniería de tejidos de un humano 3D<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema de Prueba de Tumores

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common ligamentous injury that often requires surgery because the ACL does not heal well without intervention. Current treatment strategies include ligament reconstruction with either autograft or allograft, which each have their associated limitations. Thus, there is interest in designing a tissue-engineered graft for use in ACL reconstruction. We describe the fabrication of an electrospun polymer graft for use in ACL tissue engineering. This polycaprolactone graft is biocompatible, biodegradable, porous, and is comprised of aligned fibers. Because an animal model is necessary to evaluate such a graft, this paper describes an intra-articular athymic rat model of ACL reconstruction that can be used to evaluate engineered grafts, including those seeded with xenogeneic cells. Representative histology and biomechanical testing results at 16 weeks postoperatively are presented, with grafts tested immediately post-implantation and contralateral native ACLs serving as controls. The present study provides a reproducible animal model with which to evaluate tissue engineered ACL grafts, and demonstrates the potential of a regenerative medicine approach to treatment of ACL rupture.

Animal models are important tools for the evaluation of tissue-engineered grafts. This paper presents the protocol for preparing an electrospun biodegradable polymer graft for use in anterior cruciate ligament tissue engineering, as well as a surgical protocol for implantation in a rat model.

Atímicos Rata Modelo de Evaluación de Ingeniería de ligamento cruzado anterior injertos

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common ligamentous injury that often requires surgery because the ACL does not heal well without ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular&#160;irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&#38;A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&#38;A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&#38;A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

We have developed an eye irritation test which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model. The test is able to discriminate between ocular irritant and corrosive materials (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category).

Irritación de los ojos de prueba (IET) para la identificación del peligro de los ojos: Irrita los productos químicos que utilizan Reconstruido humana Córnea-como epitelial (RHCE) Modelo de Tejidos

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from traumatic injury, disease and various congenital, genetic and acquired conditions are quite common. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies have enormous potential to provide a therapeutic solution. However, utilization of biologically relevant animal models in combination with longitudinal assessments of pertinent functional measures are critical to the development of improved regenerative therapeutics for treatment of VML-like injuries. In that regard, a commercial muscle lever system can be used to measure length, tension, force and velocity parameters in skeletal muscle. We used this system, in conjunction with a high power, bi-phase stimulator, to measure in vivo force production in response to activation of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. We have previously used this equipment to assess the functional impact of VML injury on the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, as well as the extent of functional recovery following treatment of the injured TA muscle with our tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) technology. For such studies, the left foot of an anaesthetized rat is securely anchored to a footplate linked to a servomotor, and the common peroneal nerve is stimulated by two percutaneous needle electrodes to elicit muscle contraction and dorsiflexion of the foot. The peroneal nerve stimulation-induced muscle contraction is measured over a range of stimulation frequencies (1-200 Hz), to ensure an eventual plateau in force production that allows for an accurate determination of peak tetanic force. In addition to evaluation of the extent of VML injury as well as the degree of functional recovery following treatment, this methodology can be easily applied to study diverse aspects of muscle physiology and pathophysiology. Such an approach should assist with the more rational development of improved therapeutics for muscle repair and regeneration.

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

We describe an in vivo protocol to measure dorsiflexion of the foot following stimulation of the peroneal nerve and contraction of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. Such measurements are an indispensable translational tool for evaluating skeletal muscle pathology and tissue engineering approaches to muscle repair and regeneration.

Aplicaciones de la<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Pruebas funcionales de la rata tibial anterior para la evaluación de la ingeniería tisular de reparación del músculo esquelético

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

Escritura de Electrospinning de andamios Poly(ε-caprolactone) tridimensional con morfologías controlables para aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos del derretimiento

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the dental sources of MSCs, the periosteum is an easily accessible tissue, which has been identified to contain MSCs in the cambium layer. However, this source has not yet been widely studied.
Vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 have been demonstrated to stimulate in vitro differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. In addition, vitamin C facilitates collagen formation and bone cell growth. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of Vitamin D3 and Vitamin C on MSCs.
Here, we present a method of isolating MSCs from human alveolar periosteum and examine the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may exert an osteoinductive effect on these cells. We also investigate the presence of MSCs in the human alveolar periosteum and assess stem cell adhesion and proliferation. To assess the ability of vitamin C (as a control) and various concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10&#8722;10, 10&#8722;9, 10&#8722;8, and 10&#8722;7 M) to alter key mRNA biomarkers in isolated MSCs mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), core binding factor alpha-1 (CBFA1), collagen-1, and osteocalcin (OCN) are measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

We present a protocol to investigate the mRNA expression biomarkers of periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) induced by vitamin C (vitamin C) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3]. In addition, we evaluate the ability of PDCs to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.

Aislamiento de células madre mesenquimatosas del periostio Alveolar humano y efectos de la vitamina D en la actividad osteogénica de células derivadas del periostio

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the ...

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor biocompatibility, and cost. Plant tissues have favorable characteristics that make them uniquely suited for use as scaffolds, such as high surface area, excellent water transport and retention, interconnected porosity, preexisting vascular networks, and a wide range of mechanical properties. Two successful methods of plant decellularization for tissue engineering applications are described here. The first method is based on detergent baths to remove cellular matter, which is similar to previously established methods used to clear mammalian tissues. The second is a detergent-free method adapted from a protocol that isolates leaf vasculature and involves the use of a heated bleach and salt bath to clear the leaves and stems. Both methods yield scaffolds with comparable mechanical properties and low cellular metabolic impact, thus allowing the user to select the protocol which better suits their intended application.

Here we present, and contrast two protocols used to decellularize plant tissues: a detergent-based approach and a detergent-free approach. Both methods leave behind the extracellular matrix of the plant tissues used, which can then be utilized as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

Dos métodos de descelularización de tejidos vegetales para aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor ...

Production of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma for Boosting In Vitro Human Fibroblast Expansion

There is currently great clinical interest in the use of autologous fibroblasts for skin repair. In most cases, culture of skin cells in vitro is required. However, cell culture using xenogenic or allogenic culture media has some disadvantages (i.e., risk of infectious agent transmission or slow cell expansion). Here, an autologous culture system is developed for the expansion of human skin fibroblast cells in vitro using a patient&#8217;s own platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Human dermal fibroblasts are isolated from the patient while undergoing abdominoplasty. Cultures are followed for up to 7 days using a medium supplemented with either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or PRP. Blood cell content in PRP preparations, proliferation, and fibroblast differentiation are assessed. This protocol describes the method for obtaining a standardized, non-activated preparation of PRP using a dedicated medical device. The preparation requires only a medical device (CuteCell-PRP) and centrifuge. This device is suitable under sufficient medical practice conditions and is a one-step, apyrogenic, and sterile closed system that requires a single, soft spin centrifugation of 1,500 x g for 5 min. After centrifugation, the blood components are separated, and the platelet-rich plasma is easily collected. This device allows a quick, consistent, and standardized preparation of PRP that can be used as a cell culture supplement for in vitro expansion of human cells. The PRP obtained here contains a 1.5-fold platelet concentration compared to whole blood together, with a preferential removal of red and white blood cells. It is shown that PRP presents a boosting effect in cell proliferation compared to FBS (7.7x) and that fibroblasts are activated upon PRP treatment.

This protocol presents a device that produces PRP to boost the in vitro expansion of cells in a 100% autologous fibroblast culture system.

Producción de plasma autólogo rico en plaquetas para impulsar la expansión in vitro de fibroblastos humanos

There is currently great clinical interest in the use of autologous fibroblasts for skin repair. In most cases, culture of skin cells in vitro is ...

Anterior Segment Organ Culture Platform for Tracking Open Globe Injuries and Therapeutic Performance

Open globe injuries have poor visual outcomes, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. This is partly due to an extended delay between injury and medical intervention in rural environments and military medicine applications where ophthalmic care is not readily available. Untreated injuries are susceptible to infection after the eye has lost its watertight seal, as well as loss of tissue viability due to intraocular hypotension. Therapeutics to temporarily seal open globe injuries, if properly developed, may be able to restore intraocular pressure and prevent infection until proper ophthalmic care is possible. To facilitate product development, detailed here is the use of an anterior segment organ culture open globe injury platform for tracking therapeutic performance for at least 72 h post-injury. Porcine anterior segment tissue can be maintained in custom-designed organ culture dishes and held at physiological intraocular pressure. Puncture injuries can be created with a pneumatic-powered system capable of generating injury sizes up to 4.5 mm in diameter, similar to military-relevant injury sizes. Loss of intraocular pressure can be observed for 72 h post-injury confirming proper injury induction and loss of the eye&#39;s watertight seal. Therapeutic performance can be tracked by application to the eye after injury induction and then tracking intraocular pressure for multiple days. Further, the anterior segment injury model is applicable to widely used methods for functionally and biologically tracking anterior segment physiology, such as assessing transparency, ocular mechanics, corneal epithelium health, and tissue viability. Overall, the method described here is a necessary next step toward developing biomaterial therapeutics for temporarily sealing open globe injuries when ophthalmic care is not readily available.

Open globe eye injuries may go untreated for multiple days in rural or military-relevant scenarios, resulting in blindness. Therapeutics are needed to minimize loss of vision. Here, we detail an organ culture open globe injury model. With this model, potential therapeutics for stabilizing these injuries can be properly evaluated.

Plataforma de cultivo de órganos del segmento anterior para el seguimiento de lesiones de globo abierto y rendimiento terapéutico

Open globe injuries have poor visual outcomes, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. This is partly due to an extended delay between injury and ...

Fibroblast Derived Human Engineered Connective Tissue for Screening Applications

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. The current understanding of fibrotic processes, including cardiac fibrosis, remains poor, which hampers the development of new anti-fibrotic therapies. Controllable and reliable human model systems are crucial for a better understanding of fibrosis pathology. This is a highly reproducible and scalable protocol to generate engineered connective tissues (ECT) in a 48-well casting plate to facilitate studies of fibroblasts and the pathophysiology of fibrotic tissue in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment. ECT are generated around the poles with tunable stiffness, allowing for studies under a defined biomechanical load. Under the defined loading conditions, phenotypic adaptations controlled by cell-matrix interactions can be studied. Parallel testing is feasible in the 48-well format with the opportunity for the time-course analysis of multiple parameters, such as tissue compaction and contraction against the load. From these parameters, biomechanical properties such as tissue stiffness and elasticity can be studied.

Presented here is a protocol to generate engineered connective tissues for a parallel culture of 48 tissues in a multi-well plate with double poles, suitable for mechanistic studies, disease modeling, and screening applications. The protocol is compatible with fibroblasts from different organs and species and is exemplified here with human primary cardiac fibroblasts.

Tejido conectivo de ingeniería humana derivado de fibroblastos para aplicaciones de detección

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical ...