Con el apoyo de la opinión Mérito # BX001026 del Departamento de Asuntos de Veteranos (LSQ), y el uso de los recursos e instalaciones al Sistema de Salud VA Puget Sound, el Núcleo de Recursos transgénico en la Universidad de Washington Nathan Centro Choque de Excelencia en la Biología Básica de Adultos Mayores (NIA # 5P30AG-013280), y la Universidad de Washington Diabetes Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología (NIH # P30 DK-17047). Agradecemos a Cynthia Pekow DVM y Kari L. Koszdin DVM, VA Puget Sound, siempre útiles comentarios sobre el manuscrito.

El procedimiento descrito aquí fue aprobado por el Comité Institucional Animal Sound Cuidado y Uso VA Puget, y cumple con la Guía ILAR para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. 1. Preparación Experimental <ol><li> Decida de antemano si la sangre o la recogida de tejidos poco después es necesario hacer ejercicio, y si es así, determinar el intervalo post-ejercicio para la conducción de este tipo de procedimientos. Ejemplos incluyen la determinación de la hormona inducida por el ejercicio o la liberación de citoquinas en la circulación (que requiere la recogida de sangre), la determinación de la expresión inducida por el ejercicio de las especies de ARNm de interés (que requiere la eutanasia seguido por la recogida de tejidos). Si está indicado en la sangre después del ejercicio inmediato o la recogida de tejidos, tener materiales para estos procedimientos en la mano en la sala de procedimientos. Recibir la aprobación del comité institucional de revisión y llevar a cabo de acuerdo con las pautas reglamentarias. No todos los experimentos requieren de sangre después del ejercicio o collecti tejidoen; una simple comparación de la carrera de resistencia puede ser todo lo que se necesita. </li><li> Decida de antemano en los grupos experimentales y los procedimientos post-ejercicio para los ratones (ver descripción anterior). </li><li> Coloque la máquina para correr sobre una mesa resistente en una habitación tranquila dedicado durante los ensayos de propagación respecto a este procedimiento. </li><li> Coloque la caminadora para carriles-ratón de tamaño y con una inclinación adecuada para el protocolo. La inclinación de 5 o se utiliza aquí para obviar el daño muscular debido al ejercicio excéntrico (alargando el músculo al mismo tiempo que la contracción) que se produce durante correr cuesta abajo. </li><li> Coloque una almohadilla absorbente debajo de la cinta de correr para atrapar las heces. </li></ol> 2. Aclimatación de los ratones a la rueda de ardilla Decida si una (sin ejercicio) grupo &quot;sedentaria&quot; de los ratones es necesario, y exponer los ratones sedentarios a la cinta de correr sin correr como se indica en los pasos 2.1 a 2.5. Determinar si se requieren 2 ó 4 grupos experimentales,. por ejemplo, sedentario / Ejercicio (2 grupos); Controles ejercidos / Ejercido Tratamiento (2 grupos, no hay animales sedentarios); o, sedentario x Control / Ejercidas / Tratamiento (4 grupos). El &quot;tratamiento&quot; puede ser un genotipo transgénico o nocaut, un régimen farmacológico, dieta especial, u otra intervención experimental. <ol><li> Deje que el ratón se aclimate a la sala de procedimientos en su jaula de transporte a casa, con sus compañeros de jaula, por 1 - 2 hr. </li><li> Seleccione un solo ratón y número de etiqueta de registro; sopesar ratón y registrar el peso. </li><li> Coloque el ratón en la cinta de correr sin el motor encendido durante la aclimatación, a unos 5 min. Encienda la alimentación eléctrica, sin el funcionamiento cinta sin fin, y dejar que el ratón se aclimate al ruido de la máquina durante otros 5 minutos. </li><li> Retire los ratones en los grupos &quot;sedentarios&quot; (si se utiliza; véase la nota 1) de la cinta de correr en este punto y devolverlos a su jaula o realizar procedimientos posteriores al ejercicio de acuerdo con el diseño experimental (véase la Nota 2). </li></ol><ol><li> Después de la aclimatación, girar la correa a baja velocidad (10 m / min) cuando el animal está explorando la cinta y no en la plataforma. </li><li> Toque o levantar los cuartos traseros del ratón con un depresor de lengua, una a tres veces, para animar a los animales reacios a permanecer en la cinta de correr y correr suavemente. NOTA: La mayoría de los ratones se ejecutarán con facilidad, pero a veces detenerse durante períodos cortos. Cuando esto ocurre, utilice el depresor de lengua para golpear suavemente o levantar la parte trasera del animal para fomentar la reanudación de la carrera. A menudo, los ratones no deben ser manipuladas con el depresor de la lengua; darse la mano con el depresor de lengua que viene hacia ellos hace que los ratones a correr un poco más. </li><li> Iniciar un temporizador de laboratorio una vez que el ratón está funcionando a la velocidad inicial de 10 m / min. </li><li> Gire la velocidad lentamente cuando el ratón está en la parte superior (extremo cuesta arriba) de la cinta, en incrementos de 1 m / min, aproximadamente cada 2 min. </li><li> Gire la velocidad a laconfiguración anterior si el ratón se ejecuta repetidamente en ráfagas cortas y no a un ritmo constante. </li><li> Determinar la máxima velocidad de carrera sostenida de cada ratón (normalmente 14 - 17 m / min para ratones C57BL / 6) mediante el ajuste de la velocidad y viendo el ratón. Anote esta velocidad. NOTA: La ubicación del animal en la cinta salta al investigador como a la voluntad del animal para funcionar a una velocidad mayor. Si el ratón está en el (cuesta arriba) y otro extremo a punto de quedarse en la pared, que está listo para funcionar a una velocidad mayor. Si el ratón está funcionando a un ritmo constante en el medio de la cinta de correr que puede ser a su velocidad máxima, o puede necesitar un ajuste adicional, dependiendo de la calidad de la ejecución. </li></ol> 4. Endpoints y ratones que se detienen <ol><li> Utilice el depresor de lengua para golpear suavemente o levantar los cuartos traseros de los animales que se detienen, para alentar la reanudación de la carrera (véase Nota 3.2). No detener el temporizador por interrupciones temporales en el funcionamiento. </li><li> Identificar y removratones e que se niegan a ejecutar. Nota esta en la hoja de datos. Dependiendo de su diseño experimental, los ratones que se niegan pueden ser reexaminados en un día diferente NOTA: Algunos ratones se niegan por completo a correr. Estos ratones se ejecutarán en ráfagas cortas, y luego se detiene para el novio o &quot;pedal&quot;, es decir, sentarse en la plataforma y utilizar sus patas delanteras sobre la cinta. La postura de estos ratones es encorvada, con las cuatro patas plantadas en el animal para evitar ser empujado de nuevo en la cinta de correr por el depresor de lengua. De vez en cuando un ratón se vuelve agresivo hacia el depresor de lengua cuando dispuestos a correr, se muerda la lengua depresor o subir como una vía de escape. Está claro dentro de los primeros 5 minutos de la prueba si el ratón, o no quiere, correr. Retire los ratones que se niegan a correr a partir del análisis, pero no cuentan como ratones &quot;sedentarios&quot;. </li><li> Identificar los ratones agotados y detener el temporizador. NOTA: El agotamiento se define por tres paradas sucesivas y rehusar su reingresosume corriendo a pesar del estímulo suave, además de los signos físicos de agotamiento, como dificultad para respirar y la postura abocinada. Los ratones a recuperarse de agotamiento dentro de 30 a 60 min. </li><li> Anote la cantidad total de tiempo dedicado a correr en todas las velocidades. </li><li> Dependiendo del diseño experimental, o bien devolver el ratón es a su jaula, o llevar a cabo procedimientos de post-ejercicio inmediatos, como la sangre o la recogida de tejidos de acuerdo con las directrices institucionales. </li><li> Limpiar la cinta limpia con una toallita germicida después de probar cada ratón individual de modo que el olor del ratón anterior no influye en el comportamiento de los ratones posteriores probadas. </li><li> Pruebe el siguiente ratón. Utilice una lengua fresca depresor para cada ratón. Los ratones que residen en la misma jaula pueden ser probados secuencialmente en el mismo día sin aclimatación adicional a la sala de procedimiento. </li></ol>

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Los autores no tienen conflictos de intereses a revelar.

Se describe aquí es un método para evaluar la resistencia voluntaria funcionamiento en ratones de laboratorio usando una cinta de correr motorizada sin el uso de una rejilla de choque. Este método puede revelar diferencias entre los sub-líneas de ratones C57BL / 6 que difieren en la expresión de la citoquina IL-15, que a su vez provoca diferencias en la expresión de factores que subyacen 16,17 ejercicio de resistencia. En consonancia con los principios de las &quot;Tres R&quot; en animales de laboratori...

La obesidad, la resistencia a la insulina y la diabetes tipo 2 son los trastornos metabólicos relacionados entre sí que ejercen profundos efectos en la salud tanto de los EE.UU. y en todo el mundo las poblaciones 1-4. Los ejercicios de resistencia puede prevenir, así como de tratar, estas condiciones 5,6. Por otra parte, la evaluación de la velocidad de la marcha y la resistencia se utilizan pruebas de diagnóstico para el clínico como la fragilidad, sarcopenia, y las consecuencias de otros trastornos, como la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, en sujetos humanos 7. Las vías bioquímicas que subyacen a los efectos beneficiosos del ejercicio de resistencia sobre la composición corporal y la sensibilidad a la insulina están comenzando a ser dilucidado, utilizando ratones genéticamente modificados o farmacológicamente que deben mostrarse mejoradas o reducidas capacidad de ejercicio 8-11. Sin embargo, muchos de estos estudios han utilizado cintas de correr motorizados equipados con rejillas de choque para obligar a los ratones para funcionar 8-11. Animales que dejan de correr son empujadas porla cinta sin fin en movimiento sobre una rejilla que proporciona una descarga eléctrica pie; para escapar del estímulo negativo, los ratones vuelven a correr sobre la cinta. Tales procedimientos pueden introducir estrés psicológico y la conducta de evitación como factores de confusión que afectan los parámetros experimentales 12. Otros métodos de medición de la resistencia, como la cuantificación de la actividad ambulatoria utilizando un aparato de rayo-break o cuantificación de en-jaula rueda para correr, pueden ser confundidos por la modulación de los ciclos circadianos, la ansiedad, la formación inadvertida, o alimentos comportamiento de búsqueda de 12-16. Además, estos procedimientos requieren la vivienda única, otra fuente de estrés psicológico para los ratones. Por lo tanto, se necesita una medición directa de ejercicio de resistencia no confundido por el estrés. Para evitar estos problemas, nuestro laboratorio ha desarrollado y validado un método para evaluar la capacidad de funcionamiento máxima y sostenida velocidad de carrera en los ratones no tratados previamente, sin entrenamiento utilizando una caminadora motorizada no equiPPED con una rejilla de choque. El espacio al final de la cinta en funcionamiento, donde la red de choque normalmente reside, entonces se convierte en una plataforma para los ratones para descansar, y proporciona un lugar para los ratones que se niegan a ejecutar para sentarse hasta retirado del aparato. Se anima a los ratones a correr por un observador humano mediante suaves golpecitos o tocar con un depresor de lengua, junto con la sensibilidad a la disposición voluntaria para correr en la parte del ratón. Este método se ha utilizado para cuantificar las diferencias en el ejercicio de resistencia entre modificada genéticamente y controlar ratones C57BL / 6 que difieren en la expresión de la citoquina derivada de músculo interleucina-15 (IL-15) 16,17. Este método es un refinamiento humano que disminuye los efectos de confusión de refuerzo negativo causado por el uso de una rejilla de choque.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

El uso de modelos de ratones de laboratorio, las vías moleculares responsables de los beneficios metabólicos del ejercicio de resistencia están empezando a definir. El método más común para evaluar la resistencia al ejercicio en ratones utiliza obligó correr en una caminadora motorizada equipada con una rejilla de shock. Animales que dejan de correr son empujadas por la cinta sin fin en movimiento sobre una rejilla que proporciona una descarga eléctrica pie; para escapar del estímulo negativo, los ratones vuelven a correr sobre la cinta. Sin embargo, la conducta de evitación y el estrés psicológico debido a la utilización de un aparato de choque pueden interferir con la cuantificación de la carrera de resistencia, así como mediciones de confundir a los niveles de hormonas y citoquinas en suero post-ejercicio. En este sentido, demostrar y validar un método perfeccionado para medir la resistencia corriendo en naïve C57BL / 6 ratones de laboratorio sobre una caminadora motorizada sin utilizar una cuadrícula de shock. Cuando los ratones se preacclimated a la cinta de correr, corren voluntariamente con la marcha velocidades específicas para cada mouse. El uso de la rejilla de choque se sustituye por el estímulo suave por un operador humano utilizando un depresor de lengua, junto con la sensibilidad a la disposición voluntaria para ejecutarse en la parte del ratón. Criterios de valoración claros para cuantificar el tiempo hasta el agotamiento para cada ratón corriendo se definen y se reflejan en signos conductuales de agotamiento como la postura abocinada y dificultad para respirar. Este método es un refinamiento humano que también disminuye los efectos de confusión de la tensión en los parámetros experimentales.

Este procedimiento para la medición de la resistencia al ejercicio refleja con precisión el perfil molecular y metabólica de diferentes cepas de ratones C57BL / 6 que difieren en la expresión de la citoquina IL-15 16,17. Los ratones transgénicos que sobreexpresan IL-15 (IL-15 TG ratones) presentan un aumento significativamente plazo-hasta el agotamiento veces en comparación con los controles de la misma camada, mientras que los ratones que carecen de IL-15 (IL-15 KO ratones) exhiben una reducción consi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Evaluación de murino ejercicio de resistencia sin el uso de una rejilla de choque: Una Alternativa para el ejercicio forzado

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

assessment-murine-exercise-endurance-without-use-shock-grid-an

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K vistas.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Video: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

El uso del Dispositivo de Evaluación Dolor Orofacial operante (OPAD) para medir los cambios en el comportamiento nociceptivo

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

Una alternativa a la prueba tradicional de prensado en frío: La envoltura del brazo de pressor frío

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

Cómo llegar a Cumplimiento en el ejercicio forzado en roedores: Un estándar crítico para evaluar el impacto del ejercicio en los trastornos relacionados con el envejecimiento y la enfermedad de

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

La prueba de natación forzada como un modelo de depresivo-como comportamiento

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

Un paquete de tratamiento sin Extinción Escape para Dirección de Alimentos Selectividad

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

Configuración de múltiples funciones para el estudio de control de motores Humano Usando estimulación magnética transcraneal, electromiografía, Captura de movimiento, y Realidad Virtual

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

El Ensayo de fatiga rueda de ardilla: Un ensayo sencillo, de gran procesamiento de comportamiento a fatiga similar para el ratón

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

Supramaximal intensidad ejercicio hipóxico y evaluación de la función Vascular en ratones

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

Ejercicio pulmonar prescrito en el hogar en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica estable

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Impacto del ejercicio de intervalo de alta intensidad y ejercicio continuo de intensidad moderada en el nivel T de troponina cardíaca en una etapa temprana de entrenamiento

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...