This work was funded by the Government of Canada&#8217;s Federal Economic Development Agency (FedDev) Applied Research and Commercialization Extension to Queen&#8217;s University (Dr. Allison Rutter and Dr. Darko Matovic). Sincerest thank you to Burt&#8217;s Greenhouses (Odessa, ON) for providing the biochars. Special thanks to Yuxing Cui of the CBRN Protection Group at RMC and staff of the ASU and Zeeb Lab for their ongoing support.

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Todos los métodos enumerados en el protocolo han sido cuidadosamente validado y ampliamente utilizado para los suelos. Como caracterización biochar es todavía en su infancia, la eficacia de estos métodos para el sustrato rico en carbono era en gran parte desconocido. Por lo tanto, aunque estos mismos métodos no son nuevos, su aplicación para caracterizar de forma rutinaria biochar es. En términos de control / garantía de calidad, no hubo problemas entre cualquiera de los métodos con respecto a los espacios en b...

Biocarbón es un subproducto rico en carbono producido durante la pirólisis de la materia orgánica 1. Interés, tanto en público como académico, en la adición de biochar a los suelos, se deriva de su capacidad para mejorar la calidad del suelo y crecimiento de las plantas 2, 3, sostenible secuestrar carbono 4, y sorb contaminantes dañinos 2, 3, 5-7, mientras que ofrecen simultáneamente alternativas para los residuos gestión y producción de energía por pirólisis. Biochars están siendo producidos por numerosas empresas y organizaciones de todo el mundo a través de diferentes sistemas de pirólisis. Los materiales utilizados para la producción de carbón vegetal incluyen (pero no se limitan a) astillas de madera, estiércol animal y residuos de construcción 1. Se espera que estas diferencias para alterar las propiedades físicas y químicas de los biochars &#39;y por lo tanto su capacidad de mejorar los sustratos, promover la estabilidad a largo plazo y aumentar la capacidad de adsorción. Adicionalmente, durante el proceso de pirólisis de la ma biochary se convierten involuntariamente contaminados con metales, PAHs y PCBs, como resultado de las materias primas contaminadas o condiciones de pirólisis inapropiados. Por lo tanto, antes de que el biochar se puede aplicar a gran escala para el medio ambiente como una enmienda del suelo, cuidadosa caracterización del biochar para contaminantes, superficie específica, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, la evitación de las lombrices y la germinación y otros sugeridos por la Iniciativa Internacional Biochar (IBI) debe llevarse a cabo. En 2013, el primer Estandarizado Definición del producto y del producto líneas directrices de ensayo para biochar, que establece normas para las características físicas y químicas de biochar, se publicarán y pondrán a disposición del público. La investigación ha demostrado que el biochar producido en un invernadero comercial en Odessa, ON, Canadá tiene la capacidad de mejorar significativamente el crecimiento de plantas en suelos intensamente degradados y sorber los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP), como los PCB 2, 3. Este biochar se ha producido a partir de tresdiferentes materias primas (es decir, fuentes de materia orgánica) a través de un sistema de caldera donde se utiliza el calor generado para calentar su operación de efecto invernadero durante los meses de invierno. Este estudio proporciona datos de caracterización pertinentes a la producción de biochar en una caldera de biomasa, y el uso de biochar como una enmienda del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar a fondo las características biológicas de seis biochars de acuerdo con las normas establecidas por el IBI en su Estandarizado Definición del producto y líneas directrices de ensayo del producto (versión 1.1) (2013) físico, químico y. Estas características se vincularán, cuando sea posible, a la actuación de cada biochar como enmiendas agrícolas y su capacidad para absorber los contaminantes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="2073">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:343px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:1163px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Biochar</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Burt&#39;s Greenhouses</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td>All six biochars were produced at Burt&#39;s Greenhouses via BlueFlame Boiler system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:343px;">NaOAc</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">E124-4</td>
			<td>Dissolving 136.08 g of NaOAC.3H2O in 750mL distilled, deionized&#160; water (DDI water)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">A38-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SS284-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">A416P4</td>
			<td>80% IPA- 800 mL IPA with 200 mL DDI water.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:343px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">A649500</td>
			<td>Dissolving 5.35 g NH4Cl into 1 L DDI water.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Alumminum Drying Pan</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-732-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Drying Oven</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">508N0024</td>
			<td>200&#176;C for 2 hours.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Desiccator</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-595A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Mettler</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">1113032410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Saturating Solution</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">06-664-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Vortex</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Barnstead/Thermolyne</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">871000536389&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">International Equipment Company</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">24372808</td>
			<td>3000 g for 5 mins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Rinsing Solution</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Ricca Chemistry Company)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">06-664-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Conductivity Meter</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">WESCAN</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">88298</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Replacing Solution</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">06-664-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">ICP-AES</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Varian</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">EL00053841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">ASAP 2000 Surface Area Analyser&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Cavlon</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">885</td>
			<td>Degassing at 120&#176;C for a minimum of 2 hours.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Muffle Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">806N0024</td>
			<td>Heat for 16 hours covering at 420&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">1230185263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">2288926</td>
			<td>4.7 mm sieve being at the top.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sieve Skaker</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Meinzer II</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">0414-02</td>
			<td>Shake for 10 min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium Sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">EM-SX0761-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Ottawa Sand</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">S23-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Soxhlet Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">09-557A</td>
			<td>4&#160;hours at 4&#8211;6&#160;cycles per hour.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DCBP</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Suprlco Analytical</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">48318&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">40042-40855-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph Micro 63 Ni ECD</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">US00034778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Helium</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">AlphaGaz</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">SPG-NIT1AL50SMART</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">AlphaGaz</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">SPG-HEL1AL50SMART</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Mortor and Pestle</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (CoorsTeh)</td>
			<td>12-948G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Nitric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">351288212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">No. 40 Filter Paper</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td>
			<td>09-845A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Quartz/Nickel weigh boats</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-474-210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DMA-80</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">ATS Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">5090264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">98-99% Formic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">33015-1L</td>
			<td>1L volumetric filled to 750 mL with DDI water add 20 mL formic acid and fill to volume with DDI water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Sientific</td>
			<td>15338284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Rotating Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">New Brunswick Scientific (Innova 2100)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">14-278-108</td>
			<td>1 hour at 200 rpm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">No. 42 Filter Paper</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">09-855A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">WhirlPacks</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">R55048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Potassium Dihydrogen Orthophospahte</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">181525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">2M KCl</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">P282100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Plastic Vials</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">03-337-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">PX05115</td>
			<td>Allow to warm up to room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Colour Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">361028260</td>
			<td>Allow to warm up to room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Colorimeter</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">13-642-400</td>
			<td>Turn on to let the lamp warm up and run for 5 minutes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">ASEAL Auto Analyzer 2</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">SEAL</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">4723A12068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Liquified Phenol</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">MPX05115</td>
			<td>Alkaline Phenol- Measure 87 mL of liquefied phenol into 1-L volumetric filled 2/3 with DDI water.&#160; Add 34 g NaOH, make up to volume with DDI water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">S318-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Commercial Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Retail Store</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td>Hypochlorite Solution- using 100-mL graduated cylinder measure 31.5 mL of commercial bleach and fill to 100 mL with DDI water.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">NaOH Pellets</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">S320-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">E5124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium Hyprchlorite</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">SS290-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Triton (10%)</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium Nitroprusside</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">S350-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Ammonium Salts</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">A637-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Phenoxide</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC388611000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Eisenia Fetida</td>
			<td>The Worm Factory</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Spade</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Retail Store</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bucket</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Retail Store</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Potting Soil</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Retail Store</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Avoidance Wheel</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Environment Canada</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td>Constructed by a modified design from Environment Canada&#8217;s Acute Avoidance Test.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Alumminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">01-213-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">08-757-11</td>
			<td>8.5 cm in diameter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Pumpkin Seeds</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Ontario Seed Company (OSC)</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:208px;">2055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Alfalpha Seeds</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Ontario Seed Company (OSC)</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:208px;">6675</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Centrifuge Tubes (30mL)</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">22-038-906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:343px;">Beakers (50mL)</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">02-540G</td>
			<td>Oven dry at 105oC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Beakers (30mL)</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">20-540C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Erlenmeyer Flasks (125mL)</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">S76106C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Volumetric Flask (100mL)</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">10-211C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Estuarine Sediment</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">National Insititute of Standards</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">1546A</td>
			<td>Standard Reference Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:359px;">Clorox Ultra (5-10% sodium hypochlorite)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

physical, chemical and biological characterization of six biochars produced for the remediation of contaminated sites

Las propiedades físicas y químicas de biochar varían en función de las fuentes de materias primas y las condiciones de producción, por lo que es posible diseñar biochars con funciones específicas (por ejemplo, captura de carbono, mejoras en la calidad del suelo, o de adsorción de contaminantes). En 2013, la Iniciativa Internacional Biochar (IBI) hizo públicamente disponible su Estandarizado Definición del producto y líneas directrices de ensayo del producto (versión 1.1), que establece las normas para las características físicas y químicas de biochar. Se analizaron seis biochars elaborados a partir de tres diferentes materias primas y a dos temperaturas de características relacionadas con su uso como una enmienda del suelo. El protocolo describe el análisis de las materias primas y biochars e incluye: capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), superficie específica (SSA), carbono orgánico (CO) y el porcentaje de humedad, pH, la distribución del tamaño de partículas y análisis inmediato y definitivo. También se describen en el protocolo son los análisis de las materias primas y el biochars para los contaminantes incluidos los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs), bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), metales y mercurio, así como nutrientes (fósforo, nitritos y nitratos y amonio como nitrógeno). El protocolo también incluye los procedimientos de análisis biológicos, la evitación de las lombrices y ensayos de germinación. Basado en el mando de control de calidad / calidad (QA / QC) los resultados de los espacios en blanco, duplicados, estándares y materiales de referencia, todos los métodos se determinaron adecuada para su uso con materiales de biochar y de materias primas. Todos biochars y materias primas se encontraban dentro de los criterios establecidos por el IBI y había pequeñas diferencias entre biochars, excepto en el caso del biochar producido a partir de materiales de desecho de la construcción. Este biochar (denominado Antiguo biochar) estaba decidido a tener niveles elevados de arsénico, cromo, cobre y plomo, y no pudo evitar y germinación ensayos de lombrices. Basándose en estos resultados, Viejo biochar no sería adecuado para su uso como una enmienda del suelo para s de carbonoequestration, mejoras o remediación de calidad sustrato.

Un resumen de todos los resultados, incluyendo una comparación con los criterios establecidos por el IBI 13 se puede encontrar en los cuadros 1 (resumen), 2 (Nuevo, alto, bajo, Tercero de materia prima y de alta 2 biochars) y 3 (biochar Vieja). Todos biochars y materias primas utilizadas en 2012 y 2013 (Tabla 2) se encontraban dentro de los criterios establecidos por el IBI y había pequeñas diferencias entre biochars. Biochar Viejo <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites at JoVE.com

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Biocarbón es un material rico en carbono se utiliza como una enmienda del suelo con la capacidad de secuestrar sostenible de carbono, mejorar la calidad del sustrato y los contaminantes Sorb. Este protocolo describe los métodos analíticos 17 utilizados para la caracterización de biochar, que se requiere antes de la implementación a gran escala de estas enmiendas en el medio ambiente.

Física, química y caracterización biológica de seis biochars Producido para la Remediación de Sitios Contaminados

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

physical-chemical-biological-characterization-six-biochars-produced

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

34.9K vistas.  Royal Military College of Canada.  Biocarbón es un material rico en carbono se utiliza como una enmienda del suelo con la capacidad de secuestrar sostenible de carbono, mejorar la calidad del sustrato y los contaminantes Sorb. Este protocolo describe los métodos analíticos 17 utilizados para la caracterización de biochar, que se requiere antes de la implementación a gran escala de estas enmiendas en el medio ambiente. 

Video: Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

El aislamiento físico de endosporas de muestras ambientales por Targeted lisis de las células vegetativas

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Caracterización y Aplicación de muestreadores pasivos para la vigilancia de plaguicidas en el agua

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a considerable subjective judgment from the operator that carries out the test is involved during its performance, which may affect the final result significantly. Different alternative methods have been put forward, but they cannot compete with the standard rolling test in speed, simplicity and cost.
In an earlier study by the authors, a simple method with a simple device to determine the PL was presented (the &#34;thread bending test&#34; or simply &#34;bending test&#34;); this method allowed the PL to be obtained with minimal operator interference. In the present paper a version of the original bending test is shown. The experimental basis is the same as the original bending test: soil threads which are 3 mm in diameter and 52 mm long are bent until they start to crack, so that both the bending produced and its related moisture content are determined. However, this new version enables the calculation of PL from an equation, so it is not necessary to plot any curve or straight line to obtain this parameter and, in fact, the PL can be achieved with only one experimental point (but two experimental points are recommended).
The PL results obtained with this new version are very similar to those obtained through the original bending test and the standard rolling test by a highly experienced operator. Only in particular cases of high plasticity cohesive soils, there is a greater difference in the result. Despite this, the bending test works very well for all types of soil, both cohesive and very low plasticity soils, where the latter are the most difficult to test via the standard thread rolling method.

The traditional standardized test for determining the plastic limit in soils is performed by hand, and the result varies depending on the operator. An alternative method based on bending measurements is presented in this study. This allows the plastic limit to be obtained with a clear and objective criterion.

Un ensayo de flexión para determinar el límite de Atterberg plástico en Suelos

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

El uso de una batería de químicos y ecotoxicológicos Métodos para la Evaluación de la eficacia de procesos de tratamiento de aguas residuales para quitar potencia estrogénica

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Los métodos de remuestreo del suelo para controlar los cambios en las concentraciones químicas de los suelos forestales

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ammonia removal, nitrogen removal and algal growth are compared over an 8-week period in paired sets of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) reactors designed for algal remediation of landfill wastewater. Contents of the small and large scale reactors were mixed before the beginning of each weekly testing interval to maintain equivalent initial conditions across the two scales. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted to better equalize conditions occurring at both scales. During the short 8-week representative time period, starting ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.1-14 mg NH3-N/L, and 8.1-20.1 mg N/L, respectively. The performance of the treatment system was evaluated based on its ability to remove ammonia and total nitrogen and to produce algal biomass. Mean &#177; standard deviation of ammonia removal, total nitrogen removal and biomass growth rates were 0.95&#177;0.3 mg NH3-N/L/day, 0.89&#177;0.3 mg N/L/day, and 0.02&#177;0.03 g biomass/L/day, respectively. All vessels showed a positive relationship between the initial ammonia concentration and ammonia removal rate (R2=0.76). Comparison of process efficiencies and production values measured in reactors of different scale may be useful in determining if lab-scale experimental data is appropriate for prediction of commercial-scale production values.

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) scale reactors designed for algae remediation of landfill wastewater. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted based on application.

La comparación de la escala en un sistema de reactor fotosintética de las algas Saneamiento de Aguas Residuales

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and stability of the suspension. In this study, a systematic step-wise approach is carried out to identify optimal sonication conditions in order to achieve a stable dispersion. This approach has been adopted and shown to be suitable for several nanomaterials (cerium oxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) dispersed in deionized (DI) water. However, with any change in either the nanomaterial type or dispersing medium, there needs to be optimization of the basic protocol by adjusting various factors such as sonication time, power, and sonicator type as well as temperature rise during the process. The approach records the dispersion process in detail. This is necessary to identify the time points as well as other above-mentioned conditions during the sonication process in which there may be undesirable changes, such as damage to the particle surface thus affecting surface properties. Our goal is to offer a harmonized approach that can control the quality of the final, produced dispersion. Such a guideline is instrumental in ensuring dispersion quality repeatability in the nanoscience community, particularly in the field of nanotoxicology.

Here, we present a step-wise protocol for the dispersion of nanomaterials in aqueous media with real-time characterization to identify the optimal sonication conditions, intensity, and duration for improved stability and uniformity of nanoparticle dispersions without impacting the sample integrity.

Dispersión de los nanomateriales en medios acuosos: hacia la optimización del Protocolo

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

Thermal Scanning Conductometry (TSC) as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to follow the dynamically changing state of the ionogels, and to deliver more information and details about the subtle change of conductive properties with an increase or decrease in the temperature. Moreover, the method allows the performance of long term (i.e. days, weeks) measurements at a constant temperature to investigate the stability and durability of the system and the aging effects. The main advantage of the TSC method over classical conductometry is the ability to perform measurements during the gelation process, which was impossible with the classical method due to temperature stabilization, which usually takes a long time before the individual measurement. It is a well-known fact that to obtain the physical gel phase, the cooling stage must be fast; moreover, depending on the cooling rate, different microstructures can be achieved. The TSC method can be performed with any cooling/heating rate that can be assured by the external temperature system. In our case, we can achieve linear temperature change rates between 0.1 and approximately 10 &#176;C/min. The thermal scanning conductometry is designed to work in cycles, continuously changing between heating and cooling stages. Such an approach allows study of the reproducibility of the thermally reversible gel-sol phase transition. Moreover, it allows the performance of different experimental protocols on the same sample, which can be refreshed to initial state (if necessary) without removal from the measuring cell. Therefore, the measurements can be performed faster, in a more efficient way, and with much higher reproducibility and accuracy. Additionally, the TSC method can be also used as a tool to manufacture the ionogels with targeted properties, like microstructure, with an instant characterization of conductive properties.

Thermal Scanning Conductometry TSC as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The kinetics of the cooling process defines the properties of ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. This manuscript describes the usage of thermal scanning conductometry (TSC), which obtains full control over the gelation process, along with in situ measurements of the samples' temperature and conductivity.

Exploración Conductometría (TSC) como un método General para estudiar y controlar el comportamiento de fase de conductor físico geles térmicos

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to ...

Characterization of Aquatic Biofilms with Flow Cytometry

Biofilms are dynamic consortia of microorganism that play a key role in freshwater ecosystems. By changing their community structure, biofilms respond quickly to environmental changes and can be thus used as indicators of water quality. Currently, biofilm assessment is mostly based on integrative and functional endpoints, such as photosynthetic or respiratory activity, which do not provide information on the biofilm community structure. Flow cytometry and computational visualization offer an alternative, sensitive, and easy-to-use method for assessment of the community composition, particularly of the photoautotrophic part of freshwater biofilms. It requires only basic sample preparation, after which the entire sample is run through the flow cytometer. The single-cell optical and fluorescent information is used for computational visualization and biological interpretation. Its main advantages over other methods are the speed of analysis and the high-information-content nature. Flow cytometry provides information on several cellular and biofilm traits in a single measurement: particle size, density, pigment content, abiotic content in the biofilm, and coarse taxonomic information. However, it does not provide information on biofilm composition on the species level. We see high potential in the use of the method for environmental monitoring of aquatic ecosystems and as an initial biofilm evaluation step that informs downstream detailed investigations by complementary and more detailed methods.

Flow cytometry in combination with visual clustering offers an easy-to-use and fast method for studying aquatic biofilms. It can be used for biofilm characterization, detection of changes in biofilm community structure, and detection of abiotic particles embedded in the biofilm.

Caracterización de biopelículas acuáticas con citometría de flujo

Biofilms are dynamic consortia of microorganism that play a key role in freshwater ecosystems. By changing their community structure, biofilms respond ...

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Applying toxicity testing of chemicals in higher order organisms, such as mice or rats, is time-consuming and expensive, due to their long lifespan and maintenance issues. On the contrary, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has advantages to make it an ideal choice for toxicity testing: a short lifespan, easy cultivation, and efficient reproduction. Here, we describe a protocol for the automatic phenotypic profiling of C. elegans in a 384-well plate. The nematode worms are cultured in a 384-well plate with liquid medium and chemical treatment, and videos are taken of each well to quantify the chemical influence on 33 worm features. Experimental results demonstrate that the quantified phenotype features can classify and predict the acute toxicity for different chemical compounds and establish a priority list for further traditional chemical toxicity assessment tests in a rodent model.

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

A quantitative method has been developed to identify and predict the acute toxicity of chemicals by automatically analyzing the phenotypic profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol describes how to treat worms with chemicals in a 384-well plate, capture videos, and quantify toxicological related phenotypes.

Un análisis de alto rendimiento para la predicción de toxicidad química por perfiles fenotípicos automatizado de Caenorhabditis elegans

Applying toxicity testing of chemicals in higher order organisms, such as mice or rats, is time-consuming and expensive, due to their long lifespan and ...