Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

<ol>
	<li>Kim Chiaw, P., Eckford, P. D., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+mechanisms+underlying+CFTR+channel+activity,+the+molecular+basis+for+cystic+fibrosis+and+strategies+for+therapy.">Insights into the mechanisms underlying CFTR channel activity, the molecular basis for cystic fibrosis and strategies for therapy.</a> Essays Biochem. 50 (1), 233-248 (2011).</li><li>Bear, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+functional+reconstitution+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR).">Purification and functional reconstitution of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).</a> Cell. 68 (4), 809-818 (1992).</li><li>Cai, Z., Sohma, Y., Bompadre, S. G., Sheppard, D. N., Hwang, T. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+recombinant+protein+derived+from+the+baculovirus+expression+system+using+glutathione+affinity+agarose.">Purification of recombinant protein derived from the baculovirus expression system using glutathione affinity agarose.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 3, 337-348 (1995).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., Li, C., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR)+potentiator+VX-770+(ivacaftor)+opens+the+defective+channel+gate+of+mutant+CFTR+in+a+phosphorylation-dependent+but+ATP-independent+manner.">Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator VX-770 (ivacaftor) opens the defective channel gate of mutant CFTR in a phosphorylation-dependent but ATP-independent manner.</a> J Biol Chem. 287 (44), 36639-36649 (2012).</li><li>Alkhouri, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+properties+of+molecular+probes+for+the+rescue+site+on+mutant+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator.">Synthesis and properties of molecular probes for the rescue site on mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.</a> J Med Chem. 54 (24), 8693-8701 (2011).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VX-809+and+Related+Corrector+Compounds+Exhibit+Secondary+Activity+Stabilizing+Active+F508del-CFTR+after+Its+Partial+Rescue+to+the+Cell+Surface.">VX-809 and Related Corrector Compounds Exhibit Secondary Activity Stabilizing Active F508del-CFTR after Its Partial Rescue to the Cell Surface.</a> Chem Biol. 21 (5), 666-678 (2014).</li><li>Kim Chiaw, P., Wellhauser, L., Huan, L. J., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+corrector+modifies+the+channel+function+of+F508del-CFTR.">A chemical corrector modifies the channel function of F508del-CFTR.</a> Mol.Pharmacol. 78 (3), 411-418 (2010).</li><li>Verkman, A. S., Galietta, L. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+alginate+secretion+across+the+bacterial+outer+membrane.">Structural basis for alginate secretion across the bacterial outer membrane.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 (32), 13083-13088 (2011).</li><li>Islam, S. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proton-dependent+gating+and+proton+uptake+by+Wzx+support+O-antigen-subunit+antiport+across+the+bacterial+inner+membrane.">Proton-dependent gating and proton uptake by Wzx support O-antigen-subunit antiport across the bacterial inner membrane.</a> mBio. 4 (5), e00678-e00613 (2013).</li><li>Ramjeesingh, M., Conn, P. 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Los autores agradecen el asesoramiento del Dr. Mohabir Ramjeesingh durante el desarrollo de los métodos de purificación descritos aquí. Estos estudios fueron apoyados por subvenciones de funcionamiento a la Junta de los Institutos Canadienses de Investigación en Salud (CIHR) y fibrosis quística Canadá (CFC). PDWE fue financiada en parte por los premios de becas a través de la CIHR y CFC. Los autores reconocen la prestación de corrector, potenciador y compuestos inhibidores de Dr. R. Bridges (Rosalind Universidad de Medicina y Ciencia) y la distribución de los Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics (CFFT). Los autores también reconocen servicio excepcional por el Fondo para el cultivo celular Baylor (NIH subvención P30 CA125123) en la expresión de WT y proteína CFTR mutante utilizando el sistema de baculovirus. El inactivo analógico VX-770, V-09-1188, fue un regalo de Vertex Pharmaceuticals.

Ha habido un número limitado de protocolos de purificación para de longitud completa, el aislamiento CFTR funcional, a partir de una variedad de sistemas de sobreexpresión celulares. El método descrito aquí es ventajosa, ya que permite la purificación rápida de WT-CFTR o alto enriquecimiento de F508del- y G551D-CFTR en cantidades moderadas que es altamente funcional en ensayos que incluyen ATPasa y mediciones directas de la función del canal, incluyendo mediciones de canal individuales en bicapa planar sistemas ...

El transporte de cloruro a través de las membranas apicales de las células epiteliales en tejidos tales como las glándulas de pulmón, intestino, páncreas y sudoríparas está mediada principalmente por la fibrosis quística regulador de conductancia transmembrana (CFTR), un miembro de ATP y la fosforilación regulada de la ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) C subfamilia de proteínas de membrana (revisado en 1). Como otros miembros de la subfamilia ABCC, CFTR es un multi-que abarca proteína de membrana grande, integral que se une ATP en dos sitios de unión de nucleótidos formados en la interfaz de sus dominios de unión a nucleótidos (NBDs), donde posee actividad ATPasa modesta en un solo sitio. Sin embargo, a diferencia de otros miembros de la subfamilia ABCC, CFTR se ha desarrollado como un canal Cl regulado única y no como un transportador de soluto activa. Las mutaciones en CFTR causa fibrosis quística, una enfermedad que afecta a múltiples órganos, como los pulmones, el tracto gastrointestinal, páncreas y tracto reproductivo, lo que lleva a la morbidity y mortalidad en adultos jóvenes. Enfermedad pulmonar normalmente representa la mortalidad temprana en la fibrosis quística y en la mayoría de los casos es causada por la pérdida de la función de CFTR en el epitelio de la superficie de las vías respiratorias conductoras. La falta de actividad del canal de cloruro CFTR causa una reducción en tanto Cl - y el movimiento del agua a través del epitelio superficial para modificar la capa de fluido en la superficie apical del epitelio respiratorio ciliado. Esto resulta en un líquido viscoso que la superficie de las vías respiratorias deteriora la capacidad de las células epiteliales ciliadas respiratorias a eficazmente patógenos claros fuera de las vías respiratorias. Como consecuencia, la mayoría de los pacientes con FQ sufren de episodios recurrentes de infección pulmonar y daño pulmonar debido a la inflamación. Como era de esperar, los estudios del mecanismo de acción de la proteína CFTR normal centran principalmente en estudios electrofisiológicos detallados de su actividad gating canal. Estudios de canal individuales han demostrado directamente que las funciones de CFTR como un dependiente de PKA Cl- Canal que posee una puerta regulado ATP 2. Estudios electrofisiológicos detallados proporcionan una gran cantidad de información sobre los canales individuales CFTR 1,3, sin embargo puede haber preocupación en cuanto a si las características de cualquiera de un solo canal particular que ha sido estudiado es el reflejo de toda la población de los canales de CFTR y por lo tanto el canal único Los resultados se deben considerar siempre junto con los métodos para el estudio de la población macroscópica. Ensayo directo de la actividad de los canales población de CFTR purificada tiene el potencial de proporcionar información sobre el defecto molecular asociado con mutaciones que causan enfermedades y para impulsar el descubrimiento de moduladores químicos que la reparación proteínas CFTR mutante. Hasta la fecha, hay más de 1.900 mutaciones diferentes en CFTR se cree causan fibrosis quística 4. La mutación principal, F508del-CFTR, que se encuentra en al menos un alelo en aproximadamente el 90% de los pacientes en América del Norte y Europa conduce a un mal plegamiento de proteínasnd retención en el retículo endoplásmico 5. F508del-CFTR también tiene otras consecuencias, incluyendo la actividad del canal defectuoso 6-9. La ausencia resultante de CFTR de la superficie celular se asocia con la enfermedad severa. G551D-CFTR, una mutación menos común, se cree que aún no se ha plegado correctamente es disfuncional como un canal de cloruro en la superficie celular 6. El desarrollo de pequeñas correctores molécula y potenciadores tiene el objetivo de corregir el plegado y / o el tráfico de mutantes tales como F508del-CFTR a la superficie celular, y de potenciación o el aumento de la actividad de los canales de mutaciones tales como G551D cuando está presente en la superficie celular, respectivamente . Mientras que los correctores VX-809 y VX-661 (todavía no están aprobados para su uso en pacientes, el potenciador Kalydeco (ivacaftor; VX-770) está siendo utilizado en 150 mg cada 12 h en pacientes con FQ&gt; 6 años con al menos un G551D mutación -CFTR, y más recientemente en los pacientes con una de G178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G1244E, S1251N, S1255Py G1349D. Kalydeco es seguro y los resultados en la mejora de las medidas clínicas de la enfermedad CF 10, sin embargo, el mecanismo de acción de esta pequeña molécula fue mal entendido en el momento de aprobación de la FDA para su uso en pacientes. Un puñado de métodos de purificación CFTR se han descrito anteriormente 2,11-18, muchas de las cuales requieren un período considerable de tiempo para completar. En una publicación reciente 19, un método de purificación y reconstitución rápida única fue descrito por CFTR sobreexpresa en el sistema de expresión de células 9 S f, y esta proteína purificada en sistemas lipídicos definidos se utilizó para desarrollar un haluro de CFTR ensayo de actividad de canal para una población de CFTR moléculas. El ensayo recapitula los efectos conocidos de la fosforilación, nucleótidos y los inhibidores sobre la función de CFTR. Se utilizó el sistema para interrogar a los efectos de la potenciador VX-770 / Kalydeco en peso (de tipo salvaje), F508del- y G551D-CFTR y se demostró por primerael tiempo que el fármaco interactúa directamente con la proteína CFTR para potenciar su actividad de los canales de una manera independiente de ATP, lo que demuestra la utilidad y aplicabilidad de estos métodos para el estudio de la interacción de CFTR y mutantes con nucleótidos y moléculas pequeñas desde una perspectiva de la población a responder a las preguntas clínicamente relevantes sobre la proteína. Los métodos también se han utilizado para estudiar otras moléculas potenciadoras y sus derivados 20, así como los efectos de una pequeña molécula corrector sobre la actividad de la proteína 21. Ensayos de eflujo se han utilizado en muchos estudios previamente para investigar la actividad de mutantes CFTR y los efectos de los compuestos CFTR-moduladores en su actividad, incluyendo los ensayos de células enteras utilizando electrodos, trazadores radiactivos y fluoróforos 22,23, vesículas de membrana con electrodos selectivos de iones 24 y se purificaron CFTR reconstituido con trazadores radiactivos 25. Sin embargo the uso de electrodos selectivos de iones para estudiar CFTR reconstituido purificado se informó por primera vez recientemente 19. Una adaptación del método actual se ha utilizado para la reconstitución y la caracterización funcional de dos proteínas de membrana en Pseudomonas aeruginosa, un patógeno CF común. Reconstitución de purificado proteína de membrana externa AlgE junto con mediciones de flujo de salida de yoduro se utilizaron para apoyar un modelo para la secreción de alginato aniónico a través de este transportador 26. Reconstitución y mediciones de yoduro de eflujo se aplicaron a la proteína purificada Wzx, lo que permitió un modelo que se propone que sugiere un mecanismo de antiport dependiente de H + para lípidos ligado oligosacárido translocación a través de la membrana interna bacteriana por esta proteína 27. En ambos casos yoduro fue utilizado como un sustituto para el sustrato aniónico, aunque a un menor rendimiento que uno podría esperar para un sustrato nativo. El método puede ser adecuado para la adaptación a otras proteínas con cvías de transporte o de conducción ationic para sustratos aniónicos. Aquí un procedimiento de purificación rápida se describe para la proteína CFTR y su reconstitución en proteoliposomas de lípidos definida. El procedimiento de reconstitución rápida se puede adaptar fácilmente para su uso con CFTR purificada por otros métodos, siempre que el tipo de detergente usado en la purificación es susceptible a la eliminación por los métodos utilizados aquí o puede ser intercambiado por un detergente adecuado antes de que el procedimiento de reconstitución. El método de yoduro de eflujo para la medición de la actividad del canal de la proteína CFTR purificada y reconstituida se describe en detalle y se presentan algunos resultados típicos que se pueden obtener a partir de este método.

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:403px;">fos-choline 14 detergent</td>
			<td style="width:515px;">Anatrace Affymetrix (www.anatrace.affymetrix.com)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">F312</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Affymetrix: Anatrace Products; CAS#&#160;:77733-28-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cOmplete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td>Roche (www.roche-applied-science.com)</td>
			<td>04 693 132 001</td>
			<td>EDTA-free Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (1 in 50 ml or mini:1 in 10 mL) (Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Ref: 11873 580 001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cOmplete ULTRA Tablets, Mini, EDTA-free, EASYpack&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche (www.roche-applied-science.com)</td>
			<td>05 892 791 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ni-NTA Agarose</td>
			<td>Qaigen GmbH</td>
			<td align="right">1018240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fisherbrand Screening columns</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>11-387-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters, Ultracel-100K</td>
			<td>Millipore (www.millipore.com)</td>
			<td>UFC910008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA), Catalytic Subunit</td>
			<td colspan="2">New England Biolabs (www.neb.com/products/p6000-camp-dependent-protein-kinase-pka-catalytic-subunit)</td>
			<td>Peirce PKA is also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PC, Chicken Egg</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>840051C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">POPC</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>850457C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PS, Porcine Brain</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>840032C</td>
			<td>(CFTR has been successfully reconstituted into Egg PC, POPC, 2:1 (w/w) Egg PC:POPC, or a mixture of PE:PS:PC:ergosterol, 5:2:2:1 (w/w))</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PE, Chicken Egg</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>841118C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ergosterol</td>
			<td>Sigma (www.sigmaaldrich.com)</td>
			<td align="right">45480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce Detergent removal spin column</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">87779</td>
			<td>1 ml capacity columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">valinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma (www.sigmaaldrich.com)</td>
			<td>V-0627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VX-770 (ivacaftor)</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">iodide selective microelectrode</td>
			<td>Lazar Research Laboratories (www.shelfscientific.com/cgi-bin/tame/newlaz/microionn.tam)</td>
			<td>LIS-146ICM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clampex 8.1 software</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments (www.axon.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we use components of the ClampX system with a home made filter to monitor and record the response to our electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alternate Software: ArrowLabb System&#160;</td>
			<td>Lazar Research Laboratories (www.shelfscientific.com/cgi-bin/tame/newlaz/ionsystems.tam)</td>
			<td>LIS-146LICM-XS</td>
			<td>Lazar Research sells a meter that can interface with a computer and software to record the probe response.&#160; This software should serve a similar function to our setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">small stir bars</td>
			<td>Big Science Inc (www.stirbars.com)</td>
			<td>SBM-0502-CMB</td>
			<td>choose a stir bar small enough to easily fit into a well of a 96-well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sephadex G50, fine</td>
			<td>GE Health Care (www.gelifesciences.com)</td>
			<td>17-0042-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td>Laboratory Supplies Co, Inc.</td>
			<td>G112SP1G</td>
			<td>Bath sonicators from other manufacturers should also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional reconstitution and channel activity measurements of purified wildtype and mutant cftr protein

La fibrosis quística regulador de conductancia transmembrana (CFTR) es un miembro de formación de canal único de la casete de unión a ATP (ABC) superfamilia de transportadores. La actividad de los canales de la fosforilación y cloruro dependiente de nucleótidos de CFTR se ha estudiado con frecuencia en los sistemas de células enteras y como canales individuales en fragmentos de membrana rotos. Muchas mutaciones de fibrosis quística causantes se han mostrado alteraciones en esta actividad. Si bien un pequeño número de protocolos de purificación se han publicado, un método de reconstitución rápida que retiene la actividad del canal y un método adecuado para el estudio de la actividad del canal población en un sistema purificado han faltado. Aquí métodos rápidos se describen para la purificación y reconstitución funcional de la proteína CFTR de longitud completa en proteoliposomas de composición de lípidos definida que retiene la actividad como un canal de haluro regulado. Este método de reconstitución junto con un nuevo ensayo basado en flujo de la actividad del canal es un sistema adecuado parael estudio de las propiedades del canal población de tipo salvaje CFTR y los mutantes que causan enfermedades F508del- y G551D-CFTR. Específicamente, el método tiene utilidad en el estudio de los efectos directos de la fosforilación, nucleótidos y moléculas pequeñas tales como potenciadores e inhibidores sobre la actividad del canal CFTR. Los métodos también son susceptibles al estudio de otros canales / transportadores de membrana para sustratos aniónicos.

Se describe en esta publicación escrita son métodos para purificar, reconstituir y medir la actividad del canal regulado de la proteína CFTR. Figura 1a muestra el flujo de trabajo para la purificación, la reconstitución y procedimientos de flujo de salida de yoduro. Métodos para la reconstitución y la actividad del canal mediciones de flujo de yoduro también se muestran en más detalle en el vídeo asociado. La purificación y reconstitución de CFTR en proteoliposom...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein at JoVE.com

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

Descrito aquí es un procedimiento rápido y eficaz para la reconstitución funcional de tipo silvestre purificado y proteína CFTR mutante que conserva la actividad de este canal de cloro, que es defectuoso en la fibrosis quística. Flujo de salida de yoduro de proteoliposomas reconstituidas mediadas por CFTR permite estudios de actividad de los canales y los efectos de las moléculas pequeñas.

Reconstitución funcional y la actividad del canal Las mediciones de Purificada Wildtype y mutante CFTR Proteína

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

functional-reconstitution-channel-activity-measurements-purified

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.1K vistas.  Hospital for Sick Children.  Descrito aquí es un procedimiento rápido y eficaz para la reconstitución funcional de tipo silvestre purificado y proteína CFTR mutante que conserva la actividad de este canal de cloro, que es defectuoso en la fibrosis quística. Flujo de salida de yoduro de proteoliposomas reconstituidas mediadas por CFTR permite estudios de actividad de los canales y los efectos de las moléculas pequeñas. 

Video: Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Tinción de las proteínas en geles con Coomassie G-250, sin ácido disolvente orgánico y el acético

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Investigación

Biología

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

Utilizando el sistema de fraccionamiento GELFREE 8100 de peso molecular basado en Fraccionamiento con la recuperación de la fase líquida

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor&#x2022;Hsp90 Protein  Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Hsp90 is an essential and highly abundant molecular chaperone protein that has been found to regulate more than 150 eukaryotic signaling proteins, including transcription factors (e.g. nuclear receptors, p53) and protein kinases (e.g. Src, Raf, Akt kinase) involved in cell cycling, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, and multiple eukaryotic signaling pathways 1,2. Of these many 'client' proteins for hsp90, the assembly of steroid receptor&bull;hsp90 complexes is the best defined (Figure 1). We present here an adaptable glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoprecipitation assay and in vitro GR&bull;hsp90 reconstitution method that may be readily used to probe eukaryotic hsp90 functional activity, hsp90-mediated steroid receptor ligand binding, and molecular chaperone cofactor requirements. For example, this assay can be used to test hsp90 cofactor requirements and the effects of adding exogenous compounds to the reconstitution process. 
The GR has been a particularly useful system for studying hsp90 because the receptor must be bound to hsp90 to have an open ligand binding cleft that is accessible to steroid 3. Endogenous, unliganded GR is present in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells noncovalently bound to hsp90. As found in the endogenous GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex, the GR ligand binding cleft is open and capable of binding steroid. If hsp90 dissociates from the GR or if its function is inhibited, the receptor is unable to bind steroid and requires reconstitution of the GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex before steroid binding activity is restored 4 . GR can be immunoprecipitated from cell cytosol using a monoclonal antibody, and proteins such as hsp90 complexed to the GR can be assayed by western blot. Steroid binding activity of the immunoprecipitated GR can be determined by incubating the immunopellet with [3H]steroid. 
Previous experiments have shown hsp90-mediated opening of the GR ligand binding cleft requires hsp70, a second molecular chaperone also essential for eukaryotic cell viability. Biochemical activity of hsp90 and hsp70 are catalyzed by co-chaperone proteins Hop, hsp40, and p23 5. A multiprotein chaperone machinery containing hsp90, hsp70, Hop, and hsp40 are endogenously present in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm, and reticulocyte lysate provides a chaperone-rich protein source 6. 
In the method presented, GR is immunoadsorbed from cell cytosol and stripped of the endogenous hsp90/hsp70 chaperone machinery using mild salt conditions. The salt-stripped GR is then incubated with reticulocyte lysate, ATP, and K+, which results in the reconstitution of the GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex and reactivation of steroid binding activity 7. This method can be utilized to test the effects of various chaperone cofactors, novel proteins, and experimental hsp90 or GR inhibitors in order to determine their functional significance on hsp90-mediated steroid binding 8-11.

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor&amp;#x2022;Hsp90 Protein  Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

An in vitro method for preparing functional glucocorticoid receptor (GR)&#x2022;hsp90 protein complexes from purified proteins and cellular lysates is described. The method utilizes immunoadsorption of recombinant GR followed by salt-stripping and protein complex reconstitution. The importance of cofactors and buffer conditions are discussed, as are potential method applications.

La reconstitución bioquímicos de receptor de esteroides • Hsp90 complejos de proteínas y reactivación de la unión del ligando

Hsp90 is an essential and highly abundant molecular chaperone protein that has been found to regulate more than 150 eukaryotic signaling proteins, ...

Application of MassSQUIRM for Quantitative Measurements of Lysine Demethylase Activity

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small molecule studies and drug development 4. Many epigenetic regulators have only recently been discovered and are still in the process of being classified. Among these enzymes are lysine demethylases which remove methyl groups from lysines on histones and other proteins. Due to the novel nature of this class of enzymes, few assays have been developed to study their activity. This has been a road block to both the classification and high throughput study of histone demethylases. Currently, very few demethylase assays exist. Those that do exist tend to be qualitative in nature and cannot simultaneously discern between the different lysine methylation states (un-, mono-, di- and tri-). Mass spectrometry is commonly used to determine demethylase activity but current mass spectrometric assays do not address whether differentially methylated peptides ionize differently. Differential ionization of methylated peptides makes comparing methylation states difficult and certainly not quantitative (Figure 1A). Thus available assays are not optimized for the comprehensive analysis of demethylase activity.
Here we describe a method called MassSQUIRM (mass spectrometric quantitation using isotopic reductive methylation) that is based on reductive methylation of amine groups with deuterated formaldehyde to force all lysines to be di-methylated, thus making them essentially the same chemical species and therefore ionize the same (Figure 1B). The only chemical difference following the reductive methylation is hydrogen and deuterium, which does not affect MALDI ionization efficiencies. The MassSQUIRM assay is specific for demethylase reaction products with un-, mono- or di-methylated lysines. The assay is also applicable to lysine methyltransferases giving the same reaction products. Here, we use a combination of reductive methylation chemistry and MALDI mass spectrometry to measure the activity of LSD1, a lysine demethylase capable of removing di- and mono-methyl groups, on a synthetic peptide substrate 5. This assay is simple and easily amenable to any lab with access to a MALDI mass spectrometer in lab or through a proteomics facility. The assay has ~8-fold dynamic range and is readily scalable to plate format 5.

We present a method for using MALDI mass spectrometry and reductive methylation chemistry to quantify changes in lysine methylation.

Aplicación de MassSQUIRM para mediciones cuantitativas de la actividad desmetilasa Lisina

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small ...

Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein (GST-RhoA(G17A)) from Epithelial Cell Lysates

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell migration, gene expression, cell cycle progression and cell adhesion 1. Rho proteins are molecular switches that are active in GTP-bound and inactive in GDP-bound state. Their activation is mediated by a family of Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) proteins. Rho-GEFs constitute a large family, with overlapping specificities 2. Although a lot of progress has been made in identifying the GEFs activated by specific signals, there are still many questions remaining regarding the pathway-specific regulation of these proteins. The number of Rho-GEFs exceeds 70, and each cell expresses more than one GEF protein. In addition, many of these proteins activate not only Rho, but other members of the family, contributing further to the complexity of the regulatory networks. Importantly, exploring how GEFs are regulated requires a method to follow the active pool of individual GEFs in cells activated by different stimuli. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol for a method used to assess and quantify the available active Rho-specific GEFs using an affinity precipitation assay. This assay was developed a few years ago in the Burridge lab 3,4 and we have used it in kidney tubular cell lines 5,6,7. The assay takes advantage of a "nucleotide free" mutant RhoA, with a high affinity for active GEFs. The mutation (G17A) renders the protein unable to bind GDP or GTP and this state mimics the intermediate state that is bound to the GEF. A GST-tagged version of this mutant protein is expressed and purified from E. coli, bound to glutathione sepharose beads and used to precipitate active GEFs from lysates of untreated and stimulated cells. As most GEFs are activated via posttranslational modifications or release from inhibitory bindings, their active state is preserved in cell lysates, and they can be detected by this assay8. Captured proteins can be probed for known GEFs by detection with specific antibodies using Western blotting, or analyzed by Mass Spectrometry to identify unknown GEFs activated by certain stimuli.

Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein GST-RhoAG17A from Epithelial Cell Lysates

The method presented here describes an assay to follow activation of RhoA specific GDP/GTP Exchange Factors (GEFs) in cultured cells by making use of a mutant RhoA GST fusion protein that has high affinity for activated GEFs. GEFs are precipitated from cell lysates, detected by Western blotting and quantified by densitometry.

Afinidad La precipitación de los activos Rho GEFs El uso de un GST-etiquetados mutante de la proteína Rho (GST-RhoA (G17A)) a partir de lisados ​​de células epiteliales

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell ...

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a crucial role in transepithelial fluid homeostasis1-3. CFTR has been implicated in two major diseases: cystic fibrosis (CF)4 and secretory diarrhea5. In CF, the synthesis or functional activity of the CFTR Cl- channel is reduced. This disorder affects approximately 1 in 2,500 Caucasians in the United States6. Excessive CFTR activity has also been implicated in cases of toxin-induced secretory diarrhea (e.g., by cholera toxin and heat stable E. coli enterotoxin) that stimulates cAMP or cGMP production in the gut7.
Accumulating evidence suggest the existence of physical and functional interactions between CFTR and a growing number of other proteins, including transporters, ion channels, receptors, kinases, phosphatases, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal elements, and these interactions between CFTR and its binding proteins have been shown to be critically involved in regulating CFTR-mediated transepithelial ion transport in vitro and also in vivo8-19. In this protocol, we focus only on the methods that aid in the study of the interactions between CFTR carboxyl terminal tail, which possesses a protein-binding motif [referred to as PSD95/Dlg1/ZO-1 (PDZ) motif], and a group of scaffold proteins, which contain a specific binding module referred to as PDZ domains. So far, several different PDZ scaffold proteins have been reported to bind to the carboxyl terminal tail of CFTR with various affinities, such as NHERF1, NHERF2, PDZK1, PDZK2, CAL (CFTR-associated ligand), Shank2, and GRASP20-27. The PDZ motif within CFTR that is recognized by PDZ scaffold proteins is the last four amino acids at the C terminus (i.e., 1477-DTRL-1480 in human CFTR)20. Interestingly, CFTR can bind more than one PDZ domain of both NHERFs and PDZK1, albeit with varying affinities22. This multivalency with respect to CFTR binding has been shown to be of functional significance, suggesting that PDZ scaffold proteins may facilitate formation of CFTR macromolecular signaling complexes for specific/selective and efficient signaling in cells16-18.
Multiple biochemical assays have been developed to study CFTR-involving protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay, pair-wise binding assay, colorimetric pair-wise binding assay, and macromolecular complex assembly assay16-19,28,29. Here we focus on the detailed procedures of assembling a PDZ motif-dependent CFTR-containing macromolecular complex in vitro, which is used extensively by our laboratory to study protein-protein or domain-domain interactions involving CFTR16-19,28,29.

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an epithelial chloride channel, has been reported to interact with various proteins and regulate important cellular processes; among them the CFTR PDZ motif-mediated interactions have been well documented. This protocol describes methods we developed to assemble a PDZ-dependent CFTR macromolecular signaling complex in vitro.

Análisis in vitro de PDZ-dependientes de complejos macromoleculares de señalización CFTR

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

La reconstitución de un canal Kv en las membranas lipídicas de Estudios estructurales y funcionales

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids. In vivo, these proteins are folded with pigments to form complexes which are inserted in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The high similarity in the chemical and physical properties of the members of the family, together with the fact that they can easily lose pigments during isolation, makes their purification in a native state challenging. An alternative approach to obtain homogeneous preparations of LHCs was developed by Plumley and Schmidt in 19871, who showed that it was possible to reconstitute these complexes in vitro starting from purified pigments and unfolded apoproteins, resulting in complexes with properties very similar to that of native complexes. This opened the way to the use of bacterial expressed recombinant proteins for in vitro reconstitution. The reconstitution method is powerful for various reasons: (1) pure preparations of individual complexes can be obtained, (2) pigment composition can be controlled to assess their contribution to structure and function, (3) recombinant proteins can be mutated to study the functional role of the individual residues (e.g., pigment binding sites) or protein domain (e.g., protein-protein interaction, folding). This method has been optimized in several laboratories and applied to most of the light-harvesting complexes. The protocol described here details the method of reconstituting light-harvesting complexes in vitro currently used in our laboratory, and examples describing applications of the method are provided.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green algae.

En Vitro Reconstitución de complejos captadores de luz de Plantas y Algas

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an affinity purified yeast kinase fusion protein containing a V5-epitope tag for read-out. Purified kinase is obtained through culture of a yeast strain optimized for high copy protein production harboring a plasmid containing a Kinase-V5 fusion construct under a GAL inducible promoter. The yeast is grown in restrictive media with a neutral carbon source for 6 hr followed by induction with 2% galactose. Next, the culture is harvested and kinase is purified using standard affinity chromatographic techniques to obtain a highly purified protein kinase for use in the assay. The purified kinase is diluted with kinase buffer to an appropriate range for the assay and the protein microarrays are blocked prior to hybridization with the protein microarray. After the hybridization, the arrays are probed with monoclonal V5 antibody to identify proteins bound by the kinase-V5 protein. Finally, the arrays are scanned using a standard microarray scanner, and data is extracted for downstream informatics analysis1,2 to determine a high confidence set of protein interactions for downstream validation in vivo.

Using protein microarrays containing nearly the entire S. cerevisiae proteome is probed for rapid unbiased interrogation of thousands of protein-protein interactions in parallel. This method can be utilized for protein-small molecule, posttranslational modification, and other assays in high-throughput.

Sondeo de alta densidad microarrays de proteínas funcionales para detectar interacciones proteína-proteína

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

Reconstitución de una proteína transmembrana, el canal iónico dependiente de voltaje, KvAP, en Gigante vesículas unilamelares para Microscopía y Patch Clamp Estudios

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...