This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01-EB014496). The authors would like to thank Iason Apostolakis for his contribution to the experiments.

Este protocolo fue aprobado por el Comité de Cuidado y Uso de Animales Institucional de la Universidad de Columbia. Toda la adquisición y procesamiento de datos se realizaron con el entorno Matlab. 1. experimental <ol><li> Desgasificar un vivo canina muestra ex hígado durante 90 min. Coloque la muestra de hígado en un tanque lleno de desgasificado Phosphate Buffered Solution (Figura 1). Fijar la muestra de hígado en un absorbente acústico con agujas en las extremidades del hígado. </li><li> Inserte un 64 elemento, 0,32 mm de paso, 2,5 MHz frecuencia central phased array (imágenes) a través de un agujero circular situado en el centro de una matriz hemisférica transductor 93 elementos HIFU (terapéutico) en 4.5 MHz frecuencia central, 70 mm profundidad focal y 1,7 mm x 0,4 mm de tamaño focal 11. Alinear los dos transductores de forma coaxial y fijar el transductor de formación de imágenes en el transductor terapéutico con los tornillos de ajuste. <ol><li> Cubra el transductor HIFU con avolumen controlado membrana de poliuretano lleno de agua que fluye desgasificado para enfriarlo. Montar el conjunto de transductor en un posicionador 3-D controlado por ordenador. </li></ol></li><li> Conectar el transductor HIFU a un generador de función de envío de un 25 Hz de amplitud modulada forma de onda sinusoidal con 500 mV de amplitud máxima. Conecte el transductor de formación de imágenes a un sistema de ultrasonido totalmente programable mediante el software Matlab. Nota: Un software asociado con el sistema de ultrasonido y utilizando el entorno de Matlab tiene que ser instalado en el ordenador conectado al sistema. Un amplificador de RF 50 dB y una red de adaptación deben ser colocados entre el transductor HIFU y el generador de funciones para amplificar respectivamente la potencia y adaptar la impedancia. </li><li> Crear una cuadrícula polar, usando Matlab, a partir de 50 mm desde la superficie de la matriz y 40 mm de profundidad en la dirección radial con un paso espacial de 9.625 micras y de 90 ° en la dirección azimutal con 128 líneas y cuyo origen es la focus de la onda divergente. Definir la fuente de la onda divergente 10,24 mm (la mitad del tamaño de la abertura) detrás de la superficie de la matriz y centrada en la dirección lateral. <ol><li> Crear una cuadrícula cartesiana, el uso de Matlab, a partir de 50 mm desde la superficie de la matriz y 40 mm de profundidad en la dirección axial con un paso espacial de 9.625 micras y 20 mm de ancho en la dirección lateral con 64 líneas para la onda plana. Definir la fuente de la onda plana en la superficie de la matriz. Para cada cuadrícula, calcular el tiempo de la fuente a cada punto de la cuadrícula y de vuelta a cada elemento de la matriz. </li></ol></li><li> Enter &quot;ReconMat_DW&quot; para que diverge de imágenes de onda o &quot;ReconMat_PW&quot; para obtener imágenes de onda plana en la ventana de comandos del Matlab y pulse &quot;Enter&quot; para crear una matriz de reconstrucción asociado con un algoritmo de retardo y de suma estándar para cada cuadrícula. Aplicar el algoritmo de retardo y de suma para cada vector de la base estándar y recuperar los elemen no cerosct de la matriz resultante 11. Asignar los elementos distintos de cero obtenidos a partir de la matriz resultante a la matriz dispersa en la ubicación correspondiente. Guardar la matriz de reconstrucción en el disco duro del ordenador. Nota: El divergentes y los métodos de onda plana utilizan dos matrices de reconstrucción distintas. <ol><li> Reparto de la matriz de la reconstrucción de una matriz GPU. Enter &quot;SetUpP4_2Flash_4B_streaming_DW&quot; para que diverge de imágenes de onda o &quot;SetUpP4_2Flash_4B_streaming_PW&quot; para obtener imágenes de onda plana en la ventana de comandos del Matlab y presionar &quot;Enter&quot; para crear un archivo de configuración para la adquisición de datos del canal de ultrasonido con el script asociado con la matriz gradual y proporcionado por el fabricante del sistema de ultrasonido. Nombre del archivo de configuración &quot;P4-2Flash_DivergingWave.mat&quot; para que diverge de imágenes de onda y &quot;P4-2Flash_PlaneWave.mat&quot; para obtener imágenes de onda plana. Nota: Un paquete de software comercial tiene que ser instalado en el equipo to tire la matriz dispersa la reconstrucción de una matriz GPU. </li></ol></li><li> Sincronizar el sistema de ultrasonido con el generador de función usando un disparador externo de manera que la adquisición de datos de ultrasonido alta velocidad de cuadro del hígado se inicia en el mismo tiempo que HIFU. </li><li> Abra Matlab. Ejecute el script de configuración &quot;SetUpP4_2Flash_4B.m&quot; proporcionado por el fabricante del sistema de ultrasonido para utilizar la imagen en modo B. Nombre del archivo de configuración creado: &quot;P4-2Flash_4B_Bmode.mat&quot;. Utilice el comando &quot;VSX&quot; y cuando &quot;Nombre del archivo .mat al proceso:&quot; se le solicita, introduzca el nombre del archivo de instalación &quot;P4-2Flash_4B_Bmode.mat&quot;. Mueva ambos transductores y utilizar la pantalla en modo B que apareció en la pantalla del ordenador para posicionarlos en la región específica del hígado para la ablación. Objetivo a una región de aproximadamente 1 cm bajo la superficie del hígado para evitar una alta atenuación de ultrasonido debido a la absorción. Guardar una imagen en modo B convencional del hígado en el equipo. Nota:Aquí hemos realizado ablaciones HIFU en 11 ubicaciones diferentes en dos muestras de hígado moviendo los transductores con el posicionador 3-D para cada ablación. </li></ol> 2. Ultrasonido Adquisición de Datos <ol><li> Abra Matlab. Utilice el comando &quot;VSX&quot; y cuando &quot;Nombre del archivo .mat al proceso:&quot; se le solicite, introduzca el nombre del archivo de instalación &quot;P4-2Flash_DivergingWave.mat&quot; para que diverge de imágenes de onda o &quot;P4-2Flash_PlaneWave.mat&quot; de onda plana formación de imágenes. Inicie el HIFU y aplicarlo durante 2 minutos a la región de destino. </li><li> Adquirir los datos del canal de RF en 1.000 fotogramas por segundo durante 2 min usando ondas divergentes. Por otra parte, adquirir los datos del canal de RF en 1.000 fotogramas por segundo durante 2 min usando ondas planas. </li><li> La transferencia de los datos a un ordenador central cada 200 marcos a través de un cable PCI Express. Alternativamente, para la transmisión en tiempo real, adquirir los datos del canal de RF a 167 fotogramas por segundo durante 2 min utilizando ondas planas y transfer los datos a un ordenador central cada 2 marcos. Nota: Los métodos de imagen con el conjunto de los 200 marcos proporciona alta resolución temporal dentro de cada conjunto, sino crear espacios entre cada conjunto y es apropiado para el procesamiento fuera de línea. El método de imagen a 167 fps con una resolución temporal inferior, pero no crea brechas a través de todo el tiempo de ablación y es apropiado para la transmisión en tiempo real. </li><li> Reparto de la matriz de datos de canal de RF para una sola matriz GPU precisión con Matlab. Multiplicar la matriz de datos de canal de RF por la matriz de reconstrucción para obtener los datos de RF 11 reconstruidas. </li></ol> 3. Desplazamiento de imagen <ol><li> Crear un filtro de paso bajo Butterworth 6º orden en 4 MHz frecuencia de corte utilizando el sistema DSP Toolbox de Matlab. Aplicar este filtro de paso bajo a los datos de RF reconstruidas para filtrar el componente de 4,5 MHz HIFU. </li><li> Estimar el desplazamiento axial entre cuadros consecutivos usando 1-D correlación cruzada normalizadacon una longitud de 3,1 mm-ventana y 90% de superposición. </li><li> Crear un filtro de paso bajo Butterworth 6º fin a 100 Hz frecuencia de corte utilizando el sistema DSP Toolbox de Matlab. Aplicar este filtro de paso bajo para los datos de desplazamiento temporal usando Matlab para recuperar el componente de frecuencia 50 Hz-oscilatorio. </li><li> Definir una región de interés (ROI) como la región focal en -6 dB (1,7 x 0,4 mm en agua) y situada a 70 mm de distancia de la superficie del transductor. Extraer los datos de desplazamiento en este retorno de la inversión. Estimar la relación de desplazamiento de señal a ruido (SNR d) en la región focal después de 2 min de la ablación como la relación entre el desplazamiento medio y la desviación estándar del desplazamiento en la ROI. </li><li> Se extrae la señal de desplazamiento temporal de 50 Hz en el foco de los datos de la matriz de desplazamiento. Convertir la señal de desplazamiento temporal en el foco en sonido audible usando Matlab. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Al-Bataineh, O., Jenne, J., Huber, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+future+applications+of+high+intensity+focused+ultrasound+in+cancer.">Clinical and future applications of high intensity focused ultrasound in cancer.</a> Cancer Treat Rev. 38, 346-353 (2012).</li><li>Dewhirst, M. W., Viglianti, B. L., Lora-Michiels, M., Hanson, M., Hoopes, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+principles+of+thermal+dosimetry+and+thermal+thresholds+for+tissue+damage+from+hyperthermia.">Basic principles of thermal dosimetry and thermal thresholds for tissue damage from hyperthermia.</a> Int J Hyperthermia. 19, 267-294 (2003).</li><li>Napoli, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MR-guided+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound:+current+status+of+an+emerging+technology.">MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound: current status of an emerging technology.</a> Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 36, 1190-1203 (2013).</li><li>Gudur, M. S., Kumon, R. E., Zhou, Y., Deng, C. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+rapid+B-mode+ultrasound+imaging+for+real-time+monitoring+of+lesion+formation+and+gas+body+activity+during+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound+ablation.">High-frequency rapid B-mode ultrasound imaging for real-time monitoring of lesion formation and gas body activity during high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation.</a> IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 59, 1687-1699 (2012).</li><li>Jensen, C. R., Cleveland, R. O., Coussios, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+temperature+estimation+and+monitoring+of+HIFU+ablation+through+a+combined+modeling+and+passive+acoustic+mapping+approach.">Real-time temperature estimation and monitoring of HIFU ablation through a combined modeling and passive acoustic mapping approach.</a> Phys Med Biol. 58, 5833-5850 (2013).</li><li>Mariani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real+time+shear+waves+elastography+monitoring+of+thermal+ablation:+in+vivo+evaluation+in+pig+livers.">Real time shear waves elastography monitoring of thermal ablation: in vivo evaluation in pig livers.</a> J Surg Res. 188, 37-43 (2014).</li><li>Bing, K. F., Rouze, N. C., Palmeri, M. L., Rotemberg, V. M., Nightingale, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+ultrasonic+thermal+ablation+with+interleaved+ARFI+image+monitoring+using+a+single+diagnostic+curvilinear+array:+a+feasibility+study.">Combined ultrasonic thermal ablation with interleaved ARFI image monitoring using a single diagnostic curvilinear array: a feasibility study.</a> Ultrason Imaging. 33, 217-232 (2011).</li><li>Athanasiou, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breast+lesions:+quantitative+elastography+with+supersonic+shear+imaging--preliminary+results.,+Radiology.">Breast lesions: quantitative elastography with supersonic shear imaging--preliminary results., Radiology.</a> 256, 297-303 (2010).</li><li>Maleke, C., Konofagou, E. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sparse+matrix+beamforming+and+image+reconstruction+for+2-D+HIFU+monitoring+using+harmonic+motion+imaging+for+focused+ultrasound+(HMIFU)+with+in+vitro+validation.">Sparse matrix beamforming and image reconstruction for 2-D HIFU monitoring using harmonic motion imaging for focused ultrasound (HMIFU) with in vitro validation.</a> IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 33, 2107-2117 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Monitoreo en tiempo real de las lesiones HIFU es importante para asegurar la entrega adecuada y eficiente de la lesión. Como las formas de lesión, el tejido se pone rígido y su amplitud de movimiento bajo excitación disminuye. La aplicación de HIFU en una región de los resultados de tejido en una fuerza de radiación acústica que induce el desplazamiento del tejido. El cambio relativo en el desplazamiento es un sustituto de cambio relativo en la rigidez del tejido. Esta técnica ofrece la ventaja de seguimiento d...

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a technique that generates temperature elevation at the focal region and can be used to ablate cancerous tissue 1. Temperature elevation at the focus causes thermal lesions in the tissue 2. In order to avoid overtreating a region and to reduce treatment duration, it is imperative to reliably monitor the ablation. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is the main technique used in clinic to guide and monitor HIFU treatment 3. MRI provides high spatial resolution images of the treated region with tissue displacement or thermal dose but has a frame rate of 0.1-1 Hz and is costly. Several ultrasound-based techniques such as B-mode imaging 4, passive acoustic mapping 5, shear wave imaging 6 and acoustic radiation force impulse 7 have been developed to guide and monitor thermal ablation. However, B-mode imaging and passive acoustic mapping do not provide imaging of mechanical properties of the ablated region which is useful to the operator to improve lesion delivery. 
Shear wave imaging and acoustic radiation force impulse can both characterize the elasticity of the tissue by measuring acoustic radiation force-induced displacements 7,8. However, in both methods, the HIFU treatment is typically interrupted to monitor the ablation. Our group has developed a technique called Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focus Ultrasound (HMIFU) which can monitor the HIFU treatment with ultrasound without stopping the ablation9,10. Briefly, a HIFU transducer sends an amplitude-modulated wave to the region to ablate while simultaneously generating an oscillatory motion in the focal region. A co-axially aligned ultrasound transducer is used to image this oscillation. The magnitude of the induced motion is related to the stiffness of the tissue.
To ensure proper lesion delivery, the temporal resolution of real-time monitoring is of key interest in ablation guidance. Recently, our group has shown real-time streaming of displacement at a frame rate up to 15 Hz, imaged with diverging waves in a narrow field of view and using a fast image reconstruction method 11. Several beamforming techniques can be used to image the displacements. A large field of view can be obtained with diverging wave imaging by changing the delay profile but the axial direction is not aligned with the HIFU beam on the lateral regions and the wave is attenuated due to geometric spreading in the lateral direction, which can affect the quality of the displacement estimation. In contrast, the lateral field of view for plane wave is upper bounded by the active aperture but the axial direction is aligned with the HIFU beam at the focus and there is no geometric spreading in the lateral direction. Depending on the type of application, one or the other imaging method can be selected. The objectives of this protocol are to show how plane wave imaging can provide real-time streaming of displacements images using HMIFU during ablation and to compare the quality of the motion estimation between diverging and plane wave imaging.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>P4-2 Phased array</td>
			<td>ATL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H-178 HIFU transducer</td>
			<td>Sonic Concepts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-D positioner</td>
			<td>Velmex Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AT33522A function generator</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V-1 ultrasound system</td>
			<td>Verasonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3100L RF amplifier</td>
			<td>ENI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matching network</td>
			<td>Sonic Concepts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Degasing system</td>
			<td>Sonic Concepts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Programming software</td>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jacket software package</td>
			<td>Accelereyes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time monitoring of high intensity focused ultrasound (hifu) ablation of in vitro canine livers using harmonic motion imaging for focused ultrasound (hmifu)

Movimiento armónico Imaging para Ultrasonido Focalizado (HMIFU) es una técnica que puede realizar y supervisar ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad (HIFU) ablación. Un movimiento oscilatorio se genera en el foco de un transductor de HIFU frecuencia central 93-elemento y 4,5 MHz mediante la aplicación de una señal modulada en amplitud 25 Hz utilizando un generador de funciones. Un transductor de formación de imágenes 64-elemento y 2,5 MHz con pico de presión 68kPa se coloca confocal en el centro del transductor HIFU para adquirir los datos del canal de radiofrecuencia (RF). En este protocolo, se describe la monitorización en tiempo real de la ablación térmica mediante HIFU con una potencia acústica de 7 W en hígados caninos in vitro. El tratamiento con HIFU se aplica sobre el tejido durante 2 min y la región de ablación se forma la imagen en tiempo real utilizando imágenes divergentes o onda plana hasta 1000 fotogramas / segundo. La matriz de datos del canal de RF se multiplica por una matriz escasa para la reconstrucción de la imagen. El campo reconstruida de vista es de 90 ° para divergente wacinco y 20 mm para formación de imágenes de onda plana y los datos se muestrean a 80 MHz. La reconstrucción se realiza en una unidad de procesamiento gráfico (GPU) con el fin de imagen en tiempo real a una velocidad 4,5 pantalla. 1-D correlación cruzada normalizada de los datos RF reconstruido se utiliza para estimar desplazamientos axiales en la región focal. La magnitud del desplazamiento de pico a pico en la profundidad focal disminuye durante la ablación térmica que denota rigidez del tejido debido a la formación de una lesión. La relación de desplazamiento de señal a ruido (SNR d) en la esfera de actividad de onda plana era 1,4 veces mayor que para divergentes de onda que muestra que las imágenes de onda plana parece producir un mejor desplazamiento de los mapas de calidad para HMIFU que diverge de imágenes de onda.

En streaming en tiempo real de desplazamiento HMI durante la ablación HIFU se puede obtener utilizando imágenes de onda divergentes y avión. Figura 2 es una captura de pantalla de vídeo que muestra visualización en tiempo real de la fuerza de radiación acústica desplazamiento inducido por el uso de imágenes de onda plana en in vitro caninos hígados durante la ablación HIFU . Los desplazamientos se transmiten en tiempo real en la pantalla del ordenador a una velocidad marco de la panta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound HMIFU a

Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound HMIFU

This article describes real-time monitoring of HIFU ablation in canine liver with high frame rate ultrasound imaging using diverging and plane wave imaging. Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound is used to image the decrease of acoustic radiation force induced displacement in the ablated region.

Monitoreo en tiempo real de Ultrasonido de alta intensidad (HIFU) Ablación de<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Canine hígados Uso Movimiento armónico Imaging para Ultrasonido Focalizado (HMIFU)

Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound (HMIFU) is a technique that can perform and monitor high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation. An ...

real-time-monitoring-high-intensity-focused-ultrasound-hifu-ablation

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound (HMIFU)

9.9K vistas.  Columbia University. This article describes real-time monitoring of HIFU ablation in canine liver with high frame rate ultrasound imaging using diverging and plane wave imaging. Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound is used to image the decrease of acoustic radiation force induced displacement in the ablated region.

Video: Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound HMIFU

Contrast Ultrasound Targeted Treatment of Gliomas in Mice via Drug-Bearing Nanoparticle Delivery and Microvascular Ablation

We are developing minimally-invasive contrast agent microbubble based therapeutic approaches in which the permeabilization and/or ablation of the microvasculature are controlled by varying ultrasound pulsing parameters.  Specifically, we are testing whether such approaches may be used to treat malignant brain tumors through drug delivery and microvascular ablation.  Preliminary studies have been performed to determine whether targeted drug-bearing nanoparticle delivery can be facilitated by the ultrasound mediated destruction of "composite" delivery agents comprised of 100nm poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA) nanoparticles that are adhered to albumin shelled microbubbles. We denote these agents as microbubble-nanoparticle composite agents (MNCAs). When targeted to subcutaneous C6 gliomas with ultrasound, we observed an immediate 4.6-fold increase in nanoparticle delivery in MNCA treated tumors over tumors treated with microbubbles co-administered with nanoparticles and a 8.5 fold increase over non-treated tumors. Furthermore, in many cancer applications, we believe it may be desirable to perform targeted drug delivery in conjunction with ablation of the tumor microcirculation, which will lead to tumor hypoxia and apoptosis. To this end, we have tested the efficacy of non-theramal cavitation-induced microvascular ablation, showing that this approach elicits tumor perfusion reduction, apoptosis, significant growth inhibition, and necrosis. Taken together, these results indicate that our ultrasound-targeted approach has the potential to increase therapeutic efficiency by creating tumor necrosis through microvascular ablation and/or simultaneously enhancing the drug payload in gliomas.

Insonation of microbubbles is a promising strategy for tumor ablation at reduced time-averaged acoustic powers, as well as for the targeted delivery of therapeutics. The purpose of the present study is to develop low duty cycle ultrasound pulsing strategies and nanocarriers to maximize non-thermal microvascular ablation and payload delivery to subcutaneous C6 gliomas.

Ecografía de contraste dirigidos tratamiento de los gliomas en ratones a través de la entrega de nanopartículas de drogas y la ablación Teniendo microvascular

We are developing minimally-invasive contrast agent microbubble based therapeutic approaches in which the permeabilization and/or ablation of the ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Decellularization and Recellularization of Whole Livers

The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive1. Efforts to recreate or mimic the liver microstructure with grounds up approach using tissue engineering and microfabrication techniques have not been successful so far due to this design challenge. In addition, synthetic biomaterials used to create scaffolds for liver tissue engineering applications have been limited in inducing tissue regeneration and repair in large part due to the lack of specific cell binding motifs that would induce the proper cell functions2. Decellularized native tissues such blood vessels3and skin4on the other hand have found many applications in tissue engineering, and have provided a practical solution to some of the challenges. The advantage of decellularized native matrix is that it retains, to an extent, the original composition, and the microstructure, hence enhancing cell attachment and reorganization5.
In this work we describe the methods to perform perfusion-decellularization of the liver, such that an intact liver bioscaffold that retains the structure of major blood vessels is obtained. Further, we describe methods to recellularize these bioscaffolds with adult primary hepatocytes, creating a liver graft that is functional in vitro, and has the vessel access necessary for transplantation in vivo.

Perfusion decellularization is a novel technique to produce whole liver scaffolds that retains the organ's extracellular matrix composition and microarchitecture. Herein, the method of preparing whole organ scaffolds using perfusion decellularization and subsequent repopulation with hepatocytes is described. Functional and transplantable liver grafts can be generated using this technique.

Descelularización y recelularización de hígados enteros

The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive1. Efforts to ...

Induction of Adhesion-dependent Signals Using Low-intensity Ultrasound

In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from regulation of cell migration and proliferation, to secretion and even differentiation. The signals underlying each of these complex processes arise from the molecular interactions of extracellular matrix receptors on the surface of the cell. Integrins are the prototypic receptors and provide a mechanical link between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, as well as initiating some of the adhesion-dependent signaling cascades. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that additional transmembrane receptors function alongside the integrins to regulate both the integrin itself and signals downstream. The most elegant of these examples is the transmembrane proteoglycan, syndecan-4, which cooperates with &alpha;5&beta;1-integrin during adhesion to fibronectin. In vivo models demonstrate the importance of syndecan-4 signaling, as syndecan-4-knockout mice exhibit healing retardation due to inefficient fibroblast migration1,2. In wild-type animals, migration of fibroblasts toward a wound is triggered by the appearance of fibronectin that leaks from damaged capillaries and is deposited by macrophages in injured tissue. Therefore there is great interest in discovering strategies that enhance fibronectin-dependent signaling and could accelerate repair processes.
The integrin-mediated and syndecan-4-mediated components of fibronectin-dependent signaling can be separated by stimulating cells with recombinant fibronectin fragments. Although integrin engagement is essential for cell adhesion, certain fibronectin-dependent signals are regulated by syndecan-4. Syndecan-4 activates the Rac1 protrusive signal3, causes integrin redistribution1, triggers recruitment of cytoskeletal molecules, such as vinculin, to focal adhesions4, and thereby induces directional migration3. We have looked for alternative strategies for activating such signals and found that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can mimic the effects of syndecan-4 engagement5. In this protocol we describe the method by which 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz ultrasound, pulsed at 1 kHz (Fig. 1) can be applied to fibroblasts in culture (Fig. 2) to induce Rac1 activation and focal adhesion formation. Ultrasound stimulation is applied for a maximum of 20 minutes, as this combination of parameters has been found to be most efficacious for acceleration of clinical fracture repair6. The method uses recombinant fibronectin fragments to engage &alpha;5&beta;1-integrin, without engagement of syndecan-4, and requires inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide to block deposition of additional matrix by the fibroblasts., The positive effect of ultrasound on repair mechanisms is well documented7,8, and by understanding the molecular effect of ultrasound in culture we should be able to refine the therapeutic technique to improve clinical outcomes.

This protocol describes the stimulation of cultured fibroblasts with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, which drives focal adhesion formation and Rac1 activation by mimicking engagement of the transmembrane matrix receptor, syndecan-4. This approach allows investigation of a successful clinical technique at the cellular level, thereby providing opportunities for refinement of the therapy.

La inducción de señales de adhesión dependientes de Uso de ultrasonido de baja intensidad

In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from ...

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Optical sensors of ultrasound are a promising alternative to piezoelectric techniques, as has been recently demonstrated in the field of optoacoustic imaging. In medical applications, one of the major limitations of optical sensing technology is its susceptibility to environmental conditions, e.g. changes in pressure and temperature, which may saturate the detection. Additionally, the clinical environment often imposes stringent limits on the size and robustness of the sensor. In this work, the combination of pulse interferometry and fiber-based optical sensing is demonstrated for ultrasound detection. Pulse interferometry enables robust performance of the readout system in the presence of rapid variations in the environmental conditions, whereas the use of all-fiber technology leads to a mechanically flexible sensing element compatible with highly demanding medical applications such as intravascular imaging. In order to achieve a short sensor length, a pi-phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating is used, which acts as a resonator trapping light over an effective length of 350 &#181;m. To enable high bandwidth, the sensor is used for sideway detection of ultrasound, which is highly beneficial in circumferential imaging geometries such as intravascular imaging. An optoacoustic imaging setup is used to determine the response of the sensor for acoustic point sources at different positions.

Optical detection of ultrasound is impractical in many imaging scenarios because it often requires stable environmental conditions. We demonstrate an optical technique for ultrasound sensing in volatile environments with miniaturization and sensitivity levels appropriate for optoacoustic imaging in restrictive scenarios, e.g. intravascular applications.

Banda ancha Detector óptico de ultrasonido para aplicaciones de imágenes médicas

Optical sensors of ultrasound are a promising alternative to piezoelectric techniques, as has been recently demonstrated in the field of optoacoustic ...

Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time

The exclusive combination of high optical contrast and excellent spatial resolution makes optoacoustics (photoacoustics) ideal for simultaneously attaining anatomical, functional and molecular contrast in deep optically opaque tissues. While enormous potential has been recently demonstrated in the application of optoacoustics for small animal research, vast efforts have also been undertaken in translating this imaging technology into clinical practice. We present here a newly developed optoacoustic tomography approach capable of delivering high resolution and spectrally enriched volumetric images of tissue morphology and function in real time. A detailed description of the experimental protocol for operating with the imaging system in both hand-held and stationary modes is provided and showcased for different potential scenarios involving functional and molecular studies in murine models and humans. The possibility for real time visualization in three dimensions along with the versatile handheld design of the imaging probe make the newly developed approach unique among the pantheon of imaging modalities used in today&#8217;s preclinical research and clinical practice.

We provide herein a detailed description of the experimental protocol for imaging with a newly developed hand-held optoacoustic (photoacoustic) system for three-dimensional functional and molecular imaging in real time. The demonstrated powerful performance and versatility may define new application areas of the optoacoustic technology in preclinical research and clinical practice.

Universal de mano-tridimensional optoacústica Imaging Sonda de Tejido Profundo Angiografía Humano y Estudios preclínicos funcionales en Tiempo Real

The exclusive combination of high optical contrast and excellent spatial resolution makes optoacoustics (photoacoustics) ideal for simultaneously ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular&#160;irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&#38;A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&#38;A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&#38;A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

We have developed an eye irritation test which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model. The test is able to discriminate between ocular irritant and corrosive materials (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category).

Irritación de los ojos de prueba (IET) para la identificación del peligro de los ojos: Irrita los productos químicos que utilizan Reconstruido humana Córnea-como epitelial (RHCE) Modelo de Tejidos

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding, interaction and localization in single cells. Biosensors relying on the principle of FRET have enabled real-time visualization of subcellular signaling events in live cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we describe the application of a genetically encoded Bile Acid Sensor (BAS) that consists of two fluorophores fused to the farnesoid X receptor ligand binding domain (FXR-LBD), thereby forming a bile acid sensor that can be activated by a large number of bile acids species and other (synthetic) FXR ligands. This sensor can be targeted to different cellular compartments including the nucleus (NucleoBAS) and cytosol (CytoBAS) to measure bile acid concentrations locally. It allows rapid and simple quantitation of cellular bile acid influx, efflux and subcellular distribution of endogenous bile acids without the need for labeling with fluorescent tags or radionuclei. Furthermore, the BAS FRET sensors can be useful for monitoring FXR ligand binding. Finally, we show that this FRET biosensor can be combined with imaging of other spectrally distinct fluorophores. This allows for combined analysis of intracellular bile acid dynamics and i) localization and/or abundance of proteins of interest, or ii) intracellular signaling in a single cell.

We provide a detailed protocol to study bile acid dynamics in living cells using a genetically encoded BAS FRET sensor. This Bile Acid Sensor represents a unique tool to study (regulation of) bile acid transport and FXR activation in a wide range of cell types.

Monitoreo en tiempo real de intracelular del ácido biliar Dinámica El uso de un sensor de ácido biliar basada FRET-codificados genéticamente

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding, interaction and localization in single cells. ...

Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography

The use of in vivo micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) is a powerful tool which involves the non-destructive imaging of internal structures at high resolutions in live animal models. This allows for repeated imaging of the same rodent over time. This feature not only reduces the total number of rodents required in an experimental design and thereby reduces the inter-subject variation that can arise, but also allows researchers to assess longitudinal or life-long responses to an intervention. To acquire high quality images that can be processed and analyzed to more accurately quantify outcomes of bone micro-architecture, users of in vivo &#181;CT scanners must properly anesthetize the rat, and position and restrain the hind limb. To do this, it is imperative that the rat be anesthetized to a level of complete relaxation, and that pedal reflexes are lost. These guidelines may be modified for each individual rat, as the rate of isoflurane metabolism can vary depending on strain and body size. Proper technique for in vivo &#181;CT image acquisition enables accurate and consistent measurement of bone micro-architecture within and across studies.

Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography

This paper instructs users of in vivo micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) scanners how to anesthetize, correctly position and restrain the hind limb of a rat for minimal movement during high-resolution imaging of the tibia. The result is high quality images that can be processed to accurately quantify bone micro-architecture.

Posicionamiento adecuado y la contención de una rata de extremidades para la proyección de imagen enfocada de alta resolución del hueso utilizando la microarquitectura In Vivo Micro-tomografía computada

The use of in vivo micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) is a powerful tool which involves the non-destructive imaging of internal structures at high ...

Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, we report a combined photoacoustic and clinical ultrasound imaging system by integrating an ultrasound probe with light delivery for small animal imaging. We demonstrate this by showing sentinel lymph node imaging in small animals along with minimally invasive real-time needle guidance. A clinical ultrasound platform with access to raw channel data allows the integration of photoacoustic imaging leading to a handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging system. Methylene blue was used for sentinel lymph node imaging at 675 nm wavelength. Additionally, needle guidance with dual modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging was shown using the imaging system. Depth imaging of up to 1.5 cm was demonstrated with a 10 Hz laser at a photoacoustic imaging frame rate of 5 frames per second.

A clinical handheld photoacoustic imaging system will be demonstrated for real-time non-invasive small animal imaging.

Fotoacústica clínica mano sistema de imagen por imagen no invasiva en tiempo real de Animal pequeño

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, ...

Focused Ion Beam Lithography to Etch Nano-architectures into Microelectrodes

With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of sophisticated microelectrodes with greater resolution and expanded capabilities. The progress in fabrication technology has supported the development of biomimetic electrodes, which aim to seamlessly integrate into the brain parenchyma, reduce the neuroinflammatory response observed after electrode insertion and improve the quality and longevity of electrophysiological recordings. Here we describe a protocol to employ a biomimetic approach recently classified as nano-architecture. The use of focused ion beam lithography (FIB) was utilized in this protocol to etch specific nano-architecture features into the surface of non-functional and functional single shank intracortical microelectrodes. Etching nano-architectures into the electrode surface indicated possible improvements of biocompatibility and functionality of the implanted device. One of the benefits of using FIB is the ability to etch on manufactured devices, as opposed to during the fabrication of the device, facilitating boundless possibilities to modify numerous medical devices post-manufacturing. The protocol presented herein can be optimized for various material types, nano-architecture features, and types of devices. Augmenting the surface of implanted medical devices can improve the device performance and integration into the tissue.

We have shown that the etching of nano-architecture into intracortical microelectrode devices may reduce the inflammatory response and has the potential to improve electrophysiological recordings. The methods described herein outline an approach to etch nano-architectures into the surface of non-functional and functional single shank silicon intracortical microelectrodes.

Litografía de haz de iones enfocado a etch nano-arquitecturas en microelectrodos

With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of ...