The authors would like to thank Autumn Peterson for assistance with mouse photography, Daniel Thoresen for assistance with mice, and Drs. Nicole Ward and Abdelmadjid Belkadi for assistance with surgical denervation. These studies were supported by funding from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (grants R00AR059796 and R01AR065409); the University of Michigan Department of Dermatology; the Biological Sciences Scholars Program; the Center for Organogenesis; the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; and the John S. and Suzanne C. Munn Cancer Fund. S.C.P. was supported by funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (grant T32 GM007315). This work was also supported by the NIH Intramural Research Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute.

Todos los procedimientos descritos en este protocolo se realizaron de acuerdo con las normas establecidas por la Universidad de Michigan Unidad de Medicina de Laboratorio Animal. 1. Inducir la recombinación genética en ratones Nota: El Gli1 TM3 (CRE / ERT2) Alj / J cepa de ratón (Gli1-CreERT2) 13 permite la orientación de la recombinación genética inducida por tamoxifeno a TD epitelios. Cruzar esta cepa con B6.129S4-Gt (ROSA) reportero ratones 26Sor tm1Sor / J (LacZ) 22 para generar Gli1; ​​LacZ animales para visualizar las células TD por todo el montaje en la tinción de abajo. <ol><li> Preparar la solución de tamoxifeno a una concentración de 12,5 mg / ml en aceite de maíz. <ol><li> En un tubo de 1,5 ml, añadir hasta 20 mg de tamoxifeno cristalinas, y luego 1 ml de aceite de maíz. Firmemente con cinta adhesiva el tubo a un mezclador de vórtice, y agitar de forma continua a la configuración más alta a temperatura ambiente hasta que el tamoxifeno se ha disuelto completamente (2-4 h), comoconfirmado mediante el examen del tubo en un microscopio de disección por la ausencia de partículas tamoxifeno. </li><li> Transferir la solución a un tubo de 15 ml y diluir el tamoxifeno a una concentración final de 12,5 mg / ml con aceite de maíz adicional. Mezclar mediante agitación la solución viscosa durante 30 sec adicional. Almacenar esta solución durante un máximo de 1 semana a 4 ° C en la oscuridad. </li></ol></li><li> Se inyecta la solución tamoxifeno por vía intraperitoneal en Gli1; ​​ratones lacZ, en un volumen de 200 l por 20 g de peso corporal de ratón, para una dosis eficaz de tamoxifeno 2,5 mg por 20 g de peso del ratón. </li></ol> 2. Cosecha biopsias de piel Nota: Dependiendo del experimento, las biopsias de piel cosecha de varios días o semanas después de la inducción tamoxifeno. Para todas las cirugías, seguir los protocolos estándar para la cirugía de roedores, incluyendo el uso de guantes estériles, con una máscara quirúrgica o el pelo red, y que cubre al animal con un paño quirúrgico estéril durante el procedimiento. <ol><li> Preparar la solución madre 10x anestesia mediante la mezcla de 90 mg / ml de ketamina y 6,5 mg / ml en agua xilacina. Diluir esta solución madre 1:10 en PBS estéril justo antes de su uso, y almacenar a temperatura ambiente en la oscuridad durante un máximo de 8 meses. <ol><li> Alternativamente, anestesiar los ratones por inhalación de isoflurano, comenzando con una concentración de gas de 4% con el oxígeno para anestesiar completamente el animal, y, posteriormente, la reducción de este a 1-2% durante la duración del procedimiento. </li></ol></li><li> Se inyecta la solución anestésica por vía intraperitoneal a una dosis de 200 l por 20 g de peso corporal del ratón. Compruebe que el animal ha alcanzado el plano adecuado de sedación mediante el ensayo del dedo del pie de presión, y confirme que ritmo cardíaco y respiratorio son normales (aproximadamente 600 latidos y 160 respiraciones por minuto, respectivamente). </li><li> Utilice una maquinilla eléctrica para eliminar el vello desde el sitio de la biopsia en la piel dorsal de nuevo, teniendo cuidado de no cortar ni dañar la piel subyacente. </li><li> Preparar la zona quirúrgica limpiando la afeitadazona d en una dirección anterior-a-posterior utilizando Betadine y alcohol toallitas. Asegurar que todos los recortes de pelo se retiran del sitio. </li><li> Esquema de la zona de la biopsia usando un marcador negro, colocar al animal en un cojín de calentamiento en un área quirúrgica aséptica, y cubrir con un paño quirúrgico estéril (con fines de demostración, se omitió campo estéril para aumentar la visibilidad). Nota: Para obtener secciones longitudinales de los folículos pilosos, el borde más largo de la biopsia (el borde que se seccionó para histología, ~ 1 cm) debería correr en una dirección anterior-posterior (paralelo a la dirección de los folículos pilosos), parasagital a la línea media dorsal (Figura 1A). </li><li> Use un estéril # 11 bisturí para realizar una escisión de espesor total a lo largo del área marcada sin dañar la fascia muscular de subyacente. Nota: El tejido de piel extirpada incluye la epidermis, dermis, grasa subcutánea y panículo carnoso. El sangrado suele ser mínima. </li><li> Acoplar tse escindió muestra de piel en una toalla de papel seca, la dermis lado negativo, recortar el exceso de papel de cocina, y almacenar la muestra en PBS frío para un máximo de 1 hora si otras muestras tienen que ser recogidos. Cuando esté listo, continúe con los pasos 3.1 o 3.2 para procesar las muestras para histología, o el paso 4 para β-galactosidasa tinción de todo el montaje (LacZ). </li><li> Sutura cerrar el sitio de la biopsia usando suturas de nylon 6-0, en un patrón interrumpido sencilla espaciadas más o menos 3 mm. </li><li> No devuelva los ratones que se han sometido a una cirugía en la misma jaula como los otros animales hasta después de la recuperación completa. </li><li> Observar a los animales inmediatamente después de la cirugía hasta recuperar la conciencia, y también todos los días hasta el área quirúrgica se ha curado, por lo general dentro de 1 semana. Utilizar analgésicos de acuerdo con pautas para el cuidado y uso de animales institucionales designados si ratones muestran signos de dolor o angustia. Retirar las suturas dentro de 7-10 días después de la cirugía. Nota: Si es necesario, preparar la solución analgésica mediante la dilución de carprofeno (50 mg / ml de solución madre solution) 1: 100 en agua estéril. Se inyecta la solución por vía subcutánea entre los omóplatos, cerca de la piel del cuello, a una dosis de 200 l por cada 20 g de peso corporal (5 mg / kg de peso corporal del ratón). </li></ol> 3. Las muestras de proceso para Histología Nota: para fijar y procesar el tejido extirpado, utilice uno de estos métodos dependiendo de la aplicación. <ol><li> Para generar muestras histológicas embebidas en parafina, fijar la piel en el 3,7% de formalina en PBS O / N a temperatura ambiente y almacenar en un 70% de etanol durante un máximo de 2 semanas. Retire la toalla de papel antes de clavarse en parafina. </li><li> Para la generación de muestras histológicas congeladas, sumergir el tejido en frío de paraformaldehído al 4% en PBS y agitar suavemente durante 1 hora. Retire la solución y se lava la muestra con 3 cambios de PBS, más o menos 5 minutos cada uno. A continuación, sumergir la muestra en 30% de sacarosa en PBS para cryoprotect el tejido ( &quot;hundimiento sacarosa&quot;). </li><li> Incubar con agitación suave O / N a 4 ° C. Al día siguiente, retire el papel o toallaEL y recorte el exceso de tejido adiposo de la cara dérmica de la piel. Incrustar el tejido directamente en PTU y almacenar el bloque congelado a -80 ° C. Nota: Después de seccionar, ya sea de parafina o las muestras congeladas se pueden teñir mediante técnicas de inmunohistoquímica para identificar anotaciones, las células de Merkel y los nervios usando anticuerpos contra queratina 17, queratina 8 y neurofilamentos, respectivamente, como se describió previamente 5,19. </li></ol> 4. Las muestras Visualizar por Todo el montaje lacZ La tinción <ol><li> Preparar la solución de tinción X-gal. <ol><li> Combinar 0,94 g fosfato de sodio monobásico, y 2,6 g de fosfato de sodio dibásico en 250 ml de agua estéril. Ajustar el pH a 7,3. A esto, añadir 0,5 ml de cloruro de 1 M de magnesio, 0,528 g de ferrocianuro de potasio, y 0,412 g de ferricianuro de potasio. Añadir 250 ml de glicol de polietileno-octilfenılico y 125 mg de desoxicolato. La solución de base se puede almacenar a 4 ° C durante un máximo de 6 meses en la oscuridad. </li><li> Preparar 50x acciones soluti X-galen mediante la adición de dimetilformamida a la botella de X-gal de stock para generar una solución 50 mg / ml. Almacenar esta solución a -20 ° C en la oscuridad. </li><li> Justo antes de usar, diluir la solución madre de X-gal 1:50 en solución de base X-gal para generar solución de tinción. Para biopsias más pequeños (&lt;1 cm 2), alícuotas 1-2 ml de solución de tinción por muestra. </li></ol></li><li> Fijar la muestra de piel obtenidos en la etapa 2.7 en una solución que contiene 2% de paraformaldehído / 0,2% de glutaraldehído en PBS frío durante 30 minutos, agitando suavemente en hielo. Para biopsias más pequeños (&lt;1 cm 2), utilizar 1-2 ml de solución de fijación por muestra. Nota: Como alternativa, fijar las muestras en 2-4% de paraformaldehído solamente, o sólo en glutaraldehído al 0,5%. condiciones de fijación óptima dependen del tejido, el grado de expresión de LacZ y aplicación. </li><li> Eliminar la solución de fijación, y enjuagar las muestras con 3 cambios de PBS, 5 minutos cada uno, en un agitador a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Retire la toalla de papel debajo de la muestra y cortar exces tejido adiposo de la cara dérmica de la piel agarrando la grasa con unas pinzas romas y el recorte con las tijeras de disección. </li><li> Sumergir la muestra en solución de tinción X-gal, y se incuba a 37 ° CO / N. La expresión de LacZ será visible como una mancha azul debajo de un microscopio de disección (Figura 1B). Nota: Si la intensidad de la señal es débil, reemplace la solución de tinción al día siguiente y repetir la incubación O N /. Si la tinción de fondo es demasiado intenso, reducir el tiempo de tinción, o incubar la muestra a temperatura ambiente en lugar de 37 ° C. </li><li> Eliminar la solución de tinción y lavar las muestras en 3 cambios de PBS que contenía 3% de DMSO durante aproximadamente 5 min, agitando suavemente a TA. </li><li> muestras de lavado de 2-3 cambios de etanol al 70% durante 5 minutos cada uno. Almacenar las muestras en etanol al 70%. </li></ol> 5. La denervación quirúrgica <ol><li> Anestesiar al animal como en el paso 2.2 y afeitar toda la piel dorsal. </li><li> Preparar el área quirúrgica of la piel de la espalda usando Betadine y toallitas con alcohol, y cubrir al animal con un paño quirúrgico estéril (con fines de demostración, se omitió campo estéril para aumentar la visibilidad). Mantenga el animal caliente utilizando una almohadilla caliente mientras se opera en un área quirúrgica aséptica. </li><li> Hacer una incisión con un escalpelo estéril # 11 a lo largo de la línea media dorsal de la base del cuello a aproximadamente 0,5 cm por encima de la cola. </li><li> El uso de pinzas romas, reflejar suavemente la piel en el lado izquierdo de distancia desde el flanco de visualizar el tejido subyacente de las almohadillas de grasa escapular cerca del cuello a justo por encima de la extremidad posterior. Nota: los nervios cutáneos dorsales aparecen como hebras blancas que viajan en sentido caudal a través de la fascia de la pared translúcida tronco antes de hacer curvas cerradas y entrar en el tejido conectivo suelto debajo de la piel (Figura 2). </li><li> El uso de pinzas ultrafinas con un microscopio de disección luz, quitar los nervios exclusivamente desde el lado izquierdo del ánimal situados en sitios anatómicos T3-12 Desplumando desde donde los segmentos de curva en la pared del tronco a sus sitios de entrada en la piel (Figura 2). <ol><li> Fórceps Orient verticalmente y eliminar los nervios agarrando aproximadamente 0,5 cm por debajo de sus sitios de flexión y tirando hacia arriba, haciendo que el nervio para estirar y separar del tejido circundante (Figura 2C - E). Tenga cuidado para evitar la ruptura de los vasos sanguíneos adyacentes. </li><li> Continuar hasta que se eliminen todos los nervios que se extienden desde la pared del tronco a la piel. No alterar los nervios dentro de la densa fascia de la pared del tronco. Mantenga el tejido húmedo durante todo el procedimiento mediante la aplicación periódicamente gotas de solución salina estéril al 0,9%. </li><li> Como alternativa, retire los nervios sujetando sus extremos proximal cerca de la pared del tronco con unas pinzas y cortando con unas tijeras finas. Después, cortar los extremos distales cerca de la piel (Figuras 2F - H). Por último, retire el intervening segmentos de nervio (figura 2I). </li></ol></li><li> Retire cualquier nervios del colgajo de piel expuesta en el paso 5.4. Estas fibras comprenden las ramas distales de los nervios cutáneos dorsales y aparecen como blancos hebras de ramificación situados de forma esporádica dentro del tejido conectivo en el lado dérmico de la tapa de piel (figuras 2J - K). <ol><li> Para eliminar estas ramas finas, se posicionan las pinzas finas más o menos paralelos a la superficie dérmica, agarran los nervios y arrancar hacia arriba para evitar la interrupción de los vasos sanguíneos y punción de la piel. Continúe hasta que todos los nervios visibles han sido eliminados. </li></ol></li><li> Utilizando disección roma, reflejar la piel en el lado derecho de la incisión en la línea media dorsal, pero no quite los nervios. Esto servirá como el control contralateral con operación simulada. </li><li> Sutura a lo largo de la línea media dorsal en un patrón interrumpido sencilla para cerrar la incisión. Vigilar el animal durante la recuperación y post-opertivamente como se ha demostrado anteriormente (Pasos 2,8-10). Retirar las suturas dentro de 7-10 días después de la cirugía. </li><li> Para evaluar funcionalmente estables denervación hasta varias semanas después de la cirugía, eliminar el vello de la piel dorsal usando una maquinilla eléctrica. </li><li> pinchar suavemente la zona de piel denervado mediante una aguja hipodérmica, y tenga en cuenta si el animal responde, por lo general estremeciéndose o girar la cabeza. Si el área de la piel se ha denervado de forma estable, el animal exhibir poca o ninguna respuesta. </li><li> El uso de un marcador negro, delinear el área de no respuesta, así como un área de tamaño y ubicación similar en el lado contralateral sham. </li><li> Recoger las biopsias de estos sitios que en los pasos 2.1-2.9 para el análisis. Nota: Como alternativa, toda la espalda dorsal de la piel, incluyendo las regiones sin nervios y con operación simulada, se puede quitar como una sola hoja para todo el montaje de la tinción, similar a como se describe en el paso 4. </li></ol>

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nerve+dependence+in+tissue,+organ,+and+appendage+regeneration.">Nerve dependence in tissue, organ, and appendage regeneration.</a> Trends Neurosci. 35, 691-699 (2012).</li><li>Rinkevich, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+analysis+reveals+nerve-dependent+and+independent+roles+on+mammalian+hind+limb+tissue+maintenance+and+regeneration.">Clonal analysis reveals nerve-dependent and independent roles on mammalian hind limb tissue maintenance and regeneration.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111, 9846-9851 (2014).</li><li>Ueno, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+of+corneal+stem/progenitor+cells+on+ocular+surface+innervation.">Dependence of corneal stem/progenitor cells on ocular surface innervation.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 53, 867-872 (2012).</li><li>Westphalen, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lived+intestinal+tuft+cells+serve+as+colon+cancer-initiating+cells.">Long-lived intestinal tuft cells serve as colon cancer-initiating cells.</a> J Clin Invest. 124, 1283-1295 (2014).</li><li>Uhmann, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hedgehog+receptor+Patched+controls+lymphoid+lineage+commitment.">The Hedgehog receptor Patched controls lymphoid lineage commitment.</a> Blood. 110, 1814-1823 (2007).</li><li>Lau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+control+of+gene+deletion+in+sensory+ganglia+using+a+tamoxifen-inducible+Advillin-Cre-ERT2+recombinase+mouse.">Temporal control of gene deletion in sensory ganglia using a tamoxifen-inducible Advillin-Cre-ERT2 recombinase mouse.</a> Mol Pain. 7, 100 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Los nervios sirven para funciones cruciales no sólo en la sensación, sino también en el desarrollo de órganos de mamíferos, mantenimiento y regeneración 13,24-27. Como nervios recientemente se han implicado en diversos trastornos de la piel, las técnicas descritas aquí se pueden utilizar para estudiar el requisito de inervación en una variedad de modelos de enfermedad animal. De hecho, la técnica de denervación unilateral permite la comparación directa de la piel, ya sea con nervios intactos o alt...

Over the past few years, there has been a widening appreciation for the influence of nerves on diseases not typically regarded as classical neuropathies1-4. In the skin, recent experimental evidence has suggested that sensory nerves can modulate diverse pathologies ranging from psoriasis to cancer5-9. This has been demonstrated using techniques such as surgical denervation and pharmacological inhibition of neural function in rodents. In the case of psoriasis, these studies have provided a mechanistic framework for understanding why human psoriatic plaques regress following loss of neural function7,10-12.
Cutaneous nerves can also affect gene expression13,14 and are critical for mechanosensing in normal skin15. In particular, touch dome (TD) epithelia are comprised of a patch of columnar epidermal cells in juxtaposition with neuroendocrine Merkel cells innervated by slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) nerve fibers16-18. TDs mediate light touch sensation and have been shown to display Hedgehog pathway activity5,19. TD maintenance depends on innervation20,21, as nerves secrete Hedgehog ligands to sustain normal TDs and their associated Merkel cells19. In addition, innervation promotes Hedgehog-dependent tumor formation from TD epithelia5. Together, these studies reinforce the notion that intricate molecular interactions occurring between nerves and the surrounding cells in their niche are crucial for normal TD physiology as well as disease.
To interrogate the nature of these interactions, we describe here a series of in vivo techniques for manipulating gene expression in the TD, as well as for harvesting skin biopsies for TD visualization after lineage tracing. Finally, we describe procedures for performing unilateral surgical denervation, wherein nerves are removed from one side of the mouse dorsal skin, while leaving the contralateral side intact as a sham internal control. Several weeks after surgery, denervated and sham control skin are compared to assess changes that occur when nerves are ablated. Although these techniques are described in the context of normal TDs, the denervation procedure has been used to examine the requirement for nerves in mouse models of psoriasis6, wound healing13 and tumorigenesis5. Finally, since the skin is amenable to repeated biopsies, this provides an opportunity to monitor the long-term fates of labeled cells or to assess disease progression over multiple time points.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alcohol prep pads</td><td>PDI</td><td>B339</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AnaSed (Xylazine)</td><td>Lloyd</td><td>NADA 139-236</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibody, anti-Keratin 8</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>TROMA-I</td><td>rat antibody, use at 1:500 concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Antibody, anti-Keratin 17</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>#4543</td><td>rabbit antibody, use at 1:1,000 concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Antibody, anti-Neurofilament</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>C28E10</td><td>rabbit antibody, use at 1:500 concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine prep pads</td><td>Medline</td><td>MDS093917</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carprofen (Rimadyl)</td><td>Zoetis</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cordless rechargable clipper</td><td>Wahl</td><td>trimmer model 8900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corn Oil</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C8267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Leica</td><td>CM1860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>D1306</td><td>use at 1:1,000 concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Deoxycholate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D6750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depilatory Cream</td><td>Nair</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylforamide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>319937</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5882</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImmEdge Pen</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-4000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine HCl</td><td>Hospira</td><td>NDC 0409-2051-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro cover glass</td><td>VWR</td><td>48404-454</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Slides</td><td>VWR</td><td>48311-703</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin</td><td>VWR</td><td>BDH0502-4LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-0 nylon sutures</td><td>DemeTECH</td><td>NL166012F4P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Octylphenyl-polyethylene glycol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I8896</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O.C.T. Compound</td><td>Sakura Tissue-Tek</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>158127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pottasium ferrocyanide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9387</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pottasium ferricyanide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>702587</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S5136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>84097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tamoxifen</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T5648-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra fine forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>0103-5-PO</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-gal</td><td>Roche</td><td>10 651 745 001</td><td>Disolve in dimethylforamide to create 50x stock prior to use</td></tr></tbody></table>

cutaneous surgical denervation:  a method for testing the requirement for nerves in mouse models of skin disease

Cutaneous somatosensory nerves function to detect diverse stimuli that act upon the skin. In addition to their established sensory roles, recent studies have suggested that nerves may also modulate skin disorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and cancer. Here, we describe protocols for testing the requirement for nerves in maintaining a cutaneous mechanosensory organ, the touch dome (TD). Specifically, we discuss methods for genetically labeling, harvesting and visualizing TDs by whole-mount staining, and for performing unilateral surgical denervation on mouse dorsal back skin. Together, these approaches can be used to directly compare TD morphology and gene expression in denervated as well as sham-operated skin from the same animal. These methods can also be readily adapted to examine the requirement for nerves in mouse models of skin pathology. Finally, the ability to repeatedly sample the skin provides an opportunity to monitor disease progression at different stages and times after initiation.

Por ratones que expresan la generación de tamoxifeno inducible Gli1-CreERT2 y un alelo reportero LacZ, es posible visualizar los epitelios TD y rastrear el destino de estas células en el tiempo. Todo el procedimiento de denervación normalmente se puede completar en 1 hr por ratón y debe causar angustia mínimo para el animal. Nuestros estudios previos han indicado que los nervios son cruciales para el man...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cutaneous Surgical Denervation:  A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease at JoVE.com

Cutaneous Surgical Denervation:  A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease

This article includes detailed protocols for genetic labeling of mouse skin, surgical denervation, skin biopsy and visualizing labeled epithelia by whole-mount &#946;-galactosidase staining. These methods can be used to test the requirement for nerves in mouse models of normal and pathological skin.

La denervación quirúrgica cutánea: Un método para probar el requisito de nervios en el ratón modelos de enfermedad de la piel

Cutaneous somatosensory nerves function to detect diverse stimuli that act upon the skin. In addition to their established sensory roles, recent studies ...

cutaneous-surgical-denervation-method-for-testing-requirement-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.7K vistas.  University of Michigan. This article includes detailed protocols for genetic labeling of mouse skin, surgical denervation, skin biopsy and visualizing labeled epithelia by whole-mount β-galactosidase staining. These methods can be used to test the requirement for nerves in mouse models of normal and pathological skin.

Video: Cutaneous Surgical Denervation:  A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia i.e. pain due to tactile stimuli that do not normally provoke a painful response [1]. 
The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact [2]. The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. The non-operated side of the mouse can be used as a control. The advantages of the SNI model are the robustness of the response and that it doesn&#x2019;t require expert microsurgical skills.
The threshold for mechanical pain response is determined by testing with von Frey filaments of increasing bending force, which are repetitively pressed against the lateral area of the paw [3], [4]. A positive pain reaction is defined as sudden paw withdrawal, flinching and/or paw licking induced by the filament. A positive response in three out of five repetitive stimuli is defined as the pain threshold. 
As demonstrated in the video protocol, C57BL/6 mice experience profound allodynia as early as the day following surgery and maintain this for several weeks.

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury animal model is described here as a mouse model of peripheral neuropathic pain following partial denervation of the sciatic nerve by lesioning the tibial and common peroneal nerve branches, leaving the remaining sural nerve intact. Behavioral modification resulting from mechanical allodynia is quantified by von Frey filaments.

La lesión del nervio Salvados (SNI) Modelo de alodinia mecánica inducida en ratones

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

Investigación

Medicina

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

Transección del nervio tibial - Un modelo normalizado para la atrofia del músculo esquelético denervación inducida en ratones

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

Axotomía nervio facial en ratones: un modelo para estudiar las motoneuronas respuesta a la lesión

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

Establishing a Mouse Model of a Pure Small Fiber Neuropathy with the Ultrapotent Agonist of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or those experiencing the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents may develop sensation disorders due to degeneration and injury of small-diameter sensory neurons, referred to as small fiber neuropathy. Present animal models of small fiber neuropathy affect both large- and small-diameter sensory fibers and thus create a neuropathology too complex to properly assess the effects of injured small-diameter sensory fibers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an experimental model of pure small fiber neuropathy to adequately examine these issues. This protocol describes an experimental model of small fiber neuropathy specifically affecting small-diameter sensory nerves with resiniferatoxin (RTX), an ultrapotent agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), through a single dose of intraperitoneal injection, referred to as RTX neuropathy. This RTX neuropathy showed pathological manifestations and behavioral abnormalities that mimic the clinical characteristics of patients with small fiber neuropathy, including intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) degeneration, specifically injury in small-diameter neurons, and induction of thermal hypoalgesia and mechanical allodynia. This protocol tested three doses of RTX (200, 50, and 10 &#181;g/kg, respectively) and concluded that a critical dose of RTX (50 &#181;g/kg) is required for the development of typical small fiber neuropathy manifestations, and prepared a modified immunostaining procedure to investigate IENF degeneration and neuronal soma injury. The modified procedure is fast, systematic, and economic. Behavioral evaluation of neuropathic pain is critical to reveal the function of small-diameter sensory nerves. The evaluation of mechanical thresholds in experimental rodents is particularly challenging and this protocol describes a customized metal mesh that is suitable for this type of assessment in rodents. In summary, RTX neuropathy is a new and easily established experimental model to evaluate the molecular significance and intervention underlying neuropathic pain for the development of therapeutic agents.

This study establishes an experimental model of pure small fiber neuropathy with resiniferatoxin (RTX). A unique dose of RTX (50 &#181;g/kg) is optimal for developing a small fiber neuropathy model that mimics patient characteristics and could help investigate the nociceptive molecular significance underlying neuropathic pain.

Establecer un modelo de ratón de una neuropatía de fibra pequeña pura con el Ultrapotent agonista de Receptor transitorio potencial vaniloides tipo 1

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or those experiencing the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents may develop sensation disorders due to ...

Neurociencias

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ~6.5M people and cost ~$40B/year in the US alone. Although a significant effort has been invested in understanding how chronic wounds develop in humans, fundamental questions remain unanswered. Recently, we developed a novel mouse model for diabetic chronic wounds that have many characteristics of human chronic wounds. Using db/db-/- mice, we can generate chronic wounds by inducing high levels of oxidative stress (OS) in the wound tissue immediately after wounding, using a one-time treatment with inhibitors specific to the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These wounds have high levels of OS, develop biofilm naturally, become fully chronic within 20 days after treatment and can remain open more for more than 60 days. This novel model has many features of diabetic chronic wounds in humans and therefore can contribute significantly to advancing fundamental understanding of how wounds become chronic. This is a major breakthrough because chronic wounds in humans cause significant pain and distress to patients and result in amputation if unresolved. Moreover, these wounds are very expensive and time-consuming to treat, and lead to significant loss of personal income to patients. Advancements in this field of study through the use of our chronic wound model can significantly improve health care for millions who suffer under this debilitating condition. In this protocol, we describe in great detail the procedure to cause acute wounds to become chronic, which has not been done before.

Chronic wounds are developed from acute wounds on a diabetic mouse model by inducing high levels of oxidative stress after a full-thickness cutaneous wound. The wound is treated with inhibitors for catalase and glutathione peroxidase, resulting in impaired healing and biofilm development by bacteria present in the skin microbiome.

Protocolo para crear heridas crónicas en ratones diabéticos

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ...

Modified Spared Nerve Injury Surgery Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Spared nerve injury (SNI) is an animal model that mimics the cardinal symptoms of peripheral nerve injury for studying the molecular and cellular mechanism of neuropathic pain in mice and rats. Currently, there are two types of SNI model, one to cut and ligate the common peroneal and the tibial nerves with intact sural nerve, which is defined as SNIs in this study, and another to cut and ligate the common peroneal and the sural nerves with intact tibial nerve, which is defined as SNIt in this study. Because the sural nerve is purely sensory whereas the tibial nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers, the SNIt model has much less motor deficit than the SNIs model. In the traditional SNIt mouse model, the common peroneal and the sural nerves are cut and ligated separately. Here a modified SNIt surgery method is described to damage both common peroneal and sural nerves with only one ligation and one cut with a shorter procedure time, which is easier to perform and reduces the potential risk of stretching the sciatic or tibial nerves, and produces similar mechanical hypersensitivity as the traditional SNIt model.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo modificado de cirugía de lesión nerviosa preservada del dolor neuropático en ratones

The modified surgery is a simplified method for mouse or rat spared nerve injury model that requires only one ligation and one cut to injure both common peroneal and sural nerves.

Modelo modificado de cirugía de lesión nerviosa preservada del dolor neuropático en ratones

Spared nerve injury (SNI) is an animal model that mimics the cardinal symptoms of peripheral nerve injury for studying the molecular and cellular ...

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Chronic neuropathic pain results from lesions or diseases in the somatosensory system. To investigate potential therapies with reduced side effects, animal pain models are the gold standard in preclinical studies. Therefore, well-characterized and well-described models are crucial for the development and validation of innovative therapies. 
Partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (pSNL) is a procedure that induces chronic neuropathic pain in mice, characterized by mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, ongoing pain, and changes in limb temperature, making this model a great fit to study neuropathic pain preclinically. pSNL is an advantageous model to study neuropathic pain as it reproduces many symptoms observed in humans with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the surgical procedure is relatively fast and straightforward to perform. Unilateral pSNL of one limb allows for comparison between the ipsilateral and contralateral paws, as well as evaluation of central sensitization. 
To induce chronic neuropathic hypersensitivity, a 9-0 non-absorbable nylon thread is used to ligate the dorsal third of the sciatic nerve. This article describes the surgical procedure and characterizes the development of chronic neuropathic pain through multiple commonly used behavioral tests. As a plethora of innovative therapies are now being investigated to treat chronic pain, this article provides crucial concepts for standardization and an accurate description of surgeries required to induce neuropathic pain.

Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces long-lasting chronic neuropathic pain, characterized by exaggerated responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. This mouse model of neuropathic pain is commonly used to study innovative therapies for pain management. This article describes in detail the surgical procedure to improve standardization and reproducibility.

Ligadura parcial del nervio ciático: un modelo de ratón de dolor neuropático crónico para estudiar el efecto antinociceptivo de nuevas terapias

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. ...

Dirigirse a las neuronas simpáticas de ratón: un enfoque de simpatectomía lumbar

Surgical Lumbar Sympathectomy in Mice

Peripheral nerve injuries are common, and full functional recovery after injury is achieved in only 10% of patients. The sympathetic nervous system plays many critical roles in maintaining bodily homeostasis, but it has rarely been studied in the context of peripheral nerve injury. The extent of postganglionic sympathetic neuronal functions in distal targets in the periphery is currently unclear. To better explore the role of sympathetic innervation of peripheral targets, a surgical &#34;knock-out&#34; model provides an alternative approach. Although this can be achieved chemically, chemical destruction of postganglionic sympathetic neurons can be nonspecific and dose-dependent. The use of a surgical lumbar sympathectomy in mice, once thought to be &#34;virtually not practicable&#34; in small animals, allows for specific targeting of postganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate the hind limbs. This manuscript describes how to surgically remove the L2-L5 lumbar sympathetic ganglia from a mouse as a survival surgery, which reliably decreases the hind paw sweat response and the number of sympathetic axons in the sciatic nerve.

Autor destacado: Explorando la plasticidad de las neuronas simpáticas

This manuscript presents a protocol for surgically removing the postganglionic lumbar sympathetic neurons from a mouse. This procedure will facilitate a multitude of studies aimed at investigating the role of sympathetic innervation in distal tissue targets.

Simpatectomía lumbar quirúrgica en ratones

Peripheral nerve injuries are common, and full functional recovery after injury is achieved in only 10% of patients. The sympathetic nervous system plays ...

La denervación quirúrgica cutánea: Un método para probar el requisito de nervios en el ratón modelos de enfermedad de la piel

Resumen

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Axotomía nervio facial en ratones: un modelo para estudiar las motoneuronas respuesta a la lesión

Establecer un modelo de ratón de una neuropatía de fibra pequeña pura con el Ultrapotent agonista de Receptor transitorio potencial vaniloides tipo 1

Protocolo para crear heridas crónicas en ratones diabéticos

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