Chapter 13
Carboxylic Acids
Nomenclature IUPAC des acides carboxyliques
IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...
Propriétés physiques des acides carboxyliques
Carboxylic acids with lower molecular weight exhibit a sharp and unpleasant odor. They also have higher boiling and melting points than analogous ...
Acidité des acides carboxyliques
Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in ...
Effets substituants sur l’acidité des acides carboxyliques
The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the ...
Spectroscopie IR et UV-Vis des acides carboxyliques
In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a ...
RMN et spectroscopie de masse des acides carboxyliques
In ¹H NMR spectroscopy, acidic protons (–COOH) of carboxylic acids are highly deshielded and absorb far downfield, at around 9–12 ppm. ...
Préparation des acides carboxyliques : aperçu
There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents ...
Préparation des acides carboxyliques : hydrolyse des nitriles
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under ...
Préparation des acides carboxyliques : carboxylation des réactifs de Grignard
Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary ...
Réactions des acides carboxyliques : Introduction
Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate ...
De l’acide carboxylique aux esters : estérification catalysée par l’acide (Fischer) Vue d’ensemble
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids ...
De l’acide carboxylique aux esters : mécanisme d’estérification catalysé par l’acide (Fischer)
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a ...
Acides carboxyliques en esters méthyliques : alkylation à l’aide de diazométhane
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the ...
Acides carboxyliques en chlorures d’acide
Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and ...
Des acides carboxyliques aux alcools primaires : réduction de l’hydrure
Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary ...
Perte du groupe Carboxy sous forme de CO2 : décarboxylation des β-cétoacides
Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation ...
Perte du groupe Carboxy sous forme de CO2 : décarboxylation des dérivés de l’acide malonique
Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate ...
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