Name: harnessing the bioorthogonal inverse electron demand diels-alder cycloaddition for pretargeted pet imaging
Uploaded: 2015-02-03T15:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Harnessing the Bioorthogonal Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Cycloaddition for Pretargeted PET Imaging at JoVE.com

The authors thank Prof. Ralph Weissleder, Dr. Pat Zanzonico, and Dr. NagaVaraKishore Pillarsetty for helpful conversations and the NIH for funding (BMZ: 1K99CA178205-01A1)

ETHICS STATEMENT: All of the in vivo animal experiments described were performed according to an approved protocol and under the ethical guidelines of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
1. Synthesis of Tz-Bn-NOTA
<ol>
	<li>In a small reaction vessel, dissolve 7 mg NH2-Bn-NOTA (1.25 x 10-2 mmol) in 600 &#181;l NaHCO3 buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.1). Check the pH of the solution. If n...

<ol>
	<li>Wu, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+and+antimatter:+The+resurgence+of+immuno-PET.">Antibodies and antimatter: The resurgence of immuno-PET.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 50, 2-5 (2009).</li><li>Zeglis, B. M., Lewis, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+guide+to+the+construction+of+radiometallated+bioconjugates+for+positron+emission+tomography.">A practical guide to the construction of radiometallated bioconjugates for positron emission tomography.</a> Dalton Transactions. 40, 6168-6195 (2011).</li><li>Hollander, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bispecific+antibodies+for+cancer+therapy.">Bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy.</a> Immunotherapy. 1, 211-222 (2009).</li><li>Liu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+pretargeting+in+mice+using+99mTc-labeled+morpholino,+a+DNA+analog.">Tumor pretargeting in mice using 99mTc-labeled morpholino, a DNA analog.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 43, 384-391 (2002).</li><li>Boerman, O. C., van Schaijk, F. G., Oyen, W. J. G., Corstens, F. H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretargeted+radioimmunotherapy+of+cancer:+Progress+step+by+step.">Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy of cancer: Progress step by step.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 44, 400-411 (2003).</li><li>Goldenberg, D. M., Sharkey, R. M., Paganelli, G., Barbet, J., Chatal, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+pretargeting+advances+cancer+radioimmunodetection+and+radioimmunotherapy.">Antibody pretargeting advances cancer radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24, 823-834 (2006).</li><li>Sharkey, R. M., Chang, C. H., Rossi, E. A., McBride, W. J., Goldenberg, D. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+delivery+of+radionuclides+for+imaging+and+therapy+of+cancer+using+pretargeting+methods.">Improving the delivery of radionuclides for imaging and therapy of cancer using pretargeting methods.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 11, 7109-7121 (2005).</li><li>Schultz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tetravalent+single-chain+antibody-streptavidin+fusion+protein+for+pretargeted+lymphoma+therapy.">A tetravalent single-chain antibody-streptavidin fusion protein for pretargeted lymphoma therapy.</a> Cancer Research. 60, 6663-6669 (2000).</li><li>Lewis, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+evaluation+of+pretargeted+64Cu+for+tumor+imaging+and+therapy.">In vivo evaluation of pretargeted 64Cu for tumor imaging and therapy.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 44, 1284-1292 (2003).</li><li>Zeglis, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pretargeted+PET+imaging+strategy+based+on+bioorthgonal+Diels-Alder+click+chemistry.">A pretargeted PET imaging strategy based on bioorthgonal Diels-Alder click chemistry.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 54, 1389-1396 (2013).</li><li>Blackman, M. L., Royzen, M., Fox, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrazine+ligation:+fast+bioconjugation+based+on+inverse+electron+demand+Diels-Alder+reactivity.">Tetrazine ligation: fast bioconjugation based on inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactivity.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130, 13518-13519 (2008).</li><li>Devaraj, N. K., Upadhyay, R., Hatin, J. B., Hilderbrand, S. A., Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+sensitive+pretargeted+labeling+of+cancer+cells+through+a+tetrazine/trans-cyclooctene+cycloaddition.">Fast and sensitive pretargeted labeling of cancer cells through a tetrazine/trans-cyclooctene cycloaddition.</a> Angewandte Chemie-International Edition. 48, 7013-7016 (2009).</li><li>Devaraj, N. K., Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomedical+applications+of+tetrazine+cycloadditions.">Biomedical applications of tetrazine cycloadditions.</a> Accounts of Chemical Research. 44, 816-827 (2011).</li><li>Devaraj, N. K., Weissleder, R., Hilderbrand, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrazine-based+cycloadditions:+application+to+pretargeted+live+cell+imaging.">Tetrazine-based cycloadditions: application to pretargeted live cell imaging.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 19, 2297-2299 (2008).</li><li>Keliher, E. J., Reiner, T., Turetsky, A., Hilderbrand, S., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-yielding,+two-step+18F+labeling+strategy+for+18F-PARP1+inhibitors.">High-yielding, two-step 18F labeling strategy for 18F-PARP1 inhibitors.</a> ChemMedChem. 6, 424-427 (2011).</li><li>Reiner, T., Earley, S., Turetsky, A., Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioorthogonal+small-molecule+ligands+for+PARP1+imaging+in+living+cells.">Bioorthogonal small-molecule ligands for PARP1 imaging in living cells.</a> ChemBioChem. 11, 2375-2377 (2010).</li><li>Reiner, T., Keliher, E. J., Earley, S., Marinelli, B., Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+in+vivo+imaging+of+a+18F-labeled+PARP1+inhibitor+using+a+chemically+orthogonal+scavenger-assisted+high-performance+method.">Synthesis and in vivo imaging of a 18F-labeled PARP1 inhibitor using a chemically orthogonal scavenger-assisted high-performance method.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50, 1922-1925 (2011).</li><li>Taylor, M. T., Blackman, M., Dmitrenko, O., Fox, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+synthesis+of+highly+reactive+dienophiles+for+the+tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene+ligation.">Design and synthesis of highly reactive dienophiles for the tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133, 9646-9649 (2011).</li><li>Selvaraj, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene+ligation+for+the+rapid+construction+of+integrin+alpha(v)beta(3)+targeted+PET+tracer+based+on+a+cyclic+RGD+peptide.">Tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation for the rapid construction of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) targeted PET tracer based on a cyclic RGD peptide.</a> Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 21 (3), 5011-5014 (2011).</li><li>Liu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+18F+labeling+of+cysteine-containing+peptides+and+proteins+using+tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene+ligation.">Efficient 18F labeling of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins using tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation.</a> Molecular Imaging. 12, 121-128 (2013).</li><li>Han, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+bioorthogonal+and+highly+efficient+conjugation+method+for+quantum+dots+using+tetrazine-norbornene+cycloaddition.">Development of a bioorthogonal and highly efficient conjugation method for quantum dots using tetrazine-norbornene cycloaddition.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132, 7838-7839 (2010).</li><li>Zeglis, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modular+strategy+for+the+construction+of+radiometalated+antibodies+for+positron+emission+tomography+based+on+inverse+electron+demand+Diels-Alder+click+chemistry.">Modular strategy for the construction of radiometalated antibodies for positron emission tomography based on inverse electron demand Diels-Alder click chemistry.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 22, 2048-2059 (2011).</li><li>Zeng, D., Zeglis, B. M., Lewis, J. S., Anderson, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+growing+impact+of+bioorthogonal+click+chemistry+on+the+development+of+radiopharmaceuticals.">The growing impact of bioorthogonal click chemistry on the development of radiopharmaceuticals.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 54, 829-832 (2013).</li><li>Reiner, T., Zeglis, B. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+evaluation+of+a+series+of+1,2,4,5-tetrazines+for+bioorthogonal+conjugation.">Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines for bioorthogonal conjugation.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 22, 2263-2270 (2011).</li><li>Sletten, E. M., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioorthogonal+chemistry:+fishing+for+selectivity+in+a+sea+of+functionality.">Bioorthogonal chemistry: fishing for selectivity in a sea of functionality.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48, 6973-6998 (2009).</li><li>Bosch, S. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A33+antigen+displays+persistent+surface+expression.">A33 antigen displays persistent surface expression.</a> Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. 57, 1017-1027 (2008).</li><li>Carrasquillo, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=124I-huA33+antibody+PET+of+colorectal+cancer.">124I-huA33 antibody PET of colorectal cancer.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 52, 1173-1180 (2011).</li><li>Sakamoto, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+radioimmunolocalization+trial+of+humanized+monoclonal+antibody+huA33+in+patients+with+gastric+carcinoma.">A phase I radioimmunolocalization trial of humanized monoclonal antibody huA33 in patients with gastric carcinoma.</a> Cancer Science. 97, 1248-1254 (2006).</li><li>Rossin, R., Lappchen, R., vanden Bosch, S. M., LaForest, R., Robillard, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diels-Alder+reaction+for+tumor+pretargeting:+In+vivo+chemistry+can+boost+tumor+radiation+dose+compared+with+directly+labeled+antibody.">Diels-Alder reaction for tumor pretargeting: In vivo chemistry can boost tumor radiation dose compared with directly labeled antibody.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 54, 1989-1995 (2013).</li><li>Rossin, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+reactive+trans-cyclooctene+tags+with+improved+stability+for+Diels-Alder+chemistry+in+living+systems.">Highly reactive trans-cyclooctene tags with improved stability for Diels-Alder chemistry in living systems.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 34, 1210-1217 (2014).</li><li>Emmetiere, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=18F-labeled-bioorthogonal+liposomes+for+in+vivo+targeting.">18F-labeled-bioorthogonal liposomes for in vivo targeting.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 24, 1784-1789 (2013).</li></ol>

The principal advantage of this pretargeted PET imaging strategy is that it is capable of delineating tumors with target-to-background image contrast at only a fraction of the background radiation dose produced by directly labeled antibodies. For example, in the colorectal cancer imaging system described here, data from acute biodistribution experiments were employed to perform dosimetry calculations for the 64Cu-based pretargeting strategy along with directly-labeled 64Cu-NOTA-huA33 and 89</su...

Over the last thirty years, positron emission tomography (PET) has become an indispensable clinical tool in the diagnosis and management of cancer. Antibodies have long been considered promising vectors for the delivery of positron-emitting radioisotopes to tumors due to their exquisite affinity and specificity for cancer biomarkers.1,2 However, the relatively slow in vivo pharmacokinetics of antibodies mandates the use of radioisotopes with multi-day physical half-lives. This combination can yield high radiation doses to the non-target organs of patients, an important complication that is of particular clinical significance since radioimmunoconjugates are injected intravenously and therefore &#8212; unlike partial body CT scans&#160;&#8212; result in absorbed doses in every part of the body, irrespective of the interrogated tissues.
In order to bypass this issue, significant effort has been dedicated to the development of PET imaging strategies that decouple the radioisotope and the targeting moiety, thereby leveraging the advantageous properties of antibodies while simultaneously skirting their intrinsic pharmacokinetic limitations. These strategies &#8212; most often termed pretargeting or multistep targeting &#8212; typically employ four steps: (1) the administration of an antibody capable of binding both an antigen and a radioligand; (2) the accumulation of the antibody in the target tissue and its clearance from the blood; (3) the administration of a small molecule radioligand; and (4) the in vivo ligation of the radioligand to the antibody followed by the rapid clearance of excess radioligand.3-8 In some cases, an additional clearing agent is injected between steps 2 and 3 in order to accelerate the excretion of any antibody that has yet to bind the tumor and remains in the blood.5
Broadly speaking, two types of pretargeting strategies are most prevalent in the literature. While both have proven successful in preclinical models, they also possess key limitations that have impeded their clinical applicability. The first strategy relies on the high affinity between streptavidin-conjugated antibodies and biotin-modified radiolabels; however, the immunogenicity of the streptavidin-modified antibodies has proven to be a worrisome problem with regard to translation.5,6,9,10 The second strategy, in contrast, employs bispecific antibodies that have been genetically-engineered to bind both a cancer biomarker antigen and a small molecule radiolabeled hapten.3,11-14 While this latter route is certainly creative, its broad applicability is limited by the complexity, expense, and lack of modularity of the system.
Recently, we developed and published a pretargeted PET imaging methodology based on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition reaction between trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and tetrazine (Tz; Figure 1).11 While the reaction itself has been known for decades, IEDDA chemistry has experienced a renaissance in recent years as a click chemistry bioconjugation technique, as illustrated by the fascinating work of the groups of Ralph Weissleder, Joseph Fox, and Peter Conti among others.12-15 The IEDDA cycloaddition has been applied in a wide range of settings, including fluorescence imaging with peptides, antibodies, and nanoparticles as well as nuclear imaging with both radiohalogens and radiometals.16-26 The ligation is high yielding, clean, rapid (k1 &#62; 30,000 M-1sec-1), selective, and &#8212; critically &#8212; bioorthogonal.27 And while a number of types of click chemistry &#8212; including Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions, strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations &#8212; are bioorthogonal as well, it is the unique combination of fast reaction kinetics and bioorthogonality that makes IEDDA chemistry so well suited to pretargeting applications in whole organisms.28,29 Along these lines, it is important to note that the recent report from our laboratories was not the first to apply IEDDA chemistry to pretargeting: the first report of pretargeted imaging with IEDDA arose from the work of Rossin, et al. and featured a SPECT methodology employing an 111In-labeled tetrazine.30
As we discussed above, the pretargeting methodology has four fairly simple steps (Figure 2). In the protocol at hand, a pretargeted strategy for the PET imaging of colorectal cancer that employs a 64Cu-NOTA-labeled tetrazine radioligand and a TCO-modified conjugate of the huA33 antibody will be described. However, ultimately the modularity of this methodology is one of its greatest assets, as the trans-cyclooctene moiety can be appended to any non-internalizing antibody, and the tetrazine can be attached to a wide variety of radioactive reporters.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="565">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetrazine NHS Ester</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>764701</td>
			<td>Store at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trans-cyclooctene NHS Ester</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>764523</td>
			<td>Store at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p-NH2-Bn-NOTA</td>
			<td>Macrocyclics</td>
			<td>B-601</td>
			<td>Store at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

harnessing the bioorthogonal inverse electron demand diels-alder cycloaddition for pretargeted pet imaging

Due to their exquisite affinity and specificity, antibodies have become extremely promising vectors for the delivery of radioisotopes to cancer cells for PET imaging. However, the necessity of labeling antibodies with radionuclides with long physical half-lives often results in high background radiation dose rates to non-target tissues. In order to circumvent this issue, we have employed a pretargeted PET imaging strategy based on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. The methodology decouples the antibody from the radioactivity and thus exploits the positive characteristics of antibodies, while eschewing their pharmacokinetic drawbacks. The system is composed of four steps: (1) the injection of a mAb-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) conjugate; (2) a localization time period during which the antibody accumulates in the tumor and clears from the blood; (3) the injection of the radiolabeled tetrazine; and (4) the in vivo click ligation of the components followed by the clearance of excess radioligand. In the example presented in the work at hand, a 64Cu-NOTA-labeled tetrazine radioligand and a trans-cyclooctene-conjugated humanized antibody (huA33) were successfully used to delineate SW1222 colorectal cancer tumors with high tumor-to-background contrast. Further, the pretargeting methodology produces high quality images at only a fraction of the radiation dose to non-target tissue created by radioimmunoconjugates directly labeled with 64Cu or 89Zr. Ultimately, the modularity of this protocol is one of its greatest assets, as the trans-cyclooctene moiety can be appended to any non-internalizing antibody, and the tetrazine can be attached to a wide variety of radioisotopes.

The initial three steps of the experiment&#160;&#8212; the synthesis of Tz-Bn-NOTA, the conjugation of TCO to huA33, and the radiolabeling of the Tz-Bn-NOTA construct (Figures 3 and 4) &#8212;&#160;are highly reliable. In the case of the procedure above, the Tz-Bn-NOTA construct was synthesized in high yield and purity. The huA33 antibody was modified with 4.2&#160;&#177; 0.6 TCO/mAb, and Tz-Bn-NOTA was radiolabeled with 64Cu to yield the purified radioligand in &#62;99% radio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Harnessing the Bioorthogonal Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Cycloaddition for Pretargeted PET Imaging at JoVE.com

Harnessing the Bioorthogonal Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Cycloaddition for Pretargeted PET Imaging

The bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition has been harnessed to create an effective and modular pretargeted PET imaging strategy for cancer. In this protocol, the steps of this methodology are described in the context of a model system employing the colorectal cancer targeted antibody huA33 and a 64Cu-labeled radioligand.

Due to their exquisite affinity and specificity, antibodies have become extremely promising vectors for the delivery of radioisotopes to cancer cells for ...

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Due to its high resolution, electron microscopy (EM) is an indispensable tool for virologists. However, one of the main difficulties when analyzing ...

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

The fundamental limit to in vivo imaging applications of hyperpolarized 13C-enriched compounds is their finite spin-lattice relaxation times. Various ...

Blood Flow Imaging with Ultrafast Doppler

The pulsed-Doppler effect is the main technique used in clinical echography to assess blood flow. Applied with conventional focused ultrasound Doppler ...

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different ...

Bioorthogonal Chemical Imaging of Cell Metabolism Regulated by Aromatic Amino Acids

Essential aromatic amino acids (AAAs) are building blocks for synthesizing new biomasses in cells and sustaining normal biological functions. For example, ...