Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity concomitant with other metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, elevated blood pressure and raised fasting glucose levels. The precise definition of MetS, the relationships of its metabolic features, and what initiates it, are debated. However, obesity is on the rise worldwide, and its association with these metabolic symptoms increases the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (among many other diseases). Research needs to determine the mechanisms by which obesity and MetS increase the risk of disease. In light of this growing epidemic, it is imperative to develop animal models of MetS. These models will help determine the pathophysiological basis for MetS and how MetS increases the risk for other diseases. Among the various animal models available to study MetS, mice are the most commonly used for several reasons. First, there are several spontaneously occurring obese mouse strains that have been used for decades and that are very well characterized. Second, high-fat feeding studies require only months to induce MetS. Third, it is relatively easy to study the effects of single genes by developing transgenic or gene knockouts to determine the influence of a gene on MetS. For these reasons, this review will focus on the benefits and caveats of the most common mouse models of MetS. It is our hope that the reader will be able to use this review as a guide for the selection of mouse models for their own studies.

Mouse models of the metabolic syndrome.

Le syndrome m&eacute;tabolique (MetS) se caract&eacute;rise par l&#39;ob&eacute;sit&eacute; concomitante avec d&#39;autres anomalies m&eacute;taboliques telles que des hypertriglyc&eacute;rid&eacute;mie, r&eacute;duit les niveaux de lipoprot&eacute;ines de haute densit&eacute;, une pression art&eacute;rielle &eacute;lev&eacute;e et d&eacute;clench&eacute; le jeun de la glyc&eacute;mie. La d&eacute;finition pr&eacute;cise des MetS, les relations de ses caract&eacute;ristiques m&eacute;taboliques et ce qui initie, sont d&eacute;battues. Cependant, l&#39;ob&eacute;sit&eacute; est en augmentation partout dans le monde, et son association avec ces sympt&ocirc;mes m&eacute;taboliques augmente le risque de diab&egrave;te et de maladies cardiovasculaires (parmi beaucoup d&#39;autres maladies). La recherche doit d&eacute;terminer les m&eacute;canismes par lesquels l&#39;ob&eacute;sit&eacute; et le MetS augmentent le risque de maladie. &Agrave; la lumi&egrave;re de cette &eacute;pid&eacute;mie croissante, il est imp&eacute;ratif de d&eacute;velopper des mod&egrave;les animaux de MetS. Ces mod&egrave;les aideront &agrave; d&eacute;terminer les bases physiopathologiques pour MetS et comment MetS augmente le risque d&#39;autres maladies. Parmi les divers mod&egrave;les animaux disponibles afin d&#39;&eacute;tudier les MetS, les souris sont le plus couramment utilis&eacute;s pour plusieurs raisons. Tout d&#39;abord, il y a plusieurs souches de souris ob&egrave;ses spontan&eacute;ment naturels qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;s pendant des d&eacute;cennies et qui sont tr&egrave;s bien caract&eacute;ris&eacute;s. &Eacute;tudes d&#39;alimentation ensuites, riches en mati&egrave;res grasses ne n&eacute;cessitent que quelques mois pour induire des MetS. En troisi&egrave;me lieu, il est relativement facile d&#39;&eacute;tudier les effets d&#39;un simple g&egrave;ne en d&eacute;veloppant transg&eacute;niques ou d&eacute;bouchures de g&egrave;ne pour d&eacute;terminer l&#39;influence d&#39;un g&egrave;ne sur les MetS. Pour ces raisons, cet examen portera sur les avantages et les mises en garde des mod&egrave;les de souris plus courants des MetS. C&#39;est notre espoir que le lecteur sera capable d&#39;utiliser cet examen comme un guide pour la s&eacute;lection de mod&egrave;les murins pour leurs propres &eacute;tudes.

Mod&egrave;les de souris du syndrome m&eacute;tabolique.

La sindrome metabolica (MetS) &egrave; caratterizzata da obesit&agrave; concomitante con altre anomalie metaboliche come ipertrigliceridemia, ridotti livelli di lipoproteine ad alta densit&agrave;, elevata pressione sanguigna e alzato i livelli di glucosio a digiuno. La definizione precisa di MetS, le relazioni delle sue caratteristiche metaboliche e cosa avvia, sono discusse. Tuttavia, l&#39;obesit&agrave; &egrave; in aumento in tutto il mondo, e l&#39;associazione con questi sintomi metabolici aumenta il rischio per il diabete e malattie cardiovascolari (tra molte altre malattie). Ricerca deve determinare i meccanismi con cui l&#39;obesit&agrave; e MetS aumentano il rischio di malattia. Alla luce di questa epidemia crescente, &egrave; imperativo per sviluppare modelli animali di MetS. Questi modelli aiuter&agrave; a determinare la base fisiopatologica per MetS e come MetS aumenta il rischio per altre malattie. Tra i vari modelli animali disponibili per studiare MetS, topi sono pi&ugrave; comunemente utilizzati per diversi motivi. In primo luogo, ci sono diversi ceppi di topo obeso che si verificano spontaneamente che sono stati utilizzati per decenni e che sono molto ben caratterizzati. Studi di alimentazione secondo, alto contenuto di grassi richiedono solo pochi mesi per indurre MetS. In terzo luogo, &egrave; relativamente facile studiare gli effetti dei singoli geni sviluppando transgenici o Knockout del gene per determinare l&#39;influenza di un gene su MetS. Per questi motivi, questa recensione si concentrer&agrave; sui benefici e avvertimenti dei pi&ugrave; comuni modelli di mouse di MetS. &Egrave; nostra speranza che il lettore sar&agrave; in grado di utilizzare questa recensione come una guida per la selezione di modelli di mouse per i propri studi.

Arion J. Kennedy

Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells