Chapter 18
Cell Division
מיטוזה וציטוקינזיס
In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome ...
שכפול מבנה הכרומטין
The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be ...
קוהסינים
Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In ...
קונדנסינים
Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of ...
הציר המיטוטי
The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed ...
שכפול Centrosome
The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each ...
אי יציבות מיקרוטובול
Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound ...
מכלול ציר
Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the ...
התקשרות של כרומטידים אחיות
As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the ...
כוחות הפועלים על כרומוזומים
During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome ...
הפרדת כרומטידים אחיות
At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister ...
מחסום הרכבת הציר
The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint ...
אנאפאזה א' ו-ב'
Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their ...
טבעת ההתכווצות
Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly ...
קביעת מישור חלוקת התא
Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is ...
הפרגמופלסט
Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a ...
התפלגות התוכן הציטופלזמי
Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be ...
מתחם קידום Anaphase
The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ...
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