Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity and femininity.

The Role of Parents and Culture

Parents play a critical role in shaping children's understanding of gender roles through direct instruction and modeled behavior. Cultural contexts further influence these roles by prescribing appropriate behaviors for males and females. In more traditional societies like Iran and China, boys are typically encouraged to develop traits like independence and assertiveness. At the same time, girls are raised to prioritize nurturing relationships and demonstrate less assertiveness. Conversely, cultures such as the United States increasingly emphasize gender equality, fostering both assertiveness and empathy in boys and girls alike. These cultural distinctions highlight the variability in gender role expectations globally.

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Despite widespread assumptions about gender differences, the gender similarities hypothesis posits that males and females are more alike than different across psychological and cognitive domains. Research suggests that many observed differences in behavior and abilities arise from unequal access to opportunities and resources rather than inherent gendered traits. For example, assertiveness or emotional expression disparities may reflect social constraints rather than biological predispositions. Understanding these dynamics underscores the importance of fostering environments that support equal opportunities for all children, regardless of gender.