NINDS מענקים NS49720 ו NS65819 ו NCI מענק CA97257

<ol>
	<li>Giannini, C., Sarkaria, J. N., Saito, A., Uhm, J. H., Galanis, E., Carlson, B. L., Schroeder, M. A., James, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient+Tumor+EGFR+and+PDGFRA+Gene+Amplifications+Retained+in+an+Invasive+Intracranial+Xenograft+Model+of+GBM.">Patient Tumor EGFR and PDGFRA Gene Amplifications Retained in an Invasive Intracranial Xenograft Model of GBM.</a> Neuro-Oncol. 7, 164-176 (2005).</li><li>Ozawa, T., Wang, J., Hu, L. J., Bollen, A. W., Lamborn, K. R., Deen, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+of+human+glioblastomas+as+xenografts+in+the+brains+of+athymic+rats.">Growth of human glioblastomas as xenografts in the brains of athymic rats.</a> In Vivo. 1, 55-60 (2002).</li><li>Hashizume, R., Ozawa, T., Dinca, E. B., Banerjee, A., Prados, M. D., James, C. D., Gupta, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+human+brainstem+glioma+xenograft+model+enabled+for+bioluminescence+imaging.">A human brainstem glioma xenograft model enabled for bioluminescence imaging.</a> J Neurooncol. , (2009).</li><li>Baia, G. S., Dinca, E. B., Ozawa, T., Kimura, E. T., McDermott, M. W., James, C. D., VandenBerg, S. R., Lal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+orthotopic+skull+base+model+of+malignant+meningioma.">An orthotopic skull base model of malignant meningioma.</a> Brain Pathol. 2, 172-179 (2007).</li><li>Ozawa, T., James, C. D., Van Meir, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Brain+Tumor+Cell+and+Tumor+Tissue+Transplantation+Models.">Human Brain Tumor Cell and Tumor Tissue Transplantation Models.</a> CNS Cancer: Models, Markers, Prognostic Factors, Targets, and Therapeutic Approaches. , 147-162 (2009).</li><li>Sarkaria, J. N., Yang, L., Grogan, P. T., Kitange, G. J., Carlson, B. L., Schroeder, M. A., Galanis, E., Giannini, C., Wu, W., Dinca, E. B., James, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Molecular+Characteristics+Correlated+with+Glioblastoma+Sensitivity+to+EGFR+Kinase+Inhibition+Through+Use+of+an+Intracranial+Xenograft+Test+Panel.">Identification of Molecular Characteristics Correlated with Glioblastoma Sensitivity to EGFR Kinase Inhibition Through Use of an Intracranial Xenograft Test Panel.</a> Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 1167-1174 (2007).</li><li>Dinca, E. B., Sarkaria, J. N., Schroeder, M. A., Carlson, B. L., Voicu, R., Gupta, N., Berger, M. S., James, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+Monitoring+of+Intracranial+Glioblastoma+Xenograft+Response+to+Primary+and+Salvage+Temozolomide+Therapy.">Bioluminescence Monitoring of Intracranial Glioblastoma Xenograft Response to Primary and Salvage Temozolomide Therapy.</a> J. Neurosurg. 107, 610-616 (2007).</li><li>Kaplan, E. L., Meier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-parametric+estimation+from+incomplete+observations.">Non-parametric estimation from incomplete observations.</a> J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 53, 457-481 (1958).</li><li>Peto, R., Peto, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymptotically+efficient+rank+invariant+procedures.">Asymptotically efficient rank invariant procedures.</a> J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A. Stat. Soc. 135, 185-207 (1972).</li><li>Camphausen, K., Purow, B., Sproull, M., Scott, T., Ozawa, T., Deen, D. F., Tofilon, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+in+vivo+growth+on+human+glioma+cell+line+gene+expression:+convergent+profiles+under+orthotopic+conditions.">Influence of in vivo growth on human glioma cell line gene expression: convergent profiles under orthotopic conditions.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.. 102, 8287-8292 (2005).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי אינטרסים הכריז.

הגידול orthotopic (תוך גולגולתי) במוח הקמת xenograft מספק microenvironment המתאים 10 עבור סרטן דוגמנות CNS להיבדק על תגובה טיפולית. סוג זה של דוגמנות בנוסף מספק מידע באשר לגישה טיפולית המוח גידול במוח, דבר חשוב ביותר לקבוע אם סוכן הניסוי צריך להיות מתקדמים הערכה בניסוי קליני בחולים. בגלל כמות הגידול xenograft תוך גולגולתי לא ניתן למדוד ישירות, כגון על ידי מחוגה, ניטור האורך של הגידול תוך גולגולתי ועל התגובה לטיפול דורש הדמיה לא פולשנית, עם ניסיון ההדמיה שלנו פליטת אור המציין את הגישה המעשית ביותר עבור ניסויים שעיקר המטרה להערכת היקף תגובת הגידול לטיפול. כאשר תוצאות של פליטת אור הדמיה בשילוב עם ניתוח נושא בעלי חיים הישרדות, שתי ערכות נתונים לספק גישה חזקה ואמינה להערכת היעילות הטיפולית ניסיוני. לבסוף, חשוב מאוד כי תוך גולגולתי הגידול xenografts המוח נקצרים מן הנבדקים בעלי חיים מורדמים על מנת להעריך את ההשפעות מורפולוגיים מולקולרית של טיפול, ועל כך אנו מעדיפים כריתה המוח כולו בזמן של המתת חסד, עם שימור של המוח resected לניתוח שלאחר מכן. בעוד את המצגת הקודמת נעשתה ספציפית מחקר גידול במוח, מושגים הם בהחלט generalizeable על סרטן אנושיים אחרים ניתנים דוגמנות orthotopic במכרסמים.

<table border="1">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Material Name</th>
			<th>Type</th>
			<th>Company</th>
			<th>Catalogue Number</th>
			<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Scapels</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>2975</td>
			<td>No.21</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Heating Pad</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Dunlap</td>
			<td>HP950</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Gauze</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22028563</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Swabs</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-400-100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2% Chlorhexidine</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9756995</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H312P-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>25g Needle</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10ul Hamilton Sharp Microsyringe</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>20734</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin Stapler and Staples</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>59020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Stereotaxic Frame</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Stoeling</td>
			<td>51725</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Living Image Software</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Science</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>D-luciferin</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>LUCK-1G</td>
			<td>Potassium Salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xenogen Lumina</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Science</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing intracranial brain tumor xenografts with subsequent analysis of tumor growth and response to therapy using bioluminescence imaging

מודלים באמצעות השתלת גידולים אנושיים לתאי המוח שימשו תפקיד חיוני למחקר נוירו אונקולוגית במשך שנים רבות. בעבר, ההליך הנפוץ ביותר להקמת האדם xenograft הגידול מורכב מאוסף של תאים צלוחיות תרבות, ואחריו הזרקה תת עורית של התאים שנאספו בעכברים immunocompromised. בעוד גישה זו עדיין רואה את השימוש התכוף במעבדות רבות, חל שינוי משמעותי דגש בעשור האחרון להקמת xenograft orthotopic, אשר במקרה של גידולים במוח, מחייבת הזרקה תאים סרטניים לתוך מבנים neuroanatomical המתאים. בגלל הקמת xenograft תוך גולגולתי מבטל את היכולת לעקוב אחר הגידול באמצעות מדידה ישירה, כגון על ידי שימוש מחוגה, השינוי בדגש כלפי orthotopic גידול במוח מודלים xenograft יש חייבה את הניצול של הדמיה לא פולשנית להערכת עול גידול בעלי חיים המארח. השיטות הקיימות כיום הדמיה, ניטור פליטת אור נחשבת בדרך כלל להציע את השילוב הטוב ביותר של רגישות, תועלתנות, ואת העלות. כאן, אנו תדגים נהלי להקמת המוח orthotopic הגידול, לניטור הגידול ואת התגובה לטיפול כאשר בדיקות טיפולים ניסיוניים.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing Intracranial Brain Tumor Xenografts With Subsequent Analysis of Tumor Growth and Response to Therapy using Bioluminescence Imaging at JoVE.com

Establishing Intracranial Brain Tumor Xenografts With Subsequent Analysis of Tumor Growth and Response to Therapy using Bioluminescence Imaging

בלוציפראז, שונה אדם xenografts גידול במוח ניתן לקבוע intracranially בעכברים athymic, עם ניטור הבאים של הגידול ואת התגובה לטיפול באמצעות הדמיה פליטת אור. בשילוב עם ניתוח הישרדות, ניטור פליטת אור הוא כלי מחקר הכרחי לצורך בדיקות טרום קליניים של טיפולים נשקלת לטיפול בגידולים במוח.

הקמת גידול תוך גולגולתי xenografts המוח עם ניתוח בדיעבד של הגידול ואת התגובה לטיפול באמצעות הדמיה פליטת אור

Transplantation models using human brain tumor cells have served an essential function in neuro-oncology research for many years. In the past, the most ...

establishing-intracranial-brain-tumor-xenografts-with-subsequent

Research

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Neuroscience

39.0K Views.  University of California, San Francisco - UCSF. בלוציפראז, שונה אדם xenografts גידול במוח ניתן לקבוע intracranially בעכברים athymic, עם ניטור הבאים של הגידול ואת התגובה לטיפול באמצעות הדמיה פליטת אור. בשילוב עם ניתוח הישרדות, ניטור פליטת אור הוא כלי מחקר הכרחי לצורך בדיקות טרום קליניים של טיפולים נשקלת לטיפול בגידולים במוח.

Video: Establishing Intracranial Brain Tumor Xenografts With Subsequent Analysis of Tumor Growth and Response to Therapy using Bioluminescence Imaging

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

הדמיה מוחית חקירת אפקט פגיעה של רגש על קוגניציה

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Display systems based on conventional computer graphics cards are capable of generating images with 8-bit gray level resolution. However, most experiments in vision research require displays with more than 12 bits of luminance resolution. Several solutions are available. Bit++ 1 and DataPixx 2 use the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) output from graphics cards and high resolution (14 or 16-bit) digital-to-analog converters to drive analog display devices. The VideoSwitcher 3 described here combines analog video signals from the red and blue channels of graphics cards with different weights using a passive resister network 4 and an active circuit to deliver identical video signals to the three channels of color monitors. The method provides an inexpensive way to enable high-resolution monochromatic displays using conventional graphics cards and analog monitors. It can also provide trigger signals that can be used to mark stimulus onsets, making it easy to synchronize visual displays with physiological recordings or response time measurements.
Although computer keyboards and mice are frequently used in measuring response times (RT), the accuracy of these measurements is quite low. The RTbox is a specialized hardware and software solution for accurate RT measurements. Connected to the host computer through a USB connection, the driver of the RTbox is compatible with all conventional operating systems. It uses a microprocessor and high-resolution clock to record the identities and timing of button events, which are buffered until the host computer retrieves them. The recorded button events are not affected by potential timing uncertainties or biases associated with data transmission and processing in the host computer. The asynchronous storage greatly simplifies the design of user programs. Several methods are available to synchronize the clocks of the RTbox and the host computer. The RTbox can also receive external triggers and be used to measure RT with respect to external events. 
Both VideoSwitcher and RTbox are available for users to purchase. The relevant information and many demonstration programs can be found at <a href="http://lobes.usc.edu/">http://lobes.usc.edu/</a>.

Conventional computer hardware can not generate visual stimuli with sufficiently high grayscale resolution and measure response times with sufficient accuracy. We describe how to use the VideoSwitcher to produce high-resolution monochromatic displays, and the RTbox to measure response times with high accuracy on conventional computer hardware.

הפעלת גווני אפור מציג ברזולוציה גבוהה ומדויקת זמן תגובה מדידות על במחשבים רגילים

Display systems based on conventional computer graphics cards are capable of generating images with 8-bit gray level resolution. However, most experiments ...

Isolation and Expansion of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumor Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Stem-like cells have been isolated in tumors such as breast, lung, colon, prostate and brain. A critical issue in all these tumors, especially in glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM), is to identify and isolate tumor initiating cell population(s) to investigate their role in tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. Understanding tumor initiating cell populations will provide clues to finding effective therapeutic approaches for these tumors. The neurosphere assay (NSA) due to its simplicity and reproducibility has been used as the method of choice for isolation and propagation of many of this tumor cells. This protocol demonstrates the neurosphere culture method to isolate and expand stem-like cells in surgically resected human GBM tumor tissue. The procedures include an initial chemical digestion and mechanical dissociation of tumor tissue, and subsequently plating the resulting single cell suspension in NSA culture. After 7-10 days, primary neurospheres of 150-200 &mu;m in diameter can be observed and are ready for further passaging and expansion.

This video protocol demonstrates the isolation and expansion of stem like cells from surgically resected human glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM) tumor tissue using the neurosphere assay culture method.

בידוד הרחבת האדם multiforme Glioblastoma גידול תאים שימוש Assay Neurosphere

Stem-like cells have been isolated in tumors such as breast, lung, colon, prostate and brain. A critical issue in all these tumors, especially in ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

שיתוף ניתוח של מבנה המוח ותפקודו באמצעות fMRI ודיפוזיה משוקללת הדמיה

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis and enable new strategies for in vitro modeling or repairing the diseased brain. Identifying brain-resident non-neuronal cell types amenable to direct conversion into iNs might allow for launching such an approach in situ, i.e. within the damaged brain tissue. Here we describe a protocol developed in the attempt of identifying cells derived from the adult human brain that fulfill this premise. This protocol involves: (1) the culturing of human cells from the cerebral cortex obtained from adult human brain biopsies; (2) the in vitro expansion (approximately requiring 2-4 weeks) and characterization of the culture by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; (3) the enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using anti-PDGF receptor-&#946; and anti-CD146 antibodies; (4) the retrovirus-mediated transduction with the neurogenic transcription factors sox2 and ascl1; (5) and finally the characterization of the resultant pericyte-derived induced neurons (PdiNs) by immunocytochemistry (14 days to 8 weeks following retroviral transduction). At this stage, iNs can be probed for their electrical properties by patch-clamp recording. This protocol provides a highly reproducible procedure for the in vitro lineage conversion of brain-resident pericytes into functional human iNs.

Targeting brain-resident cells for direct lineage-reprogramming offers new perspectives for brain repair. Here we describe a protocol of how to prepare cultures enriched for brain-resident pericytes from the adult human cerebral cortex and convert these into induced neurons by retrovirus-mediated expression of the transcription factors Sox2 and Ascl1.

שושלת תכנות מחדש של תאי שמקורם בpericyte של המוח האנושי למבוגרים לנוירונים מושרה

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis ...

Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Imaging of Subcellular Ca2+ in Aged Hippocampal Neurons

Susceptibility to neuron cell death associated to neurodegeneration and ischemia are exceedingly increased in the aged brain but mechanisms responsible are badly known. Excitotoxicity, a process believed to contribute to neuron damage induced by both insults, is mediated by activation of glutamate receptors that promotes Ca2+ influx and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. A substantial change in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis or remodeling of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis may favor neuron damage in old neurons. For investigating Ca2+ remodeling in aging we have used live cell imaging in long-term cultures of rat hippocampal neurons that resemble in some aspects aged neurons in vivo. For this end, hippocampal cells are, in first place, freshly dispersed from new born rat hippocampi and plated on poli-D-lysine coated, glass coverslips. Then cultures are kept in controlled media for several days or several weeks for investigating young and old neurons, respectively. Second, cultured neurons are loaded with fura2 and subjected to measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration using digital fluorescence ratio imaging. Third, cultured neurons are transfected with plasmids expressing a tandem of low-affinity aequorin and GFP targeted to mitochondria. After 24 hr, aequorin inside cells is reconstituted with coelenterazine and neurons are subjected to bioluminescence imaging for monitoring of mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration. This three-step procedure allows the monitoring of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ responses to relevant stimuli as for example the glutamate receptor agonist NMDA and compare whether these and other responses are influenced by aging. This procedure may yield new insights as to how aging influence cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ responses to selected stimuli as well as the testing of selected drugs aimed at preventing neuron cell death in age-related diseases.

Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Imaging of Subcellular Ca2+ in Aged Hippocampal Neurons

Intracellular Ca2+ remodeling in aging may contribute to excitotoxicity and neuron damage, processes mediated by Ca2+ overload. We aimed at investigating Ca2+ remodeling in the aging brain using fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ in long-term cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, a model of neuronal aging.

הקרינה ופליטת אור הדמיה של Ca subcellular<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; בבני נוירונים בהיפוקמפוס

Susceptibility to neuron cell death associated to neurodegeneration and ischemia are exceedingly increased in the aged brain but mechanisms responsible ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

הכנת פרוסות המוח חריפה באמצעות אופטימיזציה N-מתיל-D-שיטת שחזור מגן glucamine

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, formed by ribosomes, mRNAs, several proteins and non-coding RNAs, represent integrated platforms where translational controls take place. However, while the ribosome has been widely studied, the organization of polysomes is still lacking comprehensive understanding. Thus much effort is required in order to elucidate polysome organization and any novel mechanism of translational control that may be embedded. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that allows the acquisition of 3D images at nanoscale resolution. Compared to electron microscopy (EM) techniques, one of the main advantages of AFM is that it can acquire thousands of images both in air and in solution, enabling the sample to be maintained under near physiological conditions without any need for staining and fixing procedures. Here, a detailed protocol for the accurate purification of polysomes from mouse brain and their deposition on mica substrates is described. This protocol enables polysome imaging in air and liquid with AFM and their reconstruction as three-dimensional objects. Complementary to cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the proposed method can be conveniently used for systematically analyzing polysomes and studying their organization.

While ribosome structure has been extensively characterized, the organization of polysomes is still understudied. To overcome this lack of knowledge, we present here a detailed preparation protocol for accurate imaging of mammalian polysomes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air and liquid.

מציץ המוח Polysomes עם מיקרוסקופית כוח אטומי

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, ...

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion capture with an optoelectronic camera system is considered as golden standard for kinematic movement analysis and is increasingly used as outcome measure to evaluate the movement performance and quality after an injury or disease involving upper extremity movements. This article describes a standardized protocol for kinematic analysis of drinking task applied in individuals with upper extremity impairments after stroke. The drinking task incorporates reaching, grasping and lifting a cup from a table to take a drink, placing the cup back, and moving the hand back to the edge of the table. The sitting position is standardized to the individual&#39;s body size and the task is performed in a comfortable self-paced speed and compensatory movements are not constrained. The intention is to keep the task natural and close to a real-life situation to improve the ecological validity of the protocol. A 5-camera motion capture system is used to gather 3D coordinate positions from 9 retroreflective markers positioned on anatomical landmarks of the arm, trunk, and face. A simple single marker placement is used to ensure the feasibility of the protocol in clinical settings. Custom-made Matlab software provides automated and fast analyses of movement data. Temporal kinematics of movement time, velocity, peak velocity, time of peak velocity, and smoothness (number of movement units) along with spatial angular kinematics of shoulder and elbow joint as well as trunk movements are calculated. The drinking task is a valid assessment for individuals with moderate and mild upper extremity impairment. The construct, discriminative and concurrent validity along with responsiveness (sensitivity to change) of the kinematic variables obtained from the drinking task have been established.

This protocol describes an objective method to evaluate the movement performance and sensorimotor function of the upper extremity applied to individuals with stroke and healthy controls. A standardized test procedure, kinematic analysis and outcome variables for three-dimensional motion capture of drinking task are provided.

ניתוח קנטית באמצעות תנועה תלת-ממד ללכוד של פעילות שתייה אצל אנשים עם ובלי ליקויי העליונה-הגפיים

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

ניתוח פעילות עצבית וקישוריות באמצעות נתוני EEG תוך-גולגולתי בתוכנה SPM

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...