אנו מודים חוות סקוויר Valleevue ועמק Ridge של אוניברסיטת קייס ווסטרן ריזרב, כוללים א Locci, ג בונד, וא &#39;Alldridge, לעזרה בהקמת הגינה המשותפת. י ווים, ל האפמן, ל &#39;גונזלס, SC ליהי, ב Ochocki, א Ubiles, ג יו, X. זאו, וNM צימרמן סיפקו סיוע תחום. AJB וJHB מומנו על ידי קופות הפעלה מCWRU לJHBGAD נתמכה על ידי תוכניות קיץ במענק מחקר לתואר ראשון מCWRU מומנו על ידי המכון הרפואי הווארד יוז. עבודה זו נתמכה גם על ידי מימון הקרן הלאומית למדע לJHB (DEB 1,250,170).

<ol>
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יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

ההטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח היא סבירה מאוד בקהילות טבעיות, כי יש לי צמחים השפעות גדולות, ולעתים קרובות מין ספציפיים בסביבת אדמתם ואת הצמחים הבאים שייתקלו אדמה ש( למשל Petermann et al. 13). עם זאת, ההבנה של התפקיד של סוג זה של ההטרוגניות על חברות צמחים שלנו היא מיני?...

אחת המטרות העיקריות של אקולוגיה קהילה הוא להסביר ולחזות את התהליכים המסדירים הרכבה קהילה. עם זאת, חברות צמחים הן לעתים קרובות מגוונות יותר מהצפוי על ידי התאוריה דו קיום 1, ואקולוגים שיקום צריכים להבין מנגנונים דו קיום לשחזר בהצלחה קהילות ילידים מגוונות 2. ההטרוגניות סביבתית היא מנגנון חשוב באופן תיאורטי שיכול לעזור להסביר את הרמות גבוהות של גיוון קהילה, אבל מניפולציות ניסיוני של ההטרוגניות הן נדירות 3 ויתמקדו בהטרוגניות אביוטי (למשל נסקרה ב4 Lundholm). התאוריה שמשלבת ההטרוגניות בדרך כלל מניחה כי ההטרוגניות היא חיצונית לקהילת ההרכבה. ההטרוגניות חיצונית נשלטת על ידי גורמים כגון טיפולוגיה נוף, שהם בלתי תלויים בהרכב הקהילה. ההטרוגניות חיצונית יכולה לגרום לדו קיום באמצעות מחיצות נישה (ריווינישא במלבורן et al. 3, למשל Pacala וטילמן 5 וChesson 6). עם זאת, חלק גדול מההטרוגניות הסביבתית הרלוונטית לקהילות צמח עשויה להיות מהותית לקהילה, פיתוח כקהילת מרכיב ובהתאם לזהותו של המין בקהילה. ההטרוגניות פנימית יכולה להיגרם כתוצאה מפידבקים ביוטיים, אשר יכול להוביל לחיים משותפים באמצעות תדר תלות שלילית (לדוגמא Bever et al. 7). כאן אנו מתארים שיטה חדשה לטיפול בהטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח, סוג של הטרוגניות אדמה שהוא מהותי לקהילה ונובע מפידבקים צמח אדמה. פידבקים צמחים קרקע (כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים) מתרחש כאשר צמחים משפיעים על מבנה הקרקע, כימיה, או הביוטה באופן שמשפיע על ביצועי צמח שלאחר מכן באדמה, ויש לי כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים השפעות ממוצעים גדולות על ביצועי מפעל בקהילות צמחים מקומיים 8. מחקרים של כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים יש בדרך כלל גם אספו קרקעות מהשדה או קרקעות מותנות בניסוי, ואז שאל כיצד צמחים לבצע בביחס אדמת conspecific לheterospecific או מעוקר אדמה 9. אם צמחי ביצועים טובים יותר בהשוואת אדמת conspecific הפניה קרקעות, ולאחר מכן כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים הם חיוביים, בעוד שאם צמחי ביצועים טובים יותר בקרקעות התייחסות, כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים הם שליליים. כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים שליליים הדדיים יכול להוביל לקיום תדירות תלויה בין המינים 7. בעוד ההשפעות הממוצעת של כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים הן מאופיינות היטב 8, ההשפעות של הטרוגניות המרחבית בכוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים הם הבינו היטב 10. מכיוון שכוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים מתרחשים בקנה המידה של צמחים בודדים 7 וכי צמחים לעתים קרובות מופצים nonrandomly במרחב ובזמן, כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים עשויים להוביל להטרוגניות אדמה, שאנו מכנים את ההטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח. שלא כמו צורות רבות אחרות של הטרוגניות (למשל טופולוגיה נוף), heterogeneit זהy הוא מהותי לקהילת ההרכבה וייתכן ובכך להשפיע על ההרכבה קהילה בצורה שונה מצורות חיצוניות יותר של הטרוגניות. על מנת להבין את ההשפעה של צורה זו של ההטרוגניות על ביצועי מפעל ודו קיום, אנחנו צריכים שיטות ניסיוניות שלתפעל ההטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח. הנה, אנחנו מדגימים שיטה כזו, אשר עושה שימוש בקרקעות מותנות בשני מינים כדי ליצור טיפול הטרוגנית עם טלאים נפרדים משני מקורות קרקע וטיפול הומוגנית, שהוא תערובת של שני מקורות הקרקע. ערבוב אדמה זו יכול לייצג לפחות שני תרחישים סבירים בתחום: (1) הפרעה (למשל מכרסמים, חקלאות) אשר מתערבבת קרקעות ממוצא שונה או (2) צמחים משני מינים הולך וגדל בסמיכות, כך שאזורי השפעה שלהם שורש להתערבב והומוגני. אנו מציגים שני ניסויי דוגמא המשתמשים בהטרוגניות אדמה נגרם מפעל כדי לענות על שאלות מפתח בleve שונהls של ארגון אקולוגי: (1) האם צמח אוכלוסיות להגיב לשתול-induced ההטרוגניות אדמה? ו (2) האם צמחים בודדים להגיב להטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח? אנו מתארים ניסוי שדה באמצעות 6 טלאי אדמה כדי לענות על השאלה הראשונה וניסוי חממה באמצעות 2 טלאי אדמה כדי לענות על השאלה השנייה. כימות שתי תגובות צמח בודדות להטרוגניות אדמת אוכלוסייה, והוא חיוני להבנת אופן הרכבה קהילת השפעות ההטרוגניות.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1119">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Shovel(s)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">It is helpful to have at least two shovels, one for each species of soil origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trowel(s)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">It is necessary to have at least two trowels of identical size, one for each species of soil origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Gardening gloves can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Diluted bleach</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">We use an ~1:10 concentration of household bleach (containing 5-10% NaClO) to water to sterilize all equipment between soil collections.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Plastic grid(s)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">CUSTOM. We used plastic sheeting from the construction of greenhouse walls to create the grid used in the field experiment. However any stiff plastic that can be manipulated can be used. It is helpful to have three grids to produce reciprocal heterogeneous treatments and a homogeneous treatment without needing to sterilize between each experimental unit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Plastic dividers</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">CUSTOM. We used stiff sheets of plastic, cut to fit the pot minimum width, such that they can slide down to the bottom of the pot for the greenhouse experiment. It is helpful to have at least two dividers, one for heterogeneous and one for homogeneous treatments, if investigators want to randomize the order in which experimental units within a block are filled without needing to sterilize the divider in between each experimental unit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Buckets or wheelbarrows</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Any container for transporting soils.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Seeds</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">We collect seeds in the field by hand. Seeds can also be ordered from horticultural suppliers, if appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Plastic toothpicks</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Soodhalter Plastics, Inc.</td>
			<td>805KP</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">We plant individual seeds glued on toothpick in the field experiment, to facilitate monitoring germination and survival of individuals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Water soluble glue</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Elmer&#39;s Glue-all</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Any water soluble glue can be used to adhere seeds to plastic toothpicks.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pots</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Pot size will depend on experimental plants used and number of soil patches desired (e.g. 2 or 6).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sand</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Coarse sand may be mixed with field soils to improve drainage in pots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lab tape&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Tape may be used to label equipment used in handling soils with the species of origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pin flags</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Flags can be used to identify individuals in the field, prior to soil collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Landscape fabric</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Landscape fabric can be used in the field to minimize the growth of plants outside experimental plots.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity

תאוריה דו קיום לעתים קרובות טיפלה ההטרוגניות סביבתית כמו להיות בלתי תלוי בהרכב הקהילה, אך יש לי פידבקים ביוטיים כגון פידבקים צמחים קרקע (כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים) השפעה גדולה על ביצועי מפעל, וליצור הטרוגניות סביבתית שתלויות בהרכב הקהילה. הבנת החשיבות של כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים להרכבת קהילת צמח מחייבת הבנה של התפקיד של ההטרוגניות בכוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים, בנוסף להשפעות מתכוונים כוחות הביטחון הפלסטיניים. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול לטיפול בהטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח. שני ניסויי דוגמא מוצגים: (1) ניסוי שדה עם רשת 6 תיקון של קרקעות כדי למדוד את תגובות אוכלוסיית צמח ו (2) ניסוי חממה עם קרקעות 2-תיקון כדי למדוד תגובות צמח בודדות. ניתן לאסוף קרקעות מאזור השפעת השורש (קרקעות מrhizosphere וישירות סמוכות לrhizosphere) של צמחים בשדה ממינים צמחי conspecific וheterospecific. לשכפל לאסוףיונים נמצאים בשימוש כדי למנוע pseudoreplicating דגימות קרקע. לאחר מכן קרקעות אלו ממוקמות לטלאים נפרדים לטיפולים הטרוגנית או מעורבים לטיפול הומוגני. צריך להקפיד על מנת להבטיח כי טיפולים הטרוגנית והומוגני לחוות את אותה המידה של הפרעת קרקע. לאחר מכן ניתן להציב צמחים בטיפולי קרקע אלה כדי לקבוע את ההשפעה של הטרוגניות אדמה נגרם מפעל על ביצועי מפעל. אנו מראים כי תוצאות מושרה צמח הטרוגניות בתוצאות שונות מהצפוי על ידי מודלים דו קיום מסורתי, אולי בגלל האופי הדינמי של פידבקים אלה. יש צורך בתאוריה שמשלבת ההטרוגניות סביבתית השפיעה על ידי קהילת ההרכבה ועבודה אמפירית נוספת כדי לקבוע מתי ההטרוגניות פנימית לקהילת ההרכבה תביא לתוצאות תצורות שונות לעומת חיצוני ההטרוגניות בהרכב הקהילה.

מינים הגיבו ההטרוגניות אדמה לשתול המושרה בדרכים מגוונות בשתי האוכלוסייה ורמת פרט (איורים 3 ו -4), עם השלכות להרכבת קהילה. כדי לקבוע אם צמח אוכלוסיות להגיב להטרוגניות אדמה נגרם צמח, ניסוי שדה הוקם כבפרוטוקול 2 באמצעות שלושה זוגות congeneric של מינים. אוכלוס...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity at JoVE.com

פרוטוקול ניסוי למניפולציה של הטרוגניות קרקע הנגרמת על ידי צמחים | סביבה | וִידֵאוֹ

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

הבנת התפקיד של הטרוגניות סביבתית בקיום מין יש בדרך כלל מתמקד בסוגים של הטרוגניות שהם חיצוניים להרכב המינים של הקהילה. אנו מספקים שיטות מפורטות רומן ליצירת טיפולי ההטרוגניות אדמה באמצעות קרקעות כפופות לאוויר צמח אדמת משוב, או הטרוגניות מהותית בהרכב הקהילה.

פרוטוקול ניסוי להטרוגניות קרקע מושרה צמח מניפולציה

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

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18.6K Views.  Case Western Reserve University.  הבנת התפקיד של הטרוגניות סביבתית בקיום מין יש בדרך כלל מתמקד בסוגים של הטרוגניות שהם חיצוניים להרכב המינים של הקהילה. אנו מספקים שיטות מפורטות רומן ליצירת טיפולי ההטרוגניות אדמה באמצעות קרקעות כפופות לאוויר צמח אדמת משוב, או הטרוגניות מה?...

Video: Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

עיצוב והפעלה של רציף<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C ו<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N תיוג הלשכה לאחיד או דיפרנציאלי, מטבולית ומבנית, צמח איזוטופ תיוג

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

פרוטוקול לעריכת סימולציה גשם לחקר ניגר קרקע

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

פרוטוקול Lysimeters Core קרקע איסוף הבנייה

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

פרוטוקול ניסויי עבור ייצור ביודיזל עם בידוד של Alkenones כמו קו-מכפלה מ מסחרי<em&gt; Isochrysis</em&gt; ביומסה אצות

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

לוח א gusseted Thermogradient לשלוט טמפרטורות קרקע להערכת גדילת צמחי ניטור תהליכי אדמה

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has relevant health and economic consequences. Many cyanobacterial strains are toxin producers, and only a few cells are necessary to induce irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, water-body authorities and administrations require rapid and efficient early-warning systems providing reliable data to support their preventive or curative decisions. This manuscript reports an experimental protocol for the in-field detection of toxin-producing cyanobacterial strains by using an antibody microarray chip with 17 antibodies (Abs) with taxonomic resolution (CYANOCHIP). Here, a multiplex fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay (FSMI) for the simultaneous monitoring of 17 cyanobacterial strains frequently found blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of them toxin producers, is described. A microarray with multiple identical replicates (up to 24) of the CYANOCHIP was printed onto a single microscope slide to simultaneously test a similar number of samples. Liquid samples can be tested either by direct incubation with the antibodies (Abs) or after cell concentration by filtration through a 1- to 3-&#956;m filter. Solid samples, such as sediments and ground rocks, are first homogenized and dispersed by a hand-held ultrasonicator in an incubation buffer. They are then filtered (5 - 20 &#956;m) to remove the coarse material, and the filtrate is incubated with Abs. Immunoreactions are revealed by a final incubation with a mixture of the 17 fluorescence-labeled Abs and are read by a portable fluorescence detector. The whole process takes around 3 h, most of it corresponding to two 1-h periods of incubation. The output is an image, where bright spots correspond to the positive detection of cyanobacterial markers.

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water reservoirs for human consumption is a major concern for water management authorities. To evaluate the risk of water contamination, this article describes an protocol for the in-field detection of cyanobacterial strains in liquid and solid samples by using an antibody microarray chip.

פרוטוקול הניסוי לזיהוי<em&gt; כחוליות</em&gt; בדגימות נוזלים ומוצקים עם צ&#39;יפ Microarray נוגדן

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

פרוטוקולים לכימות שאריות חומר הדברה להעברת מערכות Turfgrass

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA sequences identified using computer software. Nanopore DNA sequencing is a flexible technique that allows for rapid microbial genome sequencing to identify bacterial and viral species, to characterize bacterial strains, and to detect genetic mutations that confer resistance to antibiotics. The advantages of nanopore sequencing (NS) for life sciences include its low complexity, reduced cost, and rapid real-time sequencing of purified genomic DNA, PCR amplicons, cDNA samples, or RNA. NS is an example of "strand sequencing" which involves sequencing DNA by guiding a single stranded DNA molecule through a nanopore that is inserted into a synthetic polymer membrane. The membrane has an electrical current applied across it, so as the individual bases pass through the nanopore the electrical current is disrupted to varying degrees by the four nucleotide bases. The identification of each nucleotide occurs by detecting the characteristic modulation of the electrical current by the different bases as they pass through the nanopore. The NS system consists of a handheld, USB powered portable device and a disposable flow cell that contains a nanopore array. The portable device plugs into a standard laptop computer that reads and records the DNA sequence using computer software.

Nanopore technology for sequencing biomolecules has wide applications in the life sciences, including identification of pathogens, food safety monitoring, genomic analysis, metagenomic environmental monitoring, and characterization of bacterial antibiotic resistance. In this article, the procedure for metagenomic soil DNA sequencing for species identification using the nanopore sequencing technology is demonstrated.

Nanopore רצפי DNA לניתוח Metagenomic אדמה

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

מדידה ומיפוי דפוסים של סחף אדמה ומשקעים הקשורים אדמה ריכוזים קרבונט תחת ניהול חקלאיים

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were exposed to &#946;-hexachlorocyclohexane (&#946;-HCH) for 24 h at an equivalent dose of internal exposure in general population. Ultrastructure in hepatocytes was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to show the damage of mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was further evaluated by mitochondrial fluorescence intensity, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cells incubated with &#946;-HCH. The mitochondria fluorescence intensity after stained by mitochondrial green fluorescent probe was observed with a fluorescence microscopy. The luciferin-luciferase reaction was used to determine ATP levels. The MMP was detected by the cationic dye JC-1 and analyzed under flow cytometry. OCR was measured with an extracellular flux analyzer. In summary, these protocols were used in detecting mitochondrial function in hepatocytes with to investigate mitochondria damages.

Understanding the influence of environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) on mitochondrial function in hepatocytes is important in exploring the mechanism of OCPs causing metabolic disorders. This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function.

פרוטוקול ניסיוני לזיהוי תפקוד מיטוכונדריאלי בהפטוציטים שנחשפו לחומרי הדברה אורגנוכלורין

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by ...