מימון מחקר התקבל באמצעות המכון הלאומי להפרעות ושבץ (NS049177 וNS087834) נוירולוגיות. המחברים מבקשים להודות תרומות האינטלקטואליות של ד&quot;ר פול בס מאוחר ועמיתיו לעיצוב המקורי של מדי העיבור; וקרול Tollefsrud לייצור והשיווק של מדי העיבור עד הפסקת הייצור בשנת 2010 כמו גם להתכתבותה תובנה.

<ol>
	<li>Szarka, L. A., Camilleri, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+measurement+of+gastric+motility.">Methods for measurement of gastric motility.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 296 (3), G461-G475 (2009).</li><li>Pascaud XB, F. A. U., Genton, M. J., Bass, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+miniature+transducer+for+recording+intestinal+motility+in+unrestrained+chronic+rats.">A miniature transducer for recording intestinal motility in unrestrained chronic rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 4 (5), 532-538 (1978).</li><li>Gourcerol, G., Adelson, D. W., Million, M., Wang, L., Tache, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+gastric+motility+by+brain-gut+peptides+using+a+novel+non-invasive+miniaturized+pressure+transducer+method+in+anesthetized+rodents.">Modulation of gastric motility by brain-gut peptides using a novel non-invasive miniaturized pressure transducer method in anesthetized rodents.</a> Peptides. 32 (4), 737-746 (2011).</li><li>Am&#233;rico, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+ACB+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+as+a+biomagnetic+method+for+measuring+stomach+contraction.">Validation of ACB in vitro and in vivo as a biomagnetic method for measuring stomach contraction.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (12), 1340-1374 (2010).</li><li>Fujitsuka, N., Asakawa, A., Amitani, H., Fujimiya, M., Inui, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+Eighteen+-+Ghrelin+and+Gastrointestinal+Movement.">Chapter Eighteen - Ghrelin and Gastrointestinal Movement.</a> Ghrelin and Gastrointestinal Movement. , 289-301 (2012).</li><li>Monroe, M. J., Hornby, P. J., Partosoedarso, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+vagal+stimulation+evokes+gastric+volume+changes+in+mice:+a+novel+technique+using+a+miniaturized+barostat.">Central vagal stimulation evokes gastric volume changes in mice: a novel technique using a miniaturized barostat.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 16 (1), 5-11 (2004).</li><li>Herman, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+noradrenergic+transmission+at+the+dorsal+motor+nucleus+of+the+vagus+involved+in+reflex+control+of+fundus+tone.">Characterization of noradrenergic transmission at the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus involved in reflex control of fundus tone.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294 (3), 720-729 (2008).</li><li>Gondim, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+cervical+or+thoracic+spinal+cord+transections+delay+gastric+emptying+and+gastrointestinal+transit+of+liquid+in+awake+rats.">Complete cervical or thoracic spinal cord transections delay gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit of liquid in awake rats.</a> Spinal Cord. 37 (11), 793-799 (1999).</li><li>Van Bree, S. H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+inflammation+with+enhanced+brain+activation+contributes+to+more+severe+delay+in+postoperative+ileus.">Systemic inflammation with enhanced brain activation contributes to more severe delay in postoperative ileus.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25 (8), 540-549 (2013).</li><li>Qualls-Creekmore, E., Tong, M., Holmes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+emptying+of+enterally+administered+liquid+meal+in+conscious+rats+and+during+sustained+anaesthesia.">Gastric emptying of enterally administered liquid meal in conscious rats and during sustained anaesthesia.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (2), 181-185 (2010).</li><li>Qualls-Creekmore, E., Tong, M., Holmes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-course+of+recovery+of+gastric+emptying+and+motility+in+rats+with+experimental+spinal+cord+injury.">Time-course of recovery of gastric emptying and motility in rats with experimental spinal cord injury.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (1), 62 (2010).</li><li>Choi, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+gastric+emptying+in+nonobese+diabetic+mice.">Determination of gastric emptying in nonobese diabetic mice.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 293 (5), G1039-G1045 (2007).</li><li>Adelson, D. W., Million, M., Kanamoto, K., Palanca, T., Tache, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+gastric+and+sphincter+motility+evoked+by+intravenous+CCK-8+as+monitored+by+ultrasonomicrometry+in+rats.">Coordinated gastric and sphincter motility evoked by intravenous CCK-8 as monitored by ultrasonomicrometry in rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286 (2), G321-G332 (2004).</li><li>Xue, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+modulation+of+serotonergic,+cholinergic,+and+nitrergic+pathways+on+murine+fundic+size+and+compliance+measured+by+ultrasonomicrometry.">Effect of modulation of serotonergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic pathways on murine fundic size and compliance measured by ultrasonomicrometry.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 290 (1), G74-G82 (2005).</li><li>Bass, P., Wiley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractile+force+transducer+for+recording+muscle+activity+in+unanesthetized+animals.">Contractile force transducer for recording muscle activity in unanesthetized animals.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 32 (4), 567-570 (1972).</li><li>Holmes, G. M., Browning, K. N., Tong, M., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Travagli, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagally+mediated+effects+of+glucagon-like+peptide+1:+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+gastric+actions.">Vagally mediated effects of glucagon-like peptide 1: in vitro and in vivo gastric actions.</a> J. Physiol. 587 (19), 4749-4759 (2009).</li><li>Tong, M., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Browning, K. N., Travagli, R. A., Holmes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats+diminishes+vagally-mediated+gastric+responses+to+cholecystokinin-8s.">Experimental spinal cord injury in rats diminishes vagally-mediated gastric responses to cholecystokinin-8s.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 23 (2), e69-e79 (2011).</li><li>Miyano, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+vagus+nerve+in+the+migrating+motor+complex+and+ghrelin-+and+motilin-induced+gastric+contraction+in+suncus.">The role of the vagus nerve in the migrating motor complex and ghrelin- and motilin-induced gastric contraction in suncus.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (5), e64777 (2013).</li><li>Holmes, G. M., Rogers, R. C., Bresnahan, J. C., Beattie, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyrotropin-releasing+hormone+(TRH)+and+CNS+regulation+of+anorectal+motility+in+the+rat.">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and CNS regulation of anorectal motility in the rat.</a> J Auton. Nerv. Syst. 56, 8-14 (1995).</li><li>Ormsbee, H. S., Bass, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastroduodenal+motor+gradients+in+the+dog+after+pyloroplasty.">Gastroduodenal motor gradients in the dog after pyloroplasty.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 230, 389-397 (1976).</li><li>Fukuda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+gastric+motor+activity+after+abdominal+surgery+in+rats.">Impaired gastric motor activity after abdominal surgery in rats.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 17 (2), 245-250 (2005).</li><li>Browning, K. N., Babic, T., Holmes, G. M., Swartz, E., Travagli, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+re-evaluation+of+the+specificity+of+action+of+perivagal+capsaicin.">A critical re-evaluation of the specificity of action of perivagal capsaicin.</a> J. Physiol. 591 (6), 1563-1580 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. The suppliers listed in this manuscript are provided for reference only.

הנהלים שהוצגו כאן מאפשרים מעבדות בודדות לפברק מדי עיבור זעיר רגיש ליישומים ביולוגיים כוללים, אך לא מוגבל ל, תנועתיות קיבה ומעיים בחיות מעבדה קטנות. מאז הייצור המסחרי של מדי עיבור אלה חדל, מעבדות חוקרים פונקציה במערכת העיכול מוגבלות לטכניקות אחרות אשר לא יכול להרשות ?...

מחקרי ניסויים ששיא בתנועתיות מערכת העיכול vivo (GI) על פני מספר תנאי ניסוי יישאר כלי רב עוצמה להבנת התהליכים התקינים וpathophysiological הבסיסיים דרושים הומאוסטזיס תזונתי. באופן מסורתי, מתודולוגיות ניסיוניות רבות, חלקם עם קווי דמיון לאלה שנמצאו בפרקטיקה קלינית 1, להיות מועסקת לכמת באופן ישיר משינויים בשיעור GI התכווצות 2-5, לחץ intraluminal 6, 7, או המעבר במערכת העיכול של סמנים שאינם נספגים 8, 9 או איזוטופים יציבים 10-12. לכל אחת מהטכניקות הללו יתרונות וחסרונות ייחודיים, שטופלו בעבר בספרות. לדוגמא, השירות של מנומטריה הבלון לכמת שינויי לחץ נחקר בשל עמידתו העצמית של חומר הבלון תוך התאוששות במערכת העיכול של סמני nonabsorbable דורשת הרדמת חסד האנימה הניסיוניתl לנקודת נתונים יחיד. לאחרונה, דווח היישום והאימות של קטטר לחץ דם זעיר שמציע שיטה לא ניתוחית לניטור התכווצות קיבה בחולדות ועכברים 3. בעוד מתמר לחץ להציב orogastrically מבטל למעשה משתנים מבלבלים על תפקוד מערכת העיכול על ידי הימנעות מפעולות כירורגיות פולשניות, גישה כזו מתאימה רק להכנות בהרדמה. יתר על כן, חוסר ההדרכה חזותית אינו מאפשר מיקום של המתמר בתוך אזורים הספציפיים של הקיבה עולה בקנה אחד. ככזה, יישום זה מוגבל לקיבה או המעי הגס מאז הדמיה, בשילוב עם חוט המתמר יחסית נוקשה, בתוך התריסריון או מעי עקום הוא לא אופציה. באופן דומה, biosusceptometry הנוכחי טכניקת biomagnetic החלופית (ACB) קבלה תוקף לניתוח התכווצות GI 4. בעוד טכניקת ACB מספקת ap לא פולשניתproach למדידת התכווצויות במערכת העיכול, ACB סובל ממגבלה דומה שבשימוש במדיה מגנטי זיהוי בליעה אינו מאפשר רישום מדויק של אזורים הספציפיים של מערכת העיכול. מגבלה זו ניתן להתגבר באמצעות ההשתלה כירורגית של סמנים מגנטיים. עם זאת, טכניקת ACB מחייבת כי בעל החיים להיות מורדם לאיסוף נתונים. Ultrasonomicrometry כבר מועסק בכמה GI לומד 13, 14 כדי לנצל את גודלו הקטן, מרחבי, ויתרונות זמניים של משדר גביש / מקלטים פיזואלקטריים. גלים של התכווצות שריר חלק בקיבה לא יהיו אירוע בתדירות גבוהה ולהתרחש בשיעור של כ 3 - מחזורים / 5 דקות. לכן, היתרונות זמניים של sonomicrometry עשויים להיות מיותרים כדי להצדיק את העלות. יתר על כן, בעוד שתנועה ליניארית נמדדה במדויק עם sonomicrometry, מגבלות הוצגו לגבי נתונים במערכת העיכול מדויקיםפרשנות שעלולה להיגרם כתוצאה מהשתלת מספר מספיק של גבישים 14. בהתבסס על העיצובים המקוריים של באס ועמיתים 2, 15 פרוטוקול דמיין זה מתעד את ייצור צעד אחר צעד ויישום ניסיוני של מיניאטורי, מדי עיבור אלמנט כפול שיש להם רגישות גבוהה וגמישות להקלטת התכווצויות שריר חלק לאורך כל מערכת העיכול באופן מלא יותר בדרכי. הממדים של אלמנטי מד העיבור מתאימים לכל יישום מכרסם מאז רגישות וגודל של מד העיבור המוגמר התלויים ביותר על גיליונות סיליקון מתמצתים את האלמנטים. מדי עיבור אלו מותאמים בקלות ליישום אקוטי וכרוני במודלים של בעלי חיים במעבדה בהרדמה ומתנהגים בחופשיות ובכך לספק טכניקה יחידה לכימות התכווצויות שריר חלק.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Strain gage element</td><td>Micro-Measurements (Vishay Product Group)</td><td>EA-06-031-350</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Linear pattern, foil, stress analysis strain gage (2 required)&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vishaypg.com/micro-measurements/&quot;&gt;www.vishaypg.com/micro-measurements/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; or&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11070/031ce.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11070/031ce.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Epoxy-phenolic adhesive</td><td>M-bond 610</td><td>General purpose adhesive for bonding strain gage elements</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>3 conductor insulated wire</td><td>336-FTE</td><td>Fine gage, flexible general purpose wire</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Flux and rosin solvent kit</td><td>FAR-2 M-Flux AR kit</td><td>Liquid solder flux</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Solder</td><td>361A-20R-25</td><td>Optimized and recommended for strain gage applications</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Gold socket connector</td><td>PlasticsOne</td><td>E363/0</td><td>Socket contact for electrode pedestal&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=407&quot;&gt;http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=407&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode pedestal</td><td>MS363</td><td>Secure platform for wire contacts</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=499&quot;&gt;http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=499&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>6-wire cable</td><td>363 PLUG W/VINYL SL/6</td><td>Pre-fabricated vinyl-coated cable (in customized lengths) with plug adaptor to match electrode pedestal and tinned solder lugs on terminal end</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone rubber casting compound</td><td>EIS electrical products</td><td>Elan Tron E211</td><td>Potting medium for gage/wire solder joints&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eis-inc.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.eis-inc.com&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>HOTweezers</td><td>Meisei Corporation</td><td>Model 4B</td><td>Wire insulation strippers&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.impexron.us/&quot;&gt;http://www.impexron.us&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Soldering station</td><td>Weller (Apex Tool Group)</td><td>WES 51</td><td>High quality soldering equipment&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apexhandtools.com/weller/index.cfm&quot;&gt;http://www.apexhandtools.com/weller/index.cfm&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Available through http://www.eis-inc.com or http://www.amazon.com</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone sheet</td><td>Trelleborg Sealing Solutions Northborough-Life Sciences</td><td>Pharmelast 20-20</td><td>Encapsulating strain gage elements&lt;br/&gt; 10 B Forbes Road Northborough, MA 01532 (800) 634-2000</td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Experimetria Ltd</td><td>AMP-01-SG</td><td>&lt;br/&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://experimetria.com/Biological_amplifiers.php&quot;&gt;http://experimetria.com/Biological_amplifiers.php&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication and implantation of miniature dual-element strain gages for measuring in vivo gastrointestinal contractions in rodents.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, gastrointestinal (GI) motility in health and disease remains an area of productive research with over 1,400 published animal studies in just the last 5 years. Numerous techniques have been developed for quantifying smooth muscle activity of the stomach, small intestine, and colon. In vitro and ex vivo techniques offer powerful tools for mechanistic studies of GI function, but outside the context of the integrated systems inherent to an intact organism. Typically, measuring in vivo smooth muscle contractions of the stomach has involved an anesthetized preparation coupled with the introduction of a surgically placed pressure sensor, a static pressure load such as a mildly inflated balloon or by distending the stomach with fluid under barostatically-controlled feedback. Yet many of these approaches present unique disadvantages regarding both the interpretation of results as well as applicability for in vivo use in conscious experimental animal models. The use of dual element strain gages that have been affixed to the serosal surface of the GI tract has offered numerous experimental advantages, which may continue to outweigh the disadvantages. Since these gages are not commercially available, this video presentation provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to the fabrication of the current design of these gages. The strain gage described in this protocol is a design for recording gastric motility in rats. This design has been modified for recording smooth muscle activity along the entire GI tract and requires only subtle variation in the overall fabrication. Representative data from the entire GI tract are included as well as discussion of analysis methods, data interpretation and presentation.

נציגי נתונים מעכברוש Thiobutabarbital-הרדים מוצגים באיור 2. העקבות העליונים מייצגת את התכווצויות קורפוס קיבה מהחולדה בתקופת ממשל גזע המוח של הורמון thyrotropin שחרור (TRH, 100 pmol), הפפטיד ידוע לשיפור תנועתיות 3, 19. זה מראה צירים תחילת המחקר לפני העלייה בפעילות השרירים pha...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents. at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

The in vivo measurement of smooth muscle contractions along the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals remains a powerful, though underutilized, technique. Flexible, dual element strain gages are not commercially available and require fabrication. This protocol describes the construction of reliable, inexpensive strain gages for acute or chronic implantation in rodents.

ייצור והשרשה של מדי עיבור Dual-אלמנט הזעיר למדידה<em&gt; בVivo</em&gt; במערכת העיכול התכווצויות במכרסמים.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, gastrointestinal (GI) motility in health and disease remains an ...

fabrication-implantation-miniature-dual-element-strain-gages-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

10.3K Views.  Penn State University College of Medicine. The in vivo measurement of smooth muscle contractions along the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals remains a powerful, though underutilized, technique. Flexible, dual element strain gages are not commercially available and require fabrication. This protocol describes the construction of reliable, inexpensive strain gages for acute or chronic implantation in rodents.

Video: Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

In vivo מכרסמים דגם של פגיעה הנגרמת על התכווצות ולא פולשנית לניטור של התאוששות

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

Medicine

Design and Fabrication of Ultralight Weight, Adjustable Multi-electrode Probes for Electrophysiological Recordings in Mice

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic targeting for microcircuit dissection and disease modeling. The introduction of optogenetics, for example, has allowed for bidirectional manipulation of genetically-identified neurons, at an unprecedented temporal resolution. To capitalize on these tools and gain insight into dynamic interactions among brain microcircuits, it is essential that one has the ability to record from ensembles of neurons deep within the brain of this small rodent, in both head-fixed and freely behaving preparations. To record from deep structures and distinct cell layers requires a preparation that allows precise advancement of electrodes towards desired brain regions. To record neural ensembles, it is necessary that each electrode be independently movable, allowing the experimenter to resolve individual cells while leaving neighboring electrodes undisturbed. To do both in a freely behaving mouse requires an electrode drive that is lightweight, resilient, and highly customizable for targeting specific brain structures.
A technique for designing and fabricating miniature, ultralight weight, microdrive electrode arrays that are individually customizable and easily assembled from commercially available parts is presented. These devices are easily scalable and can be customized to the structure being targeted; it has been used successfully to record from thalamic and cortical regions in a freely behaving animal during natural behavior.

Understanding the neural substrates of behavior requires brain circuit ensemble recording. Because of its genetic tractability, the mouse offers a model for circuit dissection and disease mimicry. Here, a method of designing and fabricating miniaturized probes is described that is suitable for targeting deep brain structure in the mouse.

עיצוב וייצור של Ultralight משקל, בדיקות Multi-אלקטרודה מתכוונן לקלטות אלקטרו בעכברים

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic ...

Neuroscience

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

טלמטריה תוך רחמי למדידת לחץ עכבר התכווצות<em&gt; In vivo</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Wireless Intramuscular EMG System for Locomotion Studies in Stroke Model Rats

A Real-Time Wearable Electromyography Measurement System for Small Animals

The intramuscular electromyography (EMG) measurement method for experimental animals has been implemented in various ways. Among these methods, tethering cables to external measurement devices can restrict the movement of experimental animals, while implantable devices may cause unwanted side effects due to the constant presence of a device with considerable size and weight. To address these issues, we propose a low-cost, wireless, detachable EMG measurement system and experimental procedure. This article focuses on the surgical installation of intramuscular wire electrodes with small connectors and the development of the wireless system. Notably, in this system, only the wire electrodes are inserted into the animal's body. Using this system, EMG measurements can be easily performed by attaching the circuit system to a connector installed on the animal's back, with real-time monitoring achievable on a laptop. The proposed method is explained in a detailed, step-by-step manner, followed by a demonstration involving the insertion of intramuscular electrodes into the hindlimbs of a rat. A treadmill experiment is conducted for a locomotion study, and the resulting electrophysiological signals are subsequently obtained and analyzed.

A protocol is presented for the installation and preparation of intramuscular electrodes, along with an animal-mountable, miniaturized measurement device for electromyography (EMG) analysis in locomotion studies. This system enables the wireless transmission of real-time EMG data for investigating locomotion recovery in stroke model rats.

The intramuscular electromyography (EMG) measurement method for experimental animals has been implemented in various ways. Among these methods, tethering ...

Engineering

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)

The Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM; Catamount Research and Development; St. Albans, VT) is an in vitro system that monitors propulsive motility in isolated segments of guinea pig distal colon. The complete system consists of a computer, video camera, illuminated organ bath, peristaltic and heated water bath circulating pumps, and custom GIMM software to record and analyze data. Compared with traditional methods of monitoring colonic peristalsis, the GIMM system allows for continuous, quantitative evaluation of motility. The guinea pig distal colon is bathed in warmed, oxygenated Krebs solution, and fecal pellets inserted in the oral end are propelled along the segment of colon at a rate of about 2 mm/sec. Movies of the fecal pellet proceeding along the segment are captured, and the GIMM software can be used track the progress of the fecal pellet. Rates of propulsive motility can be obtained for the entire segment or for any particular region of interest. In addition to analysis of bolus-induced motility patterns, spatiotemporal maps can be constructed from captured video segments to assess spontaneous motor activity patterns. Applications of this system include pharmacological evaluation of the effects of receptor agonists and antagonists on propulsive motility, as well as assessment of changes that result from pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation or stress. The guinea pig distal colon propulsive motility assay, using the GIMM system, is straightforward and simple to learn, and it provides a reliable and reproducible method of assessing propulsive motility.

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor GIMM

Evaluation of colonic motility in the guinea pig distal colon with the Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM) is a straightforward and simple to learn approach to quantitatively evaluate propulsive motility in the gastrointestinal tract.

צג תנועתיות מערכת העיכול (GIMM)

The Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM; Catamount Research and Development; St. Albans, VT) is an in vitro system that monitors propulsive motility ...

Biology

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the influence of mechanical stress on cellular function is still poorly understood. In part, this knowledge gap exists because few tools enable simultaneous deformation of tissue and cells, imaging of cellular activity in live animals, and efficient restriction of motility in otherwise highly mobile model organisms, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The small size of C. elegans makes them an excellent match to microfluidics-based research devices, and solutions for immobilization have been presented using microfluidic devices. Although these devices allow for high-resolution imaging, the animal is fully encased in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass, limiting physical access for delivery of mechanical force or electrophysiological recordings. Recently, we created a device that integrates pneumatic actuators with a trapping design that is compatible with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The actuation channel is separated from the worm-trapping channel by a thin PDMS diaphragm. This diaphragm is deflected into the side of a worm by applying pressure from an external source. The device can target individual mechanosensitive neurons. The activation of these neurons is imaged at high-resolution with genetically-encoded calcium indicators. This article presents the general method using C. elegans strains expressing calcium-sensitive activity indicator (GCaMP6s) in their touch receptor neurons (TRNs). The method, however, is not limited to TRNs nor to calcium sensors as a probe, but can be expanded to other mechanically-sensitive cells or sensors.

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

New tools for mechanobiology research are needed to understand how mechanical stress activates biochemical pathways and elicits biological responses. Here, we showcase a new method for selective mechanical stimulation of immobilized animals with a microfluidic trap allowing high-resolution imaging of cellular responses.

שימוש בהתקן מיקרופלואידיקה גירוי מכני, רזולוציה גבוהה הדמיה של C. elegans

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the ...

Studying Murine Small Bowel Mechanosensing of Luminal Particulates

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for normal digestion and absorption. In the small bowel, which absorbs nutrients, motility optimizes digestion and absorption. For this reason, some of the motility patterns in the small bowel include segmentation for mixing of luminal contents and peristalsis for their propulsion. Physical properties of luminal contents modulate the patterns of small bowel motility. The mechanical stimulation of GI mechanosensory circuits by transiting luminal contents and underlying gut motility initiate and modulate complex GI motor patterns. Yet, the mechanosensory mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly understood. This is primarily due to a lack of tools to dissect how the small bowel handles materials of different physical properties. To study how the small bowel handles particulates of varying sizes, we have modified an established in vivo method to determine small bowel transit. We gavage live mice with fluorescent liquid or tiny fluorescent beads. After 30 minutes, we dissect out the bowels to image the distribution of fluorescent contents across the entirety of the GI tract. In addition to high-resolution measurements of the geometric center, we use variable size binning and spectral analysis to determine how different materials affect small bowel transit. We have explored how a recently discovered "gut touch" mechanism affects small bowel motility using this approach.

To study how the small bowel handles particulates of varying sizes, we have modified an established in vivo method to determine small bowel transit.

חקר מורין מעיים קטנים מכנוסנס של חלקיקים לומינליים

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for normal digestion and absorption. In the small bowel, which absorbs nutrients, motility optimizes digestion ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>חקר אינטראקציה בין המעי למוח באמצעות דימות סידן תוך גולגולתי בעכברים

Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation

Communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain after nutrient absorption plays an essential role in food preference, metabolism, and feeding behaviors. Particularly concerning specific nutrients, many studies have elucidated that the assimilation of glucose within gut epithelial cells instigates the activation of many signaling molecules. Hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 are renowned as quintessential signaling mediators. Since hormones predominantly influence the brain through circulatory pathways, they slowly modulate brain activity.
However, recent studies have shown two expeditious gut-brain pathways facilitated by the autonomic nervous system. One operates via the spinal afferent neural pathway, while the vagus nerve mediates the other. Consequently, brain responses following glucose assimilation in the gastrointestinal tract are complicated. Moreover, as intestinal stimulation finally induces diverse cortical activities, including sensory, nociceptive, reward, and motor responses, it is necessary to employ methodologies that facilitate the visualization of localized brain circuits and pan-cortical activities to comprehend gut-brain neural transmission fully. Some studies have indicated precipitous alterations in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations within the hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area independently through different pathways after intestinal stimulation. However, whether there are changes in cerebral cortex activity has not been known.
To observe cerebral cortex activity after intragastric glucose injection, we developed an imaging technique for real-time visualization of cortex wide Ca2+ dynamics through a fully intact skull, using transgenic mice expressing genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators. This study presents a comprehensive protocol for a technique designed to monitor intestinal stimulation-induced transcranial cortex wide Ca2+ imaging following intragastric glucose injection via an implanted catheter. The preliminary data suggest that administering glucose solution into the gut activates the frontal cortex, which remains unresponsive to water administration.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ניתוח בזמן אמת של תקשורת עצבית בין המעי למוח: קליפת המוח דינמיקה רחבה של סידן בתגובה לגירוי גלוקוז במעיים

Gut-brain communication, facilitated by the vagus nerve, is crucial for communication between the gastrointestinal endocrine system and the brain. However, whether intragastric glucose injection can change cortical activity is still not understood. Here, we offer a comprehensive protocol to observe changes in cortical activity after glucose injection into the duodenum.

ניתוח בזמן אמת של תקשורת עצבית בין המעי למוח: קליפת המוח דינמיקה רחבה של סידן בתגובה לגירוי גלוקוז במעיים

Communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain after nutrient absorption plays an essential role in food preference, metabolism, and ...

ייצור והשרשה של מדי עיבור Dual-אלמנט הזעיר למדידה

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

In vivo מכרסמים דגם של פגיעה הנגרמת על התכווצות ולא פולשנית לניטור של התאוששות

עיצוב וייצור של Ultralight משקל, בדיקות Multi-אלקטרודה מתכוונן לקלטות אלקטרו בעכברים

טלמטריה תוך רחמי למדידת לחץ עכבר התכווצות

A Real-Time Wearable Electromyography Measurement System for Small Animals

צג תנועתיות מערכת העיכול (GIMM)

שימוש בהתקן מיקרופלואידיקה גירוי מכני, רזולוציה גבוהה הדמיה של C. elegans

חקר מורין מעיים קטנים מכנוסנס של חלקיקים לומינליים

ניתוח בזמן אמת של תקשורת עצבית בין המעי למוח: קליפת המוח דינמיקה רחבה של סידן בתגובה לגירוי גלוקוז במעיים

ניתוח בזמן אמת של תקשורת עצבית בין המעי למוח: קליפת המוח דינמיקה רחבה של סידן בתגובה לגירוי גלוקוז במעיים

ניתוח בזמן אמת של תקשורת עצבית בין המעי למוח: קליפת המוח דינמיקה רחבה של סידן בתגובה לגירוי גלוקוז במעיים