Name: measurement of vibration detection threshold and tactile spatial acuity in human subjects
Uploaded: 2016-09-01T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects at JoVE.com

The research and development leading to the above described vibration test was funded by the European Research Council (ERC, ADG 294678) and the German Research Council (grant, SFB665). Thanks go to the Max-Delbr&#252;ck-Center technical and support staff, Mr. R. Fischer, B. Neumann, and Mr. M. Pflaume, who provided invaluable assistance with the project.

פרוטוקול הבדיקה אושרה על ידי ועדת האתיקה Charité-Universitätsmedizin. 1. סף זיהוי רטט (VDT) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התקן ובדיקות אסיפת פרוטוקול - Pretesting <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להרכיב את הרכיבים של המכשיר על פי איור 1 א. מניח קרש חלק ועלה (40 סנטימטרים x 80 סנטימטרים) על שולחן. מניח את הבר פליז על הלוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חבר את ההינע החשמלי (ממריץ רטט) ליחידת הבקר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חבר את תיבת התגובה והתקן הצג למערכת רכישת נתונים (ראה קובץ קוד משלים). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חבר את המערכת לאיסוף וניתוח נתונים למחשב (או מחשב נייד), וכדי Piezo יחידה בקר הינע. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הברג את מגרה מחוייט חללית החלק הנע של ההינע החשמלי (עבור הספציפיים של החללית ראו חומרים). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הר מפעיל פיזואלקטריים עם החללית בסרגל פליז מאוזן. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פרוטוקול בדיקה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סקריפט פרוטוקול בדיקה מיישם שני-הבחירה נאלצת מרווח ומשול טרנספורמציה למעלה ולמטה שיטה. ראה קובץ קוד נוסף מתווה של התסריט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבנות את צורת הגל של הגירוי רטט כגל סינוסי ולציין משך הגירוי, עלייתה ונפילתה מאפיינים. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תוכנה פתוחה (למשל, LabChart). הגדרה בחר&gt; ממריץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בחר צורת גל מותאם אישית והגדר את האפשרויות הממריצות. צור 2 גל גירוי הנוגע כל מרווח (stim1 ו stim2). הערה: צורת הגל stim1 מורכב מ -3 חלקים: עיכוב של 4 שניות, ואחריו גל סינוסי של 1.8 שניות, ולאחר עיכוב של 1.8 שניות (שום גירוי). Stim waveform 2 מורכב מ -3 חלקים: עיכוב של 4 שניות, ואחריו עיכוב של 1.8 שניות (שום גירוי), ועל ידי גל סינוסי של 1.8 שניות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לקבלת צורת גל סינוסי, ליצור פרמטרים משתנים חדשים תדירות אמפליטודה. modify פונקציית הגל סינוסי על ידי המזינים את הפונקציות הבאות כדי עלייתו ונפילתו. Rise צורת גל: (1-e -bt) ∙ ∙ Amplitude סינוס (תדר), ב = 9.1 סתיו צורת גל: (ה -bt) ∙ ∙ Amplitude סינוס (תדר), ב = 9.1 </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בחלונית הנתונים של תרשים המעבדה, ליצור הסט של 35 יציאות מתח הנוגעות 35 בעוצמות משרעת (או הרמות) של גירוי הרטט. ראה טבלה 1. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר את משרעת המוצא / default של גירוי הרטט עבור תדר הרטט נבדק בתסריט מאקרו עבור הליך הבדיקה (ראה סעיף קובץ קוד משלים). </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכנה והכשרה של נושאים - מושב הבדיקה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Inform הנבדקים מבחן על הליך הבדיקה ויש לי אותם לחתום על טופס הסכמה בכתב. כדי להבטיח אנונימיות למלא את דרישות אבטחת מידע, להקצות לכל משתתף מספר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סיאט הנושאים בנוחותבחדר שקט בטמפרטורות שבין C ° 20-30. הדרך אותם על הבדיקה בצורה פשוטה וברורה כך שהנושא יודע למה לצפות במהלך הבדיקה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניח את היד של הנושא על הלוח. רפדו את הזרת עם בצק רפואי כדי למזער את התנועה. מניחים את בר פליז על הלוח כדי למקם את החללית על הזרת של היד נבדק ממש מתחת למיטת הציפורן. ודא מגע תקין בין החללית לבין העור ולהתאים את המיקום של החללית למצב אופקי באמצעות-המפלס. יש להימנע ממגע עור עם הקצוות של החללית השטוחה העגולה. הערה: פעולה זו מבטיחה כי המשטח האופקי של החללית חל כ -30 גרם (0.3 N) אל פני העור. קצוות חדים יכולים להוביל ספי זיהוי ירד. המסה הכבדה של בר פליז מונע את העברת תנודות להסיח מהסביבה למכשיר וממזער פיזור של הגל להחיל סינוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני בדיקות, מקבל המשתתףשעות להכיר את ההתקנה. בהתאם לתדירות הבדיקה, קלה הוא בהווה (רמה 23) וכן קשה (רמה 7) לתפוס גירוי רטט על ידי שינוי משרעת עד הנושא תופס רטט על מנת להבטיח כי הליך הניסוי מובן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במידת הצורך, אפס את משרעת ההתחלה (ברירת המחדל) בתדר שנבחר כך שהנושא יכול לזהות את הגירוי בקלות עם הפעלת פרוטוקול בדיקה (ראה 1.2.3). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מזער אינטראקציות בין סובייקט בוחן במהלך הבדיקה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפעל את הבדיקה על ידי הפעלת ה- script המשתמשת הליך דו אלטרנטיבה הבחירה-הכפויה עם השיטה למעלה-למטה אדפטיבית 22. הערה: פעולות 1.3.7-1.3.12 הם אוטומטיים על ידי סקריפט התוכנית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במשפט אחד, אקראי לנהל גירוי רטט במהלך אחד משני במרווחים כי מסומנים ויזואלית לנושא הבדיקה כמו &quot;1&quot; ו- &quot;2&quot; על המסך של צג (איור 1B).יש לנושא מציין אם במרווחי הרציפים הראשונים או שניים הכילו את הגירוי רטט ידי לחיצה על אחד שני כפתורים &quot;1&quot; או &quot;2&quot; על התיבה את התגובה. תן את הנושא לנחש אם הוא או היא לא בטוח כאשר הגירוי מוצג. הערה: טכניקת הבחירה-הכפויה דורשת שהנושא מגיב גם כאשר הרטט אינו נתפס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בסדרת משפט, אשר מורכבת של 6 עד למקסימום של 9 ניסויים יחידים, לחזור על אותו גירוי הרטט ברמה אחת משרעת לפחות ברצף שש פעמים. אם התגובות הן הכל נכון, להפחית את רמת עוצמת הגירוי (למטה כלל) עבור סדרת משפטו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בהתבסס על כלל ההחלטה של ​​השיטה אדפטיבית (אופרטורים לוגיים בכתב), להעניק את הנושא יותר ניסויים לאותה עוצמת הגירוי אם הנושא הופך שגיאות בסדרה לדין. להפחית את עוצמת הגירוי אם הגירוי מזוהה כהלכה 5 ניסויים לפחות, שגוי בפחות מ -2ניסויים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להעלות את רמת הגירוי אם הנושא הופך 2 התגובות השגויות בסדרת ניסוי; או, יותר מתגובה שגויה אחת ופחות מ -5 תשובות נכונות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לתעד את השינוי לכיוון עוצמת הגירוי, כנקודת היפוך. שנה את עוצמת הגירוי על פי מספר נקודת היפוך: טרם מועד ההיפוך השלישי על ידי רמות עוצמות 4; בנקודת היפוך 3 rd ידי 2 רמות עוצמות; אחר ב -1 רמה (לפרטים נוספים ראה תיק קוד משלים איור 4B). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סיים את בדיקות כשהנושא משלים סך של 8 תהפוכות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חשב את VDT ידי לקיחת החציון של הערך משרעת גירוי של 6 התהפוכות האחרונות. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. מבחן חד מרחבית משושים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לקבוע חדות מישוש עם מבחר נאלץ דו אלטרנטיבת מבחן אורינטציה צורמת באמצעות קוביית המגע החדה (TAC). TAC מורכב 6 צדדים שכל אחת מהן מכילצורם (בר חריץ) אשר רוחביים הם 0.75 מ&quot;מ, 1.25 מ&quot;מ, 1.75 מ&quot;מ, 3.0 מ&quot;מ, 4.5 מ&quot;מ, 6.0 מ&quot;מ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> נושאים סיאט בחדר שקט בטמפרטורות שבין 20-30 מעלות צלזיוס ולהורות על עצמו את המשימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במהלך הניסוי, כיסוי עיניים הנבדקות המבחן באמצעות משקפים מוגנים. מניח את היד הדומיננטית על שולחן עם משטח כף היד פונה כלפי מעלה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> על כל ניסוי, להחיל את TAC אל כרית אצבע באחד משני כיוונים צורמים: אנכי (בכיוון מקביל) או אופקי (בכיוון רוחבי) מיושר לציר הארוך של האצבע. אקראי לבחור את הסדר של האוריינטציה צורמת עבור כל ניסוי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החל בסורגים של TAC למשך 2 שניות על כרית האצבע של האצבע המורה כך הקובייה מפעילה את כל הכובד שלה על האצבע (233 גרם). הימנע לחיצה על TAC על כרית האצבע. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שאל את הנושאים כדי לקבוע את הכיוון של היישור לפני הקובייה יוסרה האצבע שלהם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הימנע תנועה של fi משתתףאצבע כי זה עשוי לספק רמז לאוריינטציה. מחק את המשפט אם הנסיין חש כי האצבע עברה. הערה: היזהרו כי תנועות אצבע קטנה אולי לא יזוהו על ידי הנסיין בהליך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העושות שימוש בשיטת אדפטיבית שנייה למטה ואחד למעלה באלגוריתם המדרג. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התחל עם המ&quot;מ הצורם, 6.0 הגדול. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקטין את הרוחב הצורם אחרי שני זיהוי נכון של האורינטציה (תשובה נכונה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בדוק את הרוחב הבא, קטן ולהמשיך עם שלטון הדריכה עד הנושא מגיב בצורה נכונה ולתעד את הרוחב הצורם כנקודת היפוך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדלתי בשלבי הרוחב הצורמים שוב עד שתי האוריינטציות שרוחבם נקבעות שוב בצורה נכונה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לסיום הבדיקה לאחר השלמת שלוש עשרה תהפוכות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חשב את סף אורינטציה הצורם מישוש על ידי לקיחת החציון של הרוחבי הצורם של 10 התהפוכות האחרונות. </li></ol>

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezo2+is+the+major+transducer+of+mechanical+forces+for+touch+sensation+in+mice.">Piezo2 is the major transducer of mechanical forces for touch sensation in mice.</a> Nature. 516 (7529), 121-125 (2014).</li><li>Wetzel, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+stomatin-domain+protein+essential+for+touch+sensation+in+the+mouse.">A stomatin-domain protein essential for touch sensation in the mouse.</a> Nature. 445 (7124), 206-209 (2007).</li><li>McMillin, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+PIEZO2+cause+Gordon+syndrome,+Marden-Walker+syndrome,+and+distal+arthrogryposis+type+5.">Mutations in PIEZO2 cause Gordon syndrome, Marden-Walker syndrome, and distal arthrogryposis type 5.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 94 (5), 734-744 (2014).</li><li>Gandhi, M. S., Sesek, R., Tuckett, R., Bamberg, S. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+vibrotactile+threshold+evaluation+techniques:+a+review.">Progress in vibrotactile threshold evaluation techniques: a review.</a> J Hand Ther. 24 (3), 240-255 (2011).</li><li>G&#252;&#231;l&#252;, B., Bolanowski, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrotactile+thresholds+of+the+Non-Pacinian+I+channel:+I.+Methodological+issues.">Vibrotactile thresholds of the Non-Pacinian I channel: I. Methodological issues.</a> Somatosens Mot Res. 22 (1-2), 49-56 (2005).</li><li>Lindsell, C. J., Griffin, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normative+vibrotactile+thresholds+measured+at+five+European+test+centres.">Normative vibrotactile thresholds measured at five European test centres.</a> Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 76 (7), 517-528 (2003).</li><li>Morioka, M., Griffin, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+of+vibrotactile+thresholds+on+the+psychophysical+measurement+method.">Dependence of vibrotactile thresholds on the psychophysical measurement method.</a> Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 75 (1-2), 78-84 (2002).</li><li>Tannan, V., Dennis, R., Tommerdahl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+device+for+delivering+two-site+vibrotactile+stimuli+to+the+skin.">A novel device for delivering two-site vibrotactile stimuli to the skin.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 147 (2), 75-81 (2005).</li><li>Zwislocki, J. J., Relkin, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+a+psychophysical+transformed-rule+up+and+down+method+converging+on+a+75%+level+of+correct+responses.">On a psychophysical transformed-rule up and down method converging on a 75% level of correct responses.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (8), 4811-4814 (2001).</li><li>Gescheider, G. A., Bolanowski, S. J., Pope, J. V., Verrillo, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+four-channel+analysis+of+the+tactile+sensitivity+of+the+fingertip:+frequency+selectivity,+spatial+summation,+and+temporal+summation.">A four-channel analysis of the tactile sensitivity of the fingertip: frequency selectivity, spatial summation, and temporal summation.</a> Somatosens Mot Res. 19 (2), 114-124 (2002).</li><li>Kuroki, S., Watanabe, J., Nishida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+within-+and+cross-channel+information+to+vibrotactile+frequency+discrimination.">Contribution of within- and cross-channel information to vibrotactile frequency discrimination.</a> Brain Res. 1529, 46-55 (2013).</li><li>Levitt, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformed+up-down+methods+in+psychoacoustics.">Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49 (2), (1971).</li><li>International Organization for Standardization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+vibration-Vibrotactile+perception+thresholds+for+the+assessment+of+nerve+dysfunction-Part+1:+Methods+of+measurement+at+the+fingertips.">Mechanical vibration-Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nerve dysfunction-Part 1: Methods of measurement at the fingertips.</a> ISO 13091-1. , (2001).</li><li>International Organization for Standardization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+vibration-Vibrotactile+perception+thresholds+for+the+assessment+of+nerve+dysfunction-Part+2:+Analysis+and+interpretation+of+measurements+at+the+fingertips.">Mechanical vibration-Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nerve dysfunction-Part 2: Analysis and interpretation of measurements at the fingertips.</a> ISO 13091-2. , (2003).</li><li>Holden, J. K., Nguyen, R. H., Francisco, E. M., Zhang, Z., Dennis, R. G., Tommerdahl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+device+for+the+study+of+somatosensory+information+processing.">A novel device for the study of somatosensory information processing.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 204 (2), 215-220 (2012).</li><li>G&#252;&#231;l&#252;, B., Oztek, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+sensitivity+of+children:+effects+of+frequency,+masking,+and+the+non-Pacinian+I+psychophysical+channel.">Tactile sensitivity of children: effects of frequency, masking, and the non-Pacinian I psychophysical channel.</a> J Exp Child Psychol. 98 (2), 113-130 (2007).</li><li>Cohen, J. C., Makous, J. C., Bolanowski, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Under+which+conditions+do+the+skin+and+probe+decouple+during+sinusoidal+vibrations?.">Under which conditions do the skin and probe decouple during sinusoidal vibrations?.</a> Exp Brain Res. 129 (2), 211-217 (1999).</li><li>Makous, J. C., Gescheider, G. A., Bolanowski, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+static+indentation+on+vibrotactile+threshold.">The effects of static indentation on vibrotactile threshold.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99 (5), 3149-3153 (1996).</li><li>Goldreich, D., Kanics, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+Acuity+is+Enhanced+in+Blindness.">Tactile Acuity is Enhanced in Blindness.</a> J. Neurosci. 23 (8), 3439-3445 (2003).</li><li>Peters, R. M., Goldreich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+Spatial+Acuity+in+Childhood:+Effects+of+Age+and+Fingertip+Size.">Tactile Spatial Acuity in Childhood: Effects of Age and Fingertip Size.</a> PLoS One. 8 (12), (2013).</li><li>Tong, J., Mao, O., Goldreich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-point+orientation+discrimination+versus+the+traditional+two-point+test+for+tactile+spatial+acuity+assessment.">Two-point orientation discrimination versus the traditional two-point test for tactile spatial acuity assessment.</a> Front Hum Neurosci. 7, 579 (2013).</li><li>Goldreich, D., Wong, M., Peters, R. M., Kanics, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Tactile+Automated+Passive-Finger+Stimulator+(TAPS).">A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS).</a> J Vis Exp. (28), (2009).</li><li>Coste, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezo+proteins+are+pore-forming+subunits+of+mechanically+activated+channels.">Piezo proteins are pore-forming subunits of mechanically activated channels.</a> Nature. 483 (7388), 176-181 (2012).</li><li>Martinez-Salgado, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stomatin+and+Sensory+Neuron+Mechanotransduction.">Stomatin and Sensory Neuron Mechanotransduction.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (6), 3802-3808 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

הטכניקות בשימוש להעריך VDT משתנות בכל נוגע מפרטי מכשיר, חומרה, ופרוטוקולי בדיקות. ארגון התקינה הבינלאומי מציין את שיטות ונהלים לנתח ולפרש ספי vibrotactile לרבות המלצות הרכיבים השונים של רטט (ISO 13,091-1 ו -2 26,27) מערכת בדיקות תיאר פועלת להמלצות ISO רלוונטי עבור טווח התדרים בד?...

Specialized mechanosensory receptors in the skin mediate the perception of vibration and grating orientation. Each mechanosensory receptor type is tuned to detect distinct features of tactile stimuli1,2. This property provides the psychophysical basis for a differentiated assessment of mechanosensory function by using tests that deliver simple sinusoidal oscillations (vibration) or fine gratings. It is known that psychophysical thresholds for vibration perception are lower for high than low frequency vibration3,4. Two types of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles primarily detect low (10-40 Hz) and high (100-200 Hz) frequency vibration stimuli, respectively5. It is thought that the psychophysical thresholds for vibration perception rely to a considerable extent on the activation of these two sets of mechanoreceptors at their best frequencies6,7. Tactile spatial acuity is tested by the grating orientation task to determine the finest grating whose orientation can be discriminated by a subject7-9. Merkel cell-neurite complex afferents are essential for detecting grating orientation8,10. Interestingly, there has been considerable recent progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of how mechanoreceptors detect extremely small tactile stimuli11. Mechanosensitive ion channels like Piezo2 and modulators like STOML3 have been directly implicated in the detection of fine tactile stimuli in touch receptors12-15. There are already human patients identified with function altering mutations in the Piezo2 gene and it will be important to test whether such patients have touch deficits16. 
The determination of the vibrotactile threshold relies on the delivery of a vibrating stimulus to the skin. Vibration detection thresholds vary with the vibration frequency. Vibration frequency to detection threshold curves were described by von Bekesey, Verillo, and Bolanowski, among many others, from the 1930s up to the 1990s5,17. The devices in the early days were based on shakers and power amplifiers and several devices have been commercialized and there are a lot of variation as to choice of stimulator (testing frequency), the diameter of the probe in contact with skin, the use of a surround to limit the stimulation to one area of the skin, and the testing protocol that determines the threshold (see the following references for more detailed insight on the device and testing features)18-20. Most devices usually test one site; however, there are new devices that use vertical displacement stimulators equipped with 2 probes to deliver vibratory stimuli with separation ranges that can be varied21. Also detection thresholds are measured based on vibration frequency or intensity discrimination with continuous stimulation; or with intermittent vibration stimuli with or without a masking stimulus. Therefore, we recommend that the reader be aware of the plethora of developments in this field. 
Here, we describe the components of the device and a step-by-step guide on how to conduct psychophysical tests to estimate vibration detection threshold in human subjects. We then show how to assess tactile acuity manually by using the tactile acuity cube. We use a two-interval, forced-choice paradigm: the stimulus is always presented during one of two intervals and the subject has to indicate which interval has the vibration stimulus. We employ a transformed-rule up and down as the adaptive method that executes a threshold search by changing the stimulus intensity based on the performance during the test. Both psychophysical protocols can be used by investigators as a screening tool for evaluation of alterations in touch sensitivity.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Piezo actuator</td><td>Physik Instrument, Germany</td><td>P-602.1L</td><td>The linear piezoelectric actuator, with integrated position sensor and motion amplifier, contains a piezoceramic material that elongates and contracts when voltage is applied. The piezoelectric actuator travels up to100 &amp;micro;m. The actuator is equipped with a flexure guide that ensures straight motion without tilting or lateral offset. The displacement is linear and calibration is done and checked by the manufacturer. It is recommended that on-axis movement of the probe be checked under the microscope. According to the manufacturer, the stimulus amplitude dampens by less than 20% at oscillating frequencies of 1000 Hz. This can be checked by using a force or displacement measuring device (e.g. force transducer from Kleindiek).</td></tr><tr><td>Piezo Amplifier/Servo Controller</td><td>Physik Instrument, Germany</td><td>E-665</td><td>E-665 amplifier/controller drives and controls the displacement of a low-voltage piezoelectric actuator in a system with sensor position feedback (SGS sensors). The servo-controller provides the option for closed loop operation. When applying sinusoidal and oscillating stimuli the amplitude signal deviates from the set amplitude starting from 500 Hz and reaches a maximum decrease of 20% at 1000Hz.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>LabChart Software</td><td>ADInstruments, USA</td><td>LabChart 7, MLU60/8</td><td>Can create, store and run macro of the psychophysical testing algorithm.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab</td><td>ADInstruments, USA</td><td>PowerLab 4/35 PL3504</td><td>Data Acquisition Hardware. Used with LabChart software.</td></tr><tr><td>Brass bar</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Bar made of pure brass, weighs 15.5 kg. When the peizoelectric actuator is mounted on the brass bar it should exert a force of 30 g weight on skin surface.</td></tr><tr><td>Monitor</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>To mark the 1st and the 2nd interval. The monitor indicates to the subject the time intervals during which the stimulus may be presented.</td></tr><tr><td>Response box</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>The subject indicates the interval at which stimulus occurred.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Board&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Upper surface should be smooth (Plastic), lower surface made of foam to prevent stray vibration ot be transmitted to the stimulating pobe.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Probe</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>A flat circular probe with smoothed edges (thermoplastic material) attached to a screw head. The screw should be of appropriate size to be tightened directly to the moving part of piezoelectric actuator. Size of the probe can be according to preference; in our case, diameter 8.21 mm and surface area 52.9 mm&lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Labchart Script</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be sent on request. See supplementary code file.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Tactile Acuity Cube</td><td>MedCore</td><td></td><td>The cube is comprised of 6 sides each containing a grating (bar and groove) whose widths are 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mm.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of vibration detection threshold and tactile spatial acuity in human subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

מפעיל פיזואלקטריים מספק גירוי רטט לנושא. גירוי הרטט יש משך זמן כולל של 1.8 שניות והוא מוצג רק פעם אחת במהלך משפט בזמן ההפסקה הראשונה או שנייה (איור 2 א). עלייתה ונפילתה זמן בתחילה וקזז של הגירוי נקבעת על ידי הפונקציות (1-e -bt) ∙ ∙ Amplitude סינו?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects at JoVE.com

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקולים לקבוע ספי רטט איתור חד מישוש בשיטות פסיכו באדם.

מדידת סף זיהוי רטט מישוש מרחבי חדות בבני אדם,

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

measurement-vibration-detection-threshold-tactile-spatial-acuity

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.6K Views.  Charite Universitätsmedzin, Campus Virchow Klinikum und Campus Charite Mitte.  כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקולים לקבוע ספי רטט איתור חד מישוש בשיטות פסיכו באדם. 

Video: Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

אקוטי וכרוני בדיקה חושי טקטילי לאחר פגיעה בחוט השדרה של חולדות

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

Medicine

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

בדיקת מישוש מיסוך בין האמות

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

שיטה לא פולשנית פשוטה עבור זמני נוקאאוט של הגפיים העליונות קינסטזיה

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

החלת גירויים חזותיים קלקל במהלך העברת האובייקט עם משוב Vibro מישוש

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering controlled spatially structured stimuli to the skin. Consequently, investigators often apply tactile stimuli manually. Manual stimulus application is time consuming, requires great care and concentration on the part of the investigator, and leaves many stimulus parameters uncontrolled. We describe here a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system, the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS), that applies spatially structured stimuli to the skin, controlling for onset velocity, contact force, and contact duration. TAPS is a versatile, programmable system, capable of efficiently conducting a variety of psychophysical procedures. We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.
Corresponding Author: Daniel Goldreich

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

We describe a computer-controlled device for investigating the sense of touch: the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS). We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.

ממריץ משושי אוטומטי פסיבי-Finger (ברזים)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering ...

Biology

Assessment of Midline Lingual Point-Pressure Somatosensation Using Von Frey Hair Monofilaments

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously published protocols, threshold estimates are determined using a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) paradigm with a three down/one up approach. Detection threshold estimates determine the mean force in which a participant can identify the presence of pressure. During the detection threshold procedure, the participant is instructed to choose which of two sequentially presented observation intervals contained the tactile test stimulus. If the participant performs three correct detections in a row (i.e., 3 &#39;hits&#39;), the researcher decreases the stimulus to the next lower target force level. With one incorrect detection (a &#39;miss&#39;), the researcher increases the force delivered to the next higher level. This threshold estimation approach is known as a 3-down/1-up adaptive staircase. Reponses are recorded on a paper ballot, and a participant&#39;s estimated threshold is defined as the geometric mean of five reversals. During the discrimination threshold procedure, the participant is asked to make a choice between two serially presented stimuli as to which is the &#34;harder&#34; or &#34;stronger&#34; pressure. The same scoring of &#39;hits&#39;, &#39;misses&#39;, and stopping points are used. Detection and discrimination testing for oral point pressure at tongue midline takes approximately 20 min to complete. Using these commercially-available clinical tools, individual touch sensation profiles for the midline tongue can be achieved in a relatively time and cost effective means.

This work describes a standard method to assess tactile sensation at the midline of the tongue tip. Using Von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments, this protocol provides estimates of detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure (OPP).

הערכה לשוני בנקודת התורפה בשיטת פון פרי

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously ...

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to sense spatial information is the strongest in the skin on the hands. This ability is termed tactile spatial acuity, and is measured by the tactile threshold or discrimination threshold. At present, the two-point threshold is extensively used as a measure of tactile spatial acuity, although many studies have indicated that critical deficits exist in two-point discrimination. Therefore, a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system was developed, the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator (TSPAS), using the tactile angle discrimination threshold as a new measure for tactile spatial acuity. The TSPAS is a simple, easily operated system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling movement speed, distance, and contact duration. The components of the TSPAS are described in detail as well as the procedure to calculate the tactile angle discrimination threshold.

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

Presented is the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator TSPAS, a new way to assess tactile spatial acuity and tactile angle discrimination using a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling for movement speed, distance, and contact duration.

מישוש חצי אוטומטי פסיבי אצבע זווית מגרה (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

ערכת כלים רוטטת מישוש ופלטפורמת הדמיית נהיגה למחקר הקשור לנהיגה

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

מדידת שינויים במגע רגישות בכף הרגל האחורית של עכברים באמצעות מנגנון אלקטרוני פון פריי

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

Neuroscience

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments. Effective design of these ASF systems requires an in-depth understanding of how the parameters of specific feedback mechanism affect user perception and reaction to stimuli. This article presents a method for applying vibrotactile stimuli to human participants and measuring their response. Rotating mass vibratory motors are placed at pre-defined locations on the participant's thigh, and controlled through custom hardware and software. The speed and accuracy of participants' volitional responses to vibrotactile stimuli are measured for researcher-specified combinations of motor placement and vibration frequency. While the protocol described here uses push-buttons to collect a simple binary response to the vibrotactile stimuli, the technique can be extended to other response mechanisms using inertial measurement units or pressure sensors to measure joint angle and weight bearing ratios, respectively. Similarly, the application of vibrotactile stimuli can be explored for body segments other than the thigh.

This article describes a technique for applying vibrotactile stimuli to the thigh of a human participant, and measuring the accuracy and reaction time of the participant&#39;s volitional response for various combinations of stimulation location and frequency.

שיטה להערכת עתוי דיוק של תגובות מוטוריות רצוניות כדי Vibrotactile גירויים

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments.  Effective design ...