We thank all residents and attending physicians, notably Dr. A.F. Haney (the University of Chicago, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology) for collecting omental biopsies. Also, we thank Stacey Tobin and Gail Isenberg for carefully editing this manuscript. This work was supported by Bears Care, the charitable beneficiary of the Chicago Bears Football Club, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) R21 NS075702, and the National Cancer Institute grant R01 CA111882 to E.L.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

מודל organotypic של מייקרו-סביבת הצפק הוקם על מנת להעריך את התפקוד האישי וקולקטיבי (ים) של שני המרכיבים התאיים ומולדים של מייקרו-הסביבה בהפצת סרטן השחלות. הפרוטוקולים הספציפיים עבור ציפוי והתאמה אישי של תרבות organotypic 3D לחקור הידבקות תא סרטני, ופלישת השחלות מסופקים. תאים ראשוניים אדם omental mesothelial ופיברובלסטים בודדו מחולים ומשמשים במעבר מוקדם כדי לשמור על מורפולוגיה נורמלית ווריאצית מטופל. במודל זה, fibroblasts omental הנורמלי וECM (אני סוג קולגן בדרך כלל) היו שכבות עם monolayer תא ראשוני אדם mesothelial. היסטולוגית מודל זה מחקה את בטנת הצפק, ומאפשרת לנו ליצור מחדש ולבחון את אירועים מרכזיים בגרורות סרטן השחלות כוללים הידבקות תא סרטן השחלות, התפשטות, ופלישה 8,27. בעבר, יש לי מודלים 3D מוגבליםהוקם כדי לחקור אינטראקציות סרטן השחלות עם מייקרו-הסביבה 13,14,21-25, ואילו מודל organotypic 3D זה הוא ראשון לשחזר את הבנייה של mesothelial-הציפוי הפנימי של חלל הצפק. Omentum האדם נאסף מהחולים השונים בגיל ומצב בריאותי. הבריאות של הרקמה משפיעה ישירות על טכניקות תא ובידוד פיברובלסטים mesothelial. הרקמה בריאה מופיעה קלה בצבע עם אוניות קטנות מאוד (1-3 מ&quot;מ) בהשוואה לרקמות שהיא יותר בצבע כתום עם אוניות גדולות הנוכחיות (&gt; 5 מ&quot;מ). רוב HPMC להשיל את בPBS הראשוני כרקמה מתבצעת מניתוח למעבדה. הרקמה בריאה, לעומת זאת, מתאושש מהר יותר HPMC הוא להסרת, ושוטף PBS נוסף ו1: PBS 1: לעכל טריפסין עלול לגרום לתרבות מעורבת של תאי HPMC ונוף. ברקמות בריאה, כמה HPMC יכול לשרוד collagenase 6 שעות לעכל, ולעכל O / N בפתרון collagenase 1x במלואתקשורת צמיחה מומלצת לקבל תרבות NOF טהורה. הערה omentum חייב להיות ממוקם באופן מיידי בPBS עם ההסרה או לא HPMCs יהיה התאושש מהרקמה. יתר על כן, אם הרקמה מאוחסנת בPBS לתקופה ארוכה של זמן (&gt; 2 שעות) ב RT או במקרר, מספר HPMCs קיימא מבודד מצטמצם משמעותי. יחס של 1: 5 של fibroblasts לmesothelial תאים מצופה לחקות את היחס של fibroblasts לmesothelial תאי in vivo 8. חשוב לציין כי בגודל של תאי mesothelial מבודדים משתנה ממטופל למטופל וזה עשוי לדרוש התאמה ליחס הציפוי. תאי mesothelial של חלק מהחולים הם הרבה יותר קטנים; במקרים אלה, אנו צלחת כפולה מספר תאי mesothelial (20,000). בנוסף, התאים הראשוניים משמשים תמיד במעבר מוקדם (1-2) כדי לשמור על מורפולוגיה. תאי mesothelial יכולים להיות תאי mesothelial cuboidal או דקים, וcuboidal להיות יותר דקכפי שהם passaged, או עם חשיפה גדולה יותר לתקשורת מותנית מתאי סרטן השחלות או טיפול בTGFβ 10. תאי סרטן השחלות עלולים לדבוק ולפלוש דרך תאי mesothelial mesenchymal יעילות רבה יותר מאשר תאי mesothelial אפיתל מהחולים זהים או שונים. בדרך כלל, אנו מקימים תרבות organotypic במשך 18 שעות לפני תחילת מבחני הפונקציונליים עם תאי סרטן השחלות. תאי mesothelial יותר ופיברובלסטים בתרבית ביחד, יותר זמן הם צריכים להפריש חלבונים שונים, כולל חלבוני ECM, אשר יכול להשפיע על ההתנהגות של תאי סרטן השחלות. גורם חשוב נוסף לקחת בחשבון בעת ​​ביצוע מבחני אלה היא רמת שיעור התפשטות ההפרש וביטוי של חלבונים הקשורים להידבקות מוגברת, פלישה, ו / או הפצה, כוללים integrins, פרוטאזות, וגורמי צמיחה, בכל שורת תאי סרטן או אדם עיקרי תא סרטן סוגים.הזמן ומספר התאים סרטניים בשימוש בכל אחד מהמבחנים הפונקציונליים עם תרבות organotypic צריך להיות מותאם לכל שורת תאים סרטניים או סוג של תא סרטן ראשוני. לדוגמא, בassay ההידבקות תאר, תאי סרטן השחלות יכולים להיות פולשים התרבות בתקופה זו. ברור, מודל organotypic זה אינו מכיל את כל המרכיבים של מייקרו-סביבת הצפק הרגיל כגון חיסון, אנדותל, תאים וadipocyte. בנוסף, המודל תלוי בנגישות והזמינות של רקמה אנושית ראשונית, כתאים הראשוניים המשמשים רק בתוך שלושה הקטעים הראשונים. עם זאת, יש לו את המודל יתרונות רבים בשימוש בתאים אנושיים ראשוניים ושילוב של סוגי תאים רבים שכבר הוכיחו לתפקיד חשוב בגרורות. מודל זה נעשה שימוש כדי לחקור ויסות הגנים וחלבונים בסוגי התאים הבודדים (תאי סרטן כלומר,, mesothelial הנורמלי או תאי פיברובלסטים) לאחרהתרבות משותפת. בפרט, את התפקידים של 28 c-Met, MMP-2 9,29, E-cadherin 30, β 1 -integrin 10, β 3 -integrin 16, α 5 -integrin 10,31, ופיברונקטין 10 בגרורות מוקדמות יש לי נחקר. בנוסף, יש לו את המודל הפוטנציאל להרחיב לכלול יותר סוגי תאים, כגון שילוב של adipocytes 6. המודל השתנה וממוזער לשימוש בהקרנת תפוקה גבוהה לזהות מעכבי מולקולה קטנים של הידבקות / פלישת תאים סרטניים בשחלות למייקרו-סביבת הצפק 27. יישומים עתידיים של מודל זה יכללו שילוב של תאי מערכת חיסון לתוך assay, כוללים מקרופאגים למחקרים מכניסטית והקרנת תפוקה גבוהה. לסיכום, תרבות תא organotypic מספקת מודל שימושי כדי להעריך את יחסי הגומלין בין מייקרו-סביבת הצפק האנושי ותאי סרטן השחלות, עם גואהl של הבהרת מנגנונים מולקולריים חשובים להתקדמות בהפצה ובמחלה, וזיהוי מטרות טיפוליות פוטנציאליות.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy1. The majority of patients are diagnosed after the cancer has disseminated throughout the peritoneal cavity. Once the cancer has spread throughout the peritoneal cavity, cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are often not sufficient treatment to prevent cancer recurrence and chemoresistance, resulting in a less than 30% 5-year survival rate. Ovarian cancer metastasis is predominantly limited to the peritoneal cavity, and several other cancer types, including gastric, pancreatic, and colon cancers, metastasize to the same anatomic sites in the peritoneal cavity. In general, ovarian cancer cells detach from the in situ carcinoma in the fallopian tube or the primary ovarian tumor, travel in peritoneal fluid as single cells or spheroids, and attach to mesothelium-lined surfaces of the omentum, bowel, and abdominal wall2. 
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in disease progression and chemoresistance in many cancers3-6. The peritoneal cavity is a unique microenvironment, with a mesothelial cell monolayer covering the majority of surfaces (Figure 1A)7. The mesothelial lining acts as a barrier that creates a low-friction surface, which tends to be protective against cancer cell adhesion8. Immediately underneath this mesothelial-lined surface is a layer made predominantly of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM), which promote cancer cell adhesion and invasion8. Ovarian cancer cells secrete factors that induce changes in the mesothelial cell lining that enhance ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis9,10. Ovarian cancer cells adhere to the mesothelial surface via integrin and CD44-mediated mechanisms (Figure 1B)11-16. 
Historically, several 3D models have been developed to investigate ovarian cancer interactions with the microenvironment. Some of the first models studied ovarian cancer-ECM interface17-21, ovarian cancer-mesothelial cell communication13,14,21-24, or both25 (reviewed by us 26). Niedbala et al. discovered that ovarian cancer cells display a quicker and firmer adhesion to ECM than to mesothelial cells or to plastic alone25. However, these models did not histologically resemble the peritoneal microenvironment. Therefore, we established a 3D organotypic model to more thoroughly replicate the ovarian cancer microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the microenvironment and the interaction between cancer and peritoneal cells in the peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer, we have developed a 3D organotypic in vitro culture model of the peritoneal cavity lining (schematic in Figure 1C). The proposed model is composed of primary human fibroblasts and ECM, covered with a layer of primary human mesothelial cells-each cell type is isolated from human omentum. Histologically, this model resembles the normal peritoneal or omental lining, and provides a surface on which we can study the tumor microenvironment, the interaction between cancer cells and normal tissue, and the processes of cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation8.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. Isolation and culture of primary cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3001304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single-edged razor blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm culture dishes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass flask</td>
			<td>?</td>
			<td>?</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000044_3616914956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Vitamins</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-020-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Nonessential amino acids</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-025-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>MaxQ 4450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>Forma Series II Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator Model 3100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin EDTA, 1x (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-053-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS002592</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-75 Flasks</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-175 Flasks</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>P2, P10, P20, P200 and P1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>Filtered tips P2, P10, P20, P200 and P1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2. Plating 3D culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Countess</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C10313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Type I (Rat Tail)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate, clear bottom, black</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3. Adhesion assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipet</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Xplorer 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde solution 4% in PBS</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-281692</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Minimax</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5. Invasion assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Inserts (8um, 24-well)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Q-tips</td>
			<td>cotton swabs</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 200m</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Profiler</td>
			<td>public domain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Integrin &#945;V&#946;3 Antibody, clone LM609</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB1976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta 1&#160;</td>
			<td>Oncosynergy</td>
			<td>OS2966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alpha 5 [CD49e]</td>
			<td>ID Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta 4 [CD104]</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB 2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling the early steps of ovarian cancer dissemination in an organotypic culture of the human peritoneal cavity

The pattern of ovarian cancer metastasis is markedly different from that of most other epithelial tumors, because it rarely spreads hematogenously. Instead, ovarian cancer cells exfoliated from the primary tumor are carried by peritoneal fluid to metastatic sites within the peritoneal cavity. These sites, most notably the abdominal peritoneum and omentum, are organs covered by a mesothelium-lined surface. To investigate the processes of ovarian cancer dissemination, we assembled a complex three-dimensional culture system that reconstructs the lining of the peritoneal cavity in vitro. Primary human fibroblasts and mesothelial cells were isolated from human omentum. The fibroblasts were then mixed with extracellular matrix and covered with a layer of the primary human mesothelial cells to mimic the peritoneal and omental surfaces encountered by metastasizing ovarian cancer cells. The resulting organotypic model is, as shown, used to examine the early steps of ovarian cancer dissemination, including cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. This model has been used in a number of studies to investigate the role of the microenvironment (cellular and acellular) in early ovarian cancer dissemination. It has also been successfully adapted to high throughput screening and used to identify and test inhibitors of ovarian cancer metastasis.

תרבות organotypic הורכבה על ידי הערבוב הראשון fibroblasts האנושי ראשוני עם אני סוג קולגן ולאחר מכן כיסה את התרבות הזאת עם 5 פעמים את מספר תאי mesothelial. התרבות הייתה טופחה במשך לפחות 18 שעות לפני תאי סרטן השחלות נוספו ללמוד הידבקות, פלישה או הפצה. כל assay חזר על עצמו עם מספר (n = 3-5) תרבויות 3D המתקבלות ממטופלים שונים ובארות רבות נבדקו בכל תנאים להידבקות (n = 5), ריבוי מבחני (n = 5) ופלישה (n = 3) . תאי סרטן השחלות דבקו בתרבות organotypic 3D לאחר 4 שעות (איור 4), התרבו בתרבות לאחר 72 שעות (6 פעמים בפעם תא הכפלת HeyA8) (איור 5), ופלשו לאחר 24 שעות (איור 6). ההידבקות, השגשוג והפלישה של תאי סרטן השחלות HeyA8 היה integrin תלוי (איור 4-6). באופן ספציפי, פפטיד RGD וחסימת antibodies לα 5 -integrin, β -integrin 1 וα β v 3 -integrin עכבות הידבקות תא סרטן השחלות לתרבות organotypic, בעוד פפטיד, נוגדן השליטה וRAD β 4 -integrin נוגדן לא עשה (איור 4) 10. בassay ההתפשטות, פפטיד RGD וחסימת נוגדנים לα 5 - וβ 1 -integrin התפשטות תאי סרטן השחלות עכבות על תרבות organotypic, בעוד פפטיד רד, לשלוט נוגדן, α β v 3 -integrin הנוגדן וβ 4 -integrin נוגדן לא עשה (איור 5). בassay הפלישה, פפטיד RGD ונוגדני חסימה לα 5 - וβ 1 -integrin עכבות, תוך β α v 3 -integrin נוגדן משופר פלישת תאים סרטניים בשחלות דרך תרבות organotypic 3D. פפטיד רד, נוגדן שליטה, וβ4 -integrin נוגדן לא השפיע פלישה (איור 6). לעיתים נדירות, מבחני אלה יהיו בלתי לפרש (כלומר, α 5 -integrin חסימת נוגדן לא לעכב הידבקות, הפצה או פלישה בהשוואה לנוגדן השליטה). בעבר, מצאנו כי תרבויות organotypic מסוימות לשטוף על השינוי של התקשורת או שטיפת PBS במהלך מבחני. בנוסף, אם תאי סרטן השחלות הם מתים או לא התאוששו מספיק זמן מטריפסין לעכל integrins מחדש מפורש, מבחני לא יעבדו. לכן, זה תמיד חשוב שתהיה שליטה חיובית ושלילית בכל assay כך האיכות של תרבות organotypic וassay תא סרטן השחלות ניתן להעריך. כפי שניתן לראות כאן, פפטיד RGD, α 5 -integrin וβ 1 -integrin חסימת נוגדני הידבקות תא סרטן השחלות כל עכבות, פלישה והתפשטות לתרבות organotypic ויכול לשמש כקון החיוביקבוצת ביקורת במבחני עתיד. כמו כן, β 4 -integrin חסימת נוגדן לא השפיעה הידבקות השחלות תא סרטני, פלישה והתפשטות לתרבות organotypic ויכולה לשמש כביקורת שלילית במבחני עתיד. <img alt="איור 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig1.jpg" /> איור 1. היסטולוגיה של גרורות omental אנושיות. Hematoxylin וכתם eosin של () omentum הנורמלי האנושי (MC, תאי mesothelial, פיבונצ&#39;י, fibroblasts, עדי, adipocytes) ו- (ב) גרורות omental סרטן השחלות (Met, גרורות סרטן השחלות). בר בלוחות = באורך 100 מיקרומטר. (ג) סכמטי של מודל organotypic 3D של גרורות סרטן השחלות מחקה גרורות תא סרטן השחלות מוקדמות אל פני השטח של omentum האנושי. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן לצפייה גדולה יותר Ver</a>שיאון של נתון זה. <img alt="איור 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig2.jpg" /> בידוד איור 2. תאי omental אנושיים ראשוניים. () חתיכת omentum נאסף בניתוח בPBS ומועבר למעבדה. רקמת pelleted ברמה של 0.5 xgx 3 דקות והועברה לPBS הטרי. (ב) חתיכת omentum מועברת לצלחת פטרי 10 סנטימטרים, שטפה עם PBS, ואזמלים משמשים לחתוך omentum לחתיכות קטנות (0.5 סנטימטרים 3 ). (CD) פיסות הרקמה נאספות בעזרת פיפטה 25 מיליליטר סרולוגית והועברו לתוך צינור חרוטי 50 מיליליטר לבידוד של HPMC. PBS הוא להסיר את הצינור וHPMC הם pelleted מPBS XG 0.5 על 37 מעלות צלזיוס. (MC, תאי mesothelial, RBC, תאי דם אדומים, פיבונצ&#39;י, fibroblasts) (E) NOF מבודדים מremaini<html> רקמת omental ng לאחר דגירה עם hyaluronidase וcollagenase סוג III. התמונה מראה את הרקמה לאחר עיכול 6- 12-שעות. NOF הם pelleted על ידי ספינינג ברמה של 0.5 XG ב RT. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> <img alt="איור 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig3.jpg" /> איור 3. אפיון של HPMC ונוף מבודד מהרקמה אנושית omentum. תמונות שלב בניגוד ל() תאי mesothelial (HPMC) ופיברובלסטים (ב) (נוף) לאחר בידוד מרקמת omentum. HPMC האדם מוכתם עבור cytokeratin (ג) 8 וvimentin (E). NOF האדם מוכתם עבור vimentin (F), אבל לא להכתים לcytokeratin (ד) 8. בר = 100 מיקרומטר, חל על כל הלוחות.ftp_upload / 53,541 53541fig3large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; / _ blank &quot;&gt; לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו. <img alt="איור 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig4.jpg" /> איור 4. הדבקת תאי סרטן השחלות לתרבות organotypic היא integrin תלוי. Assay () ההידבקות בוצע עם 50,000 תאי fluorescently שכותרתו סרטן השחלות, תאי HeyA8, כפי שתואר בסעיף הפרוטוקול. הקרינה הכוללת בכל טוב מדווחת. נוגדן השליטה הוא העכבר IgG. כל עמודה מייצגת ממוצעת שגיאה הממוצעת +/- סטנדרטי. (ב) שלב בניגוד נציג ותמונות ניאון (C) של הידבקות תא סרטן השחלות לתרבות organotypic. בר = 100 מיקרומטר, חל על שני הלוחות. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a><html><img alt="איור 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig5.jpg" /> איור 5. התפשטות תאי סרטן השחלות על תרבות organotypic היא integrin תלוי. Assay () ההתפשטות בוצע עם 4,000 תאי fluorescently שכותרתו סרטן השחלות, תאי HeyA8, כפי שתואר בסעיף הפרוטוקול. המספר הכולל של תאים מדווח. נוגדן השליטה הוא העכבר IgG. כל עמודה מייצגת ממוצעת שגיאה הממוצעת +/- סטנדרטי. שלב בניגוד ממוזג ותמונות ניאון של התפשטות תאי סרטן השחלות על תרבות organotypic ב( ב &#39;) 24 ו- (ג) שעות 96. בר = 100 מיקרומטר, חל על שני הלוחות. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> tp_upload / 53,541 / 53541fig6.jpg &quot;/&gt; 6. פלישת סרטן השחלות איור דרך תרבות organotypic היא integrin תלוי. Assay () הפלישה בוצע עם 40,000 תאי fluorescently שכותרתו סרטן השחלות, תאי HeyA8, כפי שתואר בסעיף הפרוטוקול. מספר התאים הפולשים (עבר דרך תרבות 3D לתחתית להוסיף) מדווח. נוגדן השליטה הוא העכבר IgG. כל עמודה מייצגת ממוצעת שגיאה הממוצעת +/- סטנדרטי. (ב) שלב בניגוד ו- (ג) תמונות ניאון של תאי סרטן השחלות שפלשו דרך תרבות organotypic. בר = 100 מיקרומטר, חל על כל הפנלים. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53541/53541fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity at JoVE.com

Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity

Here, we present a protocol to construct a three-dimensional in vitro model of the lining of the peritoneal cavity, composed of primary human mesothelial cells and fibroblasts layered with extracellular matrix, as a tool to investigate ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation.

דוגמנות השלבים המוקדמים של סרטן השחלות הפצה בתרבות Organotypic של אדם חלל הבטן

The pattern of ovarian cancer metastasis is markedly different from that of most other epithelial tumors, because it rarely spreads hematogenously. ...

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26.5K Views.  University of Chicago. Here, we present a protocol to construct a three-dimensional in vitro model of the lining of the peritoneal cavity, composed of primary human mesothelial cells and fibroblasts layered with extracellular matrix, as a tool to investigate ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. 

Video: Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

מידול והדמיה 3-Dimensional Cell קיבוציים Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

ב Assay עמילות חוץ גופית mesothelial כי מודלים השלבים המוקדמים של גרורות סרטן השחלות

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical treatments and improved platinum-based chemotherapies, there has been little improvement in EOC survival rates for more than four decades 1,2. Whilst stage I tumors have 5-year survival rates &gt;85%, survival rates for stage III/IV disease are &lt;40%. Thus, the high rates of mortality for EOC could be significantly decreased if tumors were detected at earlier, more treatable, stages 3-5. At present, the molecular genetic and biological basis of early stage disease development is poorly understood. More specifically, little is known about the role of the microenvironment during tumor initiation; but known risk factors for EOCs (e.g. age and parity) suggest that the microenvironment plays a key role in the early genesis of EOCs. We therefore developed three-dimensional heterotypic models of both the normal ovary and of early stage ovarian cancers. For the normal ovary, we co-cultured normal ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) and normal stromal fibroblast (INOF)&nbsp;cells, immortalized by retrovrial transduction of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase holoenzyme (hTERT) to extend the lifespan of these cells in culture. To model the earliest stages of ovarian epithelial cell transformation, overexpression of the CMYC oncogene in IOSE cells, again co-cultured with INOF cells. These heterotypic models were used to investigate the effects of aging and senescence on the transformation and invasion of epithelial cells. Here we describe the methodological steps in development of these three-dimensional model; these methodologies aren't specific to the development of normal ovary and ovarian cancer tissues, and could be used to study other tissue types where stromal and epithelial cell interactions are a fundamental aspect of the tissue maintenance and disease development.

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

We describe methodologies for establishing in vitro heterotypic three-dimensional models comprising ovarian fibroblasts and normal ovarian surface or ovarian cancer epithelial cells. We discuss the use of these models to study stromal-epithelial interactions that occur during ovarian cancer development.

Heterotypic תלת ממדי<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מידול של אינטראקציות stromal-אפיתל בייזום והתקדמות סרטן השחלות

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

הפעלת יתר רעיל גירוי של המוח כMicroslices<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; דגם של שבץ

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; דגם לחקר הורמוני פעולה בשד האדם

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In vivo לשעבר vivo גישות לחקר סרטן השחלות גרורתי התיישבות של מבני ספוט החלב בהצפק שומני

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

An Organotypic High Throughput System for Characterization of Drug Sensitivity of Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells

In this work we describe a novel approach that combines ex vivo drug sensitivity assays and digital image analysis to estimate chemosensitivity and heterogeneity of patient-derived multiple myeloma (MM) cells. This approach consists in seeding primary MM cells freshly extracted from bone marrow aspirates into microfluidic chambers implemented in multi-well plates, each consisting of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment, including extracellular matrix (collagen or basement membrane matrix) and stroma (patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells) or human-derived endothelial cells (HUVECs). The chambers are drugged with different agents and concentrations, and are imaged sequentially for 96 hr through bright field microscopy, in a motorized microscope equipped with a digital camera. Digital image analysis software detects live and dead cells from presence or absence of membrane motion, and generates curves of change in viability as a function of drug concentration and exposure time. We use a computational model to determine the parameters of chemosensitivity of the tumor population to each drug, as well as the number of sub-populations present as a measure of tumor heterogeneity. These patient-tailored models can then be used to simulate therapeutic regimens and estimate clinical response.

We describe a high-throughput drug sensitivity assay for primary multiple myeloma cells. It consists of a reconstruction of the bone marrow microenvironment (including extracellular matrix and stroma) in multi-well plates, and a non-invasive method for longitudinal quantification of cell viability.

מערכת תפוקה Organotypic גבוהה לאפיון של תרופות רגישות של תאי מיאלומה נפוצה ראשיים

In this work we describe a novel approach that combines ex vivo drug sensitivity assays and digital image analysis to estimate chemosensitivity and ...

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of women with late stage disease, when metastasis is already present. EOC is characterized by diffuse and widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastasis. Cells shed from the primary tumor anchor in the mesothelium that lines the peritoneal cavity as well as in the omentum, resulting in multi-focal metastasis, often in the presence of peritoneal ascites. Efforts in our laboratory are directed at a more detailed understanding of factors that regulate EOC metastatic success. However, quantifying metastatic tumor burden represents a significant technical challenge due to the large number, small size and broad distribution of lesions throughout the peritoneum. Herein we describe a method for analysis of EOC metastasis using cells labeled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) coupled with in vivo multispectral imaging. Following intra-peritoneal injection of RFP-labelled tumor cells, mice are imaged weekly until time of sacrifice. At this time, the peritoneal cavity is surgically exposed and organs are imaged in situ. Dissected organs are then placed on a labeled transparent template and imaged ex vivo. Removal of tissue auto-fluorescence during image processing using multispectral unmixing enables accurate quantitation of relative tumor burden. This method has utility in a variety of applications including therapeutic studies to evaluate compounds that may inhibit metastasis and thereby improve overall survival.

Ovarian cancer metastasis is characterized by numerous diffuse intra-peritoneal lesions, such that accurate visual quantitation of tumor burden is challenging. Herein we describe a method for in situ and ex vivo quantitation of metastatic tumor burden using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled tumor cells and optical imaging.

כימות של גרורות סרטן השחלות תוך הצפק

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States.  Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of ...

Tubal Cytology of the Fallopian Tube as a Promising Tool for Ovarian Cancer Early Detection

Currently, it is widely accepted that the vast majority of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) originate from the fallopian tube. However, due to the lack of markers or tools for the ovarian cancer identification, the early detection of HGSC remains challenging. Direct sampling of the fallopian tube can enhance sensitivity for detection of neoplastic cells when the tumor is not grossly visible. We developed a procedure to collect fallopian tube cells directly from freshly received surgical specimens, which has shown excellent correlation with histological findings. This approach lays a foundation for the future utility of minimally invasive laparoscopic screening in high-risk patient populations.

We explored a tubal cytologic method by sampling the fallopian tube directly post-surgical excision as a tool of ovarian cancer early detection. Here, we present a protocol to collect fallopian tube cells from freshly received surgical specimens.

Tubal ציטולוגיה של שפופרת Tube ככלי מבטיח עבור סרטן השחלות איתור מוקדם

Currently, it is widely accepted that the vast majority of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) originate from the fallopian tube. However, due to ...

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and possibly glaucoma. Therefore, retinal microvascular preparations are pivotal tools for physiological and pharmacological studies to delineate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to design therapies for the diseases. Despite the wide use of mouse models in ophthalmic research, studies on retinal vascular reactivity are scarce in this species. A major reason for this discrepancy is the challenging isolation procedures owing to the small size of these retinal blood vessels, which is ~ &#8804; 30 &#181;m in luminal diameter. To circumvent the problem of direct isolation of these retinal microvessels for functional studies, we established an isolation and preparation technique that enables ex vivo studies of mouse retinal vasoactivity under near-physiological conditions. Although the present experimental preparations will specifically refer to the mouse retinal arterioles, this methodology can readily be employed to microvessels from rats.

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Many vision-threatening ocular diseases are associated with dysfunctional retinal microvessels. Therefore, the measurement of retinal arteriole responses is important to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This article describes a detailed protocol for mouse retinal arteriole isolation and preparation to assess the effects of vasoactive substances on vascular diameter.

שלבי הכנה מדידה של תגובתיות ב העכבר רבים ברשתית Vivo לשעבר

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...