Dr. Antoniades was supported by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and by the Dementias and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Network (DENDRON) and by the Wellcome Trust. Dr FitzGerald was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.

ועדת האתיקה המקומית אישרה במחקר זה והודיע ​​הסכים התקבל המשתתפים כמפורט להלן בסעיף 1. 1. הסכמה משתתף <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לתת למשתתפי דף מידע המסביר בפירוט מה פגישת הבדיקות תכלול. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> יש אחרי למשתתפי ההזדמנות לקרוא ולדון שאלות, בעיות או בנושאים אחרים הקשורים המשתתף שלהם במחקר, לעבור את טופס ההסכמה איתם, להסביר כל נקודה על טופס ההסכמה ולתת להם את ההזדמנות כדי לשאול שאלות הם אולי. שאל המשתתף למלא את הטופס. </li></ol> 2. הגדרת Saccadometer <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את המכשיר על ראשו של המטופל, מאובטח על ידי רצועה אלסטית מתכווננת נח על גשר האף. בגלל הגירויים להעביר בדיוק עם הראש, לא-משענת ראש היא הכרחית ואת המכשיר נוח אח&quot;לr. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בקש מהמטופל לשבת ב -1.5 מ &#39;ממסך מט שטוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ודא התאורה המפוזרת מעומעמת כך הגירויים (כתמי אור אדומים) נראים בבירור. </li></ol> 3. הקלטת מושב Saccadic הערה: כדוגמא פרוטוקול סטנדרטי שבודק הוא prosaccades ו antisaccades 8 מתואר כאן. פרוטוקול זה מורכב מחמישה רחובות: 60 prosaccades, 40 antisaccades x 3, ו -60 prosaccades עם הפסקה של 1 דק &#39;בין בלוקים. הטיפול נמשך כ -40 דקות. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרת saccadometer כך עבור כל ניסוי יעד הקיבעון המרכזי מוצג לתקופה-קדמית אקראית של 1.0 - 2.0 שניות, ולאחר מכן היא מסולקת ואחד היעדים ההיקפיים מופיעה, באקראי 9 ימינה או שמאלה. הערה: השלושה היעדים הם כתמים של אור אדום מוקרן על המסך מול המשתתף (ראה 2.2) על ידי לייזרים מופעלים נמוכים המובנה בתוך saccadometer. Saccadometer AUTomatically מתגי הלייזרים לסירוגין כדי להציג / לכבות את מטרות הרצף ההכרחי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הדרך את המשתתף כי בדיקות מורכב מחמישה בלוקים עם הפסקה דקה אחת בין גושים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני הבלוק הראשון להורות המשתתף שברצונך להעביר עיניהם במהירות ובדיוק כפי ניתן להתחקות אחר הנקודה האדומה קופצת מהמרכז לצד זה או אחר וכן להורות להם לעשות פעמים 60 זה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר את saccadometer כדי ליצור רצף של 60 ניסויים. לחצו על מקש על saccadometer להתחיל את הבלוק הראשון של הניסויים (prosaccades). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר השלמת הבלוק הראשון, להשאיר פער דקה אחת לפני הגוש השני. אפס את saccadometer כדי ליצור רצף של 40 ניסויים, ולקראת סוף הפער הדק אחת, להורות המשתתף עבור הבלוק הבא להזיז את העיניים שלהם מהר ככל האפשר בכיוון ההפוך אל הנקודה האדומה, ולהסביר כי הם יהיו יידרש לעשות 40 פעמים זה. הפעל את השניותבלוק ond של ניסויים (antisaccades). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר השלמת הבלוק השני, להשאיר פער 1 דקות נוספות, לחזור על ההוראה בשלב 3.5 ולהתחיל הבלוק השלישי של הניסויים (antisaccades). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר השלמת לחסום השלישי, להשאיר פער 1 דקות נוספות, לחזור על ההוראה בשלב 3.5 ולהתחיל הבלוק הרביעי של ניסויים (antisaccades). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר השלמת לחסום הרביעי, להשאיר פער 1 דקות נוספות, ולהסביר כי עבור בלוק של בדיקות הסופי לשאול את המשתתפים להזיז את העיניים במהירות ובדיוק כפי ניתן להתחקות אחר נקודה אדומה קופץ מהמרכז לצד זה או אחרים, בדיוק כפי שעשו בגוש הראשון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אפס את saccadometer כדי ליצור רצף של 60 ניסויים, ולהתחיל את סופי לחסום של ניסויים (prosaccades). </li></ol><img alt="איור 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig2.jpg" /> משימות איור 2. תנועות עיניים. Illustrati סכמטיעל מראה שתי דוגמאות של משימות saccadic. הנקודה בצבע הכחול המלאה מייצגת את היעד ואת העיגול הכחול המקווקו מייצג את האזור של קיבעון. שמאלי מציגה משימת prosaccadic שבו הנושא מתבקש להסתכל לעבר המטרה. RIGHT מראה antisaccade שבו הנושא הוא בקש לנתק את מבטו מן הגירוי החזותי . זה דורש עיכוב תגובת prosaccade הטבעית יותר הדור של saccade בכיוון ההפוך. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> 4. הגדרות גירוי מוחי עמוק הערה: משתתפים עם לגירוי מוחי עמוק לנהל את הבדיקות עד כה עם מפעיל מערכת ממריץ כרגיל, כלומר, בסיס נתונים &quot;על גירוי &#39;התקבל. בדיקה כעת יש צורך לחזור עם מערכת הממריץ כבויה (למשתתפי ביקורת בריאים ללא מערכות DBS סעיף זה לא יחול). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החלף את מערכת DBS כבוי. עושים זאת על ידי צוות רפואי מיומן. אפשר 30 דקות לפני הבדיקה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזור על בדיקות saccadic (שלבים 3.2 - 3.9) להשיג במערך שלם &#39;את הגירוי &quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החלף את מערכת DBS בחזרה על (שוב זה צריך להיעשות על ידי צוות קליני מאומן כראוי). </li></ol> ניתוח 5. נתונים הערה: משתתפים עם לגירוי מוחי עמוק לנהל את הבדיקות עד כה עם מפעיל מערכת ממריץ כרגיל, כלומר, בסיס נתונים &quot;על גירוי &#39;התקבל. בדיקה כעת יש צורך לחזור עם מערכת הממריץ כבויה (למשתתפי ביקורת בריאים ללא מערכות DBS סעיף זה לא יחול). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הורד את הנתונים הגולמיים מן saccadometer למחשב לניתוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש בתוכנה של saccadometer להוציא הקפיצות האלה distorטד ידי מהבהבת ותנועות הראש, וכדי לחשב משתנים ובהם latencies saccadic, מהירויות שיא, ואמפליטודות. הערה: הרשומות מזוהמות תנועות ראש מוגזמות או מהבהבת יוסרו באופן אוטומטי על ידי התוכנה. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר הקפיצות האלה עם חביון פחות מ -80 מילי-שניות או יותר מ -1,000 msec. הערה: חביון Saccadic מחושב באופן אוטומטי באמצעות אלגוריתם saccade איתור המבוסס על מהירות ותאוצה. תחילתה של saccade מזוהה כנקודה כאשר מהירות העין עוברת סף של 5 מעלות / sec. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

הגורם הקריטי ביותר בהשגת נתוני saccadic באיכות טובה הוא להבטיח כי ההוראות שניתנו המשתתף ברורות ומדויקות. לדוגמא, אם את ההוראות למשימת antisaccadic אינן ברורות לחלוטין, המשתתף צפוי לבצע prosaccades במקום. הקלטות יכולות להיות מפונקות גם אם המשתתף לא יכול לראות את הגירויים בבירור או sa...

בשנים האחרונות חל עניין גובר השימוש מדיד של זמני תגובה כדרך כמוני ולא פולשנית של צובר מידע על מנגנוני רמה הגבוהה של החלטה עצבית ביצוע 1. סוג אחד של זמן תגובה כי נחקר בהרחבה הוא הזמן שנדרש כדי ליזום saccade על הצגת גירוי חזותי, המכונה חביון saccadic. הקפיצות האלה הם תנועות עיניים מהירות המתרחשות כאשר אנו במהירות משמרת מבטנו ממקום אחד למשנהו. הם הסוג הנפוץ ביותר של תנועות עיניים שאנו עושים, המתרחשים בתדירות של טיפוסי שתיים או שלוש לשנייה. Saccade כל הוא למעשה החלטה להסתכל מוט אחד בעולם הוויזואלי במקום 2 אחר. המסלולים העצביים שליטת תנועות עיניים נחקרו רבים והם די טובים מתועדים 3. באמצעות ציוד אלקטרוני רגיש, היבטים של תפקוד oculomotor יכול להיות מדויק objectively לכמת. זה מקל על המחקר המפורט של תנועות עיניים עצמם אלא גם מאפשר להם לשמש ככלי לחקור תחומים אחרים של לנוירופיזיולוגיה והפתופיזיולוגיה. מדידת תנועות עיניים יכולה לספק מידע שימושי על מצב מחלה. תנועות עיניים Saccadic לא מזמן, למשל, זכה לתשומת לב רבה כמו סמנים ביולוגיים פוטנציאליים בהפרעות ניווניות כולל מחלות 4,5 ופרקינסון הנטינגטון 6,7, וזה כבר הוכח כי זמני התגובה saccadic נוטים להיות איטי מהרגיל בתנאים אלה. שימושים אפשריים של מדידת saccadic כוללים עזרים לאבחון ומעקב מחלה. משימות Saccadic נעות בין prosaccade הפשוטה (מחפשת כמה שיותר מהר לכיוון גירוי חזותי המופיע פתאום שמאלה או ימינה) משימות מורכבות יותר כגון antisaccade (מחפש כמה שיותר מהר אל הצד הנגדי לגירוי חזותי) או זכרוני saccade מודרך (מחפשלעבר מקום הזכר של מטרה כי הוא כבר לא שם). גירוי מוחי עמוק הוא טיפול יעיל תנאי נוירולוגיות שונים. זה הוא הנפוץ ביותר לטיפול בסימפטומים המנוע של מחלת פרקינסון כולל רעד, נוקשות, bradykinesia, ו dyskinesia. כמו כן הוא משמש לטיפול בהפרעות תנועה אחרות כולל דיסטוניה ורעד חיוני, ופחות נפוץ עבור כאב נוירופתי, אפילפסיה, הפרעות פסיכיאטריות כגון הפרעת אובססיבית כפייתית. זה המסגרת היחידה שבה יש מדעני גישה חשמלית ישירה מבנים עמוקים של המוח האנושי in vivo ובכך מציע הזדמנות נדירה עבור לנוירולוגיה ניסויית. מגוון של מטרות הם גירוי תלוי לבעיה מטופלת, כולל בכמה מקומות בגרעיני הבסיס, שרבים מהם מעורבים מסלולי oculomotor. משמעות הדבר היא כי מגוון של מחקרים רחב ניתן לבצע באמצעות מערכת DBS לספק גירוילמיקום מוח נתון מכשיר מעקב עיניים להקליט ולנתח את השפעותיו. בהתאם פרדיגמה ניסויית, מחקרים כאלה עשויים להניב מידע על הפיזיולוגיה של האזור מגורה, את ההשפעות של המחלה, או את המנגנון שבאמצעותו DBS פועלת באותה הגדרה מסוימת. מאמר זה מתאר גישה כללית בדיקות תנועות עיניים saccadic בחולים גירוי עמוק המוח. סוגים שונים של ציוד מעקב עיניים זמינים. עבור המחקר המתואר בפרוטוקול זה saccadometer נייד שמש להקליט תנועות עיני saccadic אופקיות. Saccadometers הנייד יש את היתרון של לא המחייב משענת הראש (ראה איור 1), כלומר הפעלות הן נוחות יותר עבור חולים עם מחלת פרקינסון, במיוחד עבור אלה הסובלים עם Tardive החמור. Saccadometer משמש כאן הוא קל משקל כ רחב 5 ס&quot;מ ו -10 ס&quot;מ. Saccadometer צפחותתנועות עיני מיל ידי השימוש oculography אינפרא האדום הישיר: מקור אינפרא אדום חיישן מתמקם מול אור שימוש canthus המדיאלי מוחזר מן הקרנית כדי לקבוע את מיקום הסיבוב של גלגל העין במרווחי זמן האלפית שני. על מנת להשיג נתונים באיכות טובה עבור ניתוח saccadometer צריך לדגום בקצב של kHz 1 לפחות עם לפחות רזולוציה של 12 ביט. בשנתי ה saccadometer משמש כאן הגירויים החזותיים היו שלוש אדום 13 cd מ -2 נקודות של אור המיוצר על ידי מובנה לייזרים צריכים חשמל נמוכים, כל נקודה subtending כ 0.1 מעלות, עם נקודה אחת קו האמצע ואת השניים האחרים ב ± 10 מעלות (כלומר , ימינה ושמאל). <img alt="איור 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1.jpg" /> איור 1. Saccadometer. ראש רכוב saccadometer מצורף גומייה ומונח על גשר האף. ארבעה לייזרים מיניאטורי להקרין יעד חזותיים על משטח מט, ואת תנועות העיניים של המשתתף נמדד על ידי התמר החזרה אינפרא אדום הפרש בצד האף של כל עין. כמו מטרות לייזר לנוע עם הראש, משענות הראש אינם נדרשים. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a>

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			<td>Saccadometer device ( Ober Consulting Poland)</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Computer with Windows environment</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Software, Latency Meter for downloading the raw data from the saccadometer.</td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

using saccadometry with deep brain stimulation to study normal and pathological brain function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

איור 3 מציג דוגמה של מסלולי תנועות עיניים saccadic, מחולה מחלת פרקינסון עם מערכת subthalamic גרעין DBS המושתל. שני גרפי עלילת prosaccades של החולה עם מערכת הממריץ כבויה (גרף עליון) ודליקה (גרף תחתון). כל זכר על הגרפים מראה את מסלולו של saccade יחיד, כלומר, איך...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function at JoVE.com

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

שימוש Saccadometry עם דיפ גירוי המוח לחקר תפקוד מוח נורמלי ופתולוגיים

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

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7.4K Views.  The University of Oxford. This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

Video: Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al. in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy. 
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers a unique opportunity to examine information encoding in the awake human brain. This article will describe intra-operative methods used to perform cognitive and behavioral tasks while simultaneously acquiring physiological data such as EMG, single-unit neuronal activity and/or local field potentials.

תוך Operative משימות ההתנהגות בבני אדם ער שעברו ניתוח עמוק גירוי המוח

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

מעקב עיניים ילדים צעירים עם אוטיזם

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform PrPSc 1. PrPC is detergent-soluble and sensitive to proteinase K (PK)-digestion, whereas PrPSc forms detergent-insoluble aggregates and is partially resistant to PK2-6. The conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is known to involve a conformational transition of &alpha;-helical to &beta;-sheet structures of the protein. However, the in vivo pathway is still poorly understood. A tentative endogenous PrPSc, intermediate PrP* or "silent prion", has yet to be identified in the uninfected brain7.
Using a combination of biophysical and biochemical approaches, we identified insoluble PrPC aggregates (designated iPrPC) from uninfected mammalian brains and cultured neuronal cells8, 9. Here, we describe detailed procedures of these methods, including ultracentrifugation in detergent buffer, sucrose step gradient sedimentation, size exclusion chromatography, iPrP enrichment by gene 5 protein (g5p) that specifically bind to structurally altered PrP forms10, and PK-treatment. The combination of these approaches isolates not only insoluble PrPSc and PrPC aggregates but also soluble PrPC oligomers from the normal human brain. Since the protocols described here have been used to isolate both PrPSc from infected brains and iPrPC from uninfected brains, they provide us with an opportunity to compare differences in physicochemical features, neurotoxicity, and infectivity between the two isoforms. Such a study will greatly improve our understanding of the infectious proteinaceous pathogens. The physiology and pathophysiology of iPrPC are unclear at present. Notably, in a newly-identified human prion disease termed variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, we found a new PrPSc that shares the immunoreactive behavior and fragmentation with iPrPC 11, 12. Moreover, we recently demonstrated that iPrPC is the main species that interacts with amyloid-&beta; protein in Alzheimer disease13. In the same study, these methods were used to isolate Abeta aggregates and oligomers in Alzheimer's disease13, suggesting their application to non-prion protein aggregates involved in other neurodegenerative disorders.

A new species of cellular prion protein (PrPC) has recently been identified in uninfected human brains using the methods described here. These methods can be used to isolate various PrP species, while some of them are also useful in isolating other misfolded protein aggregates from human brains.

בידוד של oligomers PRP המסיס ובלתי מסיס במוח האנושי הרגיל

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

רומן ברזולוציה גבוהה<em&gt; בvivo</em&gt; טכניקת הדמיה כדי לחקור את התגובה דינמית של מבנים תוך גולגולתי לצמיחה גידול וTherapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are exacerbated when significant brain atrophy and age-related white matter changes (e.g. Leukoaraiosis) are present. Lesion Explorer (LE) is an accurate and reliable neuroimaging pipeline specifically developed to address such issues commonly observed on MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. The pipeline is a complex set of semi-automatic procedures which has been previously validated in a series of internal and external reliability tests1,2. However, LE's accuracy and reliability is highly dependent on properly trained manual operators to execute commands, identify distinct anatomical landmarks, and manually edit/verify various computer-generated segmentation outputs.
LE can be divided into 3 main components, each requiring a set of commands and manual operations: 1) Brain-Sizer, 2) SABRE, and 3) Lesion-Seg. Brain-Sizer's manual operations involve editing of the automatic skull-stripped total intracranial vault (TIV) extraction mask, designation of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF), and removal of subtentorial structures. The SABRE component requires checking of image alignment along the anterior and posterior commissure (ACPC) plane, and identification of several anatomical landmarks required for regional parcellation. Finally, the Lesion-Seg component involves manual checking of the automatic lesion segmentation of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) for false positive errors.
While on-site training of the LE pipeline is preferable, readily available visual teaching tools with interactive training images are a viable alternative. Developed to ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the following is a step-by-step, video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

Lesion Explorer (LE) is a semi-automatic, image-processing pipeline developed to obtain regional brain tissue and subcortical hyperintensity lesion volumetrics from structural MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. To ensure a high level of accuracy and reliability, the following is a video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

הנגע Explorer: מודרך וידאו, סטנדרטי פרוטוקול Volumetrics מדויק ואמין הנגזר-MRI במחלה אלצהיימר וקשישים רגיל

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

הפעלת יתר רעיל גירוי של המוח כMicroslices<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; דגם של שבץ

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is effective for Parkinson&#8217;s disease, improving symptoms and reducing power consumption compared to conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS). In aDBS we track a local field potential biomarker (beta oscillatory amplitude) in real time and use this to control the timing of stimulation.

שליטה מחלת פרקינסון עם מסתגל עמוק גירוי המוח

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is a technique that identifies connectivity between different brain regions based on correlations over time in the blood-oxygenation level dependent signal. rs-fcMRI has been applied extensively to identify abnormalities in brain connectivity in different neurologic and psychiatric diseases. However, the relationship among rs-fcMRI connectivity abnormalities, brain electrophysiology and disease state is unknown, in part because the causal significance of alterations in functional connectivity in disease pathophysiology has not been established. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that uses electromagnetic induction to noninvasively produce focal changes in cortical activity. When combined with electroencephalography (EEG), TMS can be used to assess the brain's response to external perturbations. Here we provide a protocol for combining rs-fcMRI, TMS and EEG to assess the physiologic significance of alterations in functional connectivity in patients with neuropsychiatric disease. We provide representative results from a previously published study in which rs-fcMRI was used to identify regions with abnormal connectivity in patients with epilepsy due to a malformation of cortical development, periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH). Stimulation in patients with epilepsy resulted in abnormal TMS-evoked EEG activity relative to stimulation of the same sites in matched healthy control patients, with an abnormal increase in the late component of the TMS-evoked potential, consistent with cortical hyperexcitability. This abnormality was specific to regions with abnormal resting-state functional connectivity. Electrical source analysis in a subject with previously recorded seizures demonstrated that the origin of the abnormal TMS-evoked activity co-localized with the seizure-onset zone, suggesting the presence of an epileptogenic circuit. These results demonstrate how rs-fcMRI, TMS and EEG can be utilized together to identify and understand the physiological significance of abnormal brain connectivity in human diseases.

Resting-state functional-connectivity MRI has identified abnormalities in patients with a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy due to malformations of cortical development. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in combination with EEG can demonstrate that patients with epilepsy have cortical hyperexcitability in regions with abnormal connectivity.

מולטימודליות Imaging- מבוסס גירוי אופן הערכת קישוריות הקשורות מוח רגיש בחולים עם אפילפסיה

Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is a technique that identifies connectivity between different brain regions based on correlations ...

Continuous IV Infusion is the Choice Treatment Route for Arginine-vasopressin Receptor Blocker Conivaptan in Mice to Study Stroke-evoked Brain Edema

Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Stroke is complicated by brain edema and other pathophysiological events. Among the most important players in the development and evolution of stroke-evoked brain edema is the hormone arginine-vasopressin and its receptors, V1a and V2. Recently, the V1a and V2 receptor blocker conivaptan has been attracting attention as a potential drug to reduce brain edema after stroke. However, animal models which involve conivaptan applications in stroke research need to be modified based on feasible routes of administration. Here the outcomes of 48 hr continuous intravenous (IV) are compared with intraperitoneal (IP) conivaptan treatments after experimental stroke in mice. We developed a protocol in which middle cerebral artery occlusion was combined with catheter installation into the jugular vein for IV treatment of conivaptan (0.2 mg) or vehicle. Different cohorts of animals were treated with 0.2 mg bolus of conivaptan or vehicle IP daily. Experimental stroke-evoked brain edema was evaluated in mice after continuous IV and IP treatments. Comparison of the results revealed that the continuous IV administration of conivaptan alleviates post-ischemic brain edema in mice, unlike the IP administration of conivaptan. We conclude that our model can be used for future studies of conivaptan applications in the context of stroke and brain edema.

Our studies have revealed that the beneficial effects of conivaptan are dependent on the method of delivery after experimental stroke in mice. We have developed a research protocol for delivery of the receptor blocker via IV catheter on stroke-evoked brain edema formation in mice.

עירוי IV רציף הוא כביש טיפול הבחירה עבור ארגינין-וזופרסין קולטן חוסם Conivaptan עכברים ללמוד בצקת מוחית עורר שבץ

Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Stroke is complicated by brain edema and other pathophysiological events. Among ...

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena described in those patients for whom a brain autopsy has been requested. Although the advancements of biomedical sciences and neuroimaging have revolutionized the neuropsychiatric field, they have also generated the misleading idea that brain autopsies have only a confirmatory value. This false idea created a drastic reduction of autopsy rates and, consequently, a reduced possibility to perform more detailed and extensive neuropathological investigations, which are necessary to comprehend numerous normal and pathological aspects yet unknown of the human brain. The traditional inferential method of correlation between observed neuropsychiatric phenomena and corresponding localization/characterization of their possible neurohistological correlates continues to have an undeniable value. In the context of neuropsychiatric diseases, the traditional clinicopathological method is still the best possible methodology (and often the only available) to link unique neuropsychiatric features to their corresponding neuropathological substrates, since it relies specifically upon the direct physical assessment of brain tissues. The assessment of postmortem brains is based on brain cutting procedures that vary across different neuropathology centers. Brain cuttings are performed in a relatively extensive and systematic way based on the various clinical and academic contingencies present in each institution. A more anatomically inclusive and symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting methodology should at least be used for research purposes in human neuropathology to coherently investigate, in depth, normal and pathological conditions with the peculiarities of the human brain (i.e., hemispheric specialization and lateralization for specific functions). Such a method would provide a more comprehensive collection of neuropathologically well-characterized brains available for current and future biotechnological and neuroimaging techniques. We describe a symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting procedure for the investigation of hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and for use with current as well as future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

Organized brain cutting procedures are necessary to correlate specific neuropsychiatric phenomena with definitive neuropathologic diagnoses. Brain cuttings are performed differently based on various clinico-academic contingencies. This protocol describes a symmetric bihemispheric brain cutting procedure to investigate hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and to maximize current and future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

סימטרי Bihemispheric לאחר מות מוח חיתוך לחקר בריא והגבלות מוח פתולוגיים בבני אדם

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena ...