אנו מודים ל- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), KFO 247, על מימון המחקר שלנו.

<ol>
	<li>Lozano, A. M., Lipsman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+and+regulating+dysfunctional+circuits+using+deep+brain+stimulation.">Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation.</a> Neuron. 77 (3), 406-424 (2013).</li><li>Mathalon, D. H., Sohal, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Oscillations+and+Synchrony+in+Brain+Dysfunction+and+Neuropsychiatric+Disorders:+It's+About+Time.">Neural Oscillations and Synchrony in Brain Dysfunction and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: It's About Time.</a> JAMA Psychiatry. 72 (8), 840-844 (2015).</li><li>Uhlhaas, P. 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A., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+of+extracellular+fields+and+currents--EEG,+ECoG,+LFP+and+spikes.">The origin of extracellular fields and currents--EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 13 (6), 407-420 (2012).</li><li>Brazhnik, E., Novikov, N., McCoy, A. J., Cruz, A. V., Walters, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+correlates+of+exaggerated+oscillatory+activity+in+basal+ganglia+output+in+hemiparkinsonian+rats.">Functional correlates of exaggerated oscillatory activity in basal ganglia output in hemiparkinsonian rats.</a> Exp Neurol. 261, 563-577 (2014).</li><li>Avila, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta+frequency+synchronization+in+basal+ganglia+output+during+rest+and+walk+in+a+hemiparkinsonian+rat.">Beta frequency synchronization in basal ganglia output during rest and walk in a hemiparkinsonian rat.</a> Exp Neurol. 221 (2), 307-319 (2010).</li><li>Javor-Duray, B. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early-onset+cortico-cortical+synchronization+in+the+hemiparkinsonian+rat+model.">Early-onset cortico-cortical synchronization in the hemiparkinsonian rat model.</a> J Neurophysiol. 113 (3), 925-936 (2015).</li><li>Beck, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-+and+long-term+dopamine+depletion+causes+enhanced+beta+oscillations+in+the+cortico-basal+ganglia+loop+of+parkinsonian+rats.">Short- and long-term dopamine depletion causes enhanced beta oscillations in the cortico-basal ganglia loop of parkinsonian rats.</a> Exp Neurol. 286, 124-136 (2016).</li><li>Magill, P. J., Bolam, J. P., Bevan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+of+activity+in+the+subthalamic+nucleus-globus+pallidus+network+to+cortical+electroencephalogram.">Relationship of activity in the subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network to cortical electroencephalogram.</a> J Neurosci. 20 (2), 820-833 (2000).</li><li>Magill, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+functional+connectivity+within+the+rat+striatopallidal+axis+during+global+brain+activation+in+vivo.">Changes in functional connectivity within the rat striatopallidal axis during global brain activation in vivo.</a> J Neurosci. 26 (23), 6318-6329 (2006).</li><li>Brown, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+oscillatory+synchronisation+in+the+motor+system+leads+to+impaired+movement.">Abnormal oscillatory synchronisation in the motor system leads to impaired movement.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 17 (6), 656-664 (2007).</li><li>Stein, E., Bar-Gad, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta+oscillations+in+the+cortico-basal+ganglia+loop+during+parkinsonism.">beta oscillations in the cortico-basal ganglia loop during parkinsonism.</a> Exp Neurol. 245, 52-59 (2013).</li><li>Little, S., Brown, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+brain+signals+are+suitable+for+feedback+control+of+deep+brain+stimulation+in+Parkinson's+disease?.">What brain signals are suitable for feedback control of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease?.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1265, 9-24 (2012).</li><li>Priori, A., Foffani, G., Rossi, L., Marceglia, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+deep+brain+stimulation+(aDBS)+controlled+by+local+field+potential+oscillations.">Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) controlled by local field potential oscillations.</a> Exp Neurol. , 77-86 (2013).</li><li>Brozoski, T. J., Caspary, D. M., Bauer, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marking+multi-channel+silicon-substrate+electrode+recording+sites+using+radiofrequency+lesions.">Marking multi-channel silicon-substrate electrode recording sites using radiofrequency lesions.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 150 (2), 185-191 (2006).</li><li>Schjetnan, A. G., Luczak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+large-scale+neuronal+ensembles+with+silicon+probes+in+the+anesthetized+rat.">Recording large-scale neuronal ensembles with silicon probes in the anesthetized rat.</a> J Vis Exp. (56), (2011).</li><li>Mallet, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupted+dopamine+transmission+and+the+emergence+of+exaggerated+beta+oscillations+in+subthalamic+nucleus+and+cerebral+cortex.">Disrupted dopamine transmission and the emergence of exaggerated beta oscillations in subthalamic nucleus and cerebral cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 28 (18), 4795-4806 (2008).</li><li>Steriade, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corticothalamic+resonance,+states+of+vigilance+and+mentation.">Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation.</a> Neuroscience. 101 (2), 243-276 (2000).</li><li>Maesawa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+hemiparkinsonian+rats:+neuroprotection+of+dopaminergic+neurons.">Long-term stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in hemiparkinsonian rats: neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons.</a> J Neurosurg. 100 (4), 679-687 (2004).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (1998).</li><li>Oliveira, L. M. O., Dimitrov, D., Nicolelis, M. A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods for Neural Ensemble Recordings Frontiers in Neuroscience. , (2008).</li><li>Torres, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+efficacy+of+the+6-hydroxydopamine+lesion+of+the+median+forebrain+bundle+in+small+rats,+by+modification+of+the+stereotaxic+coordinates.">Increased efficacy of the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the median forebrain bundle in small rats, by modification of the stereotaxic coordinates.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 200 (1), 29-35 (2011).</li><li>Hadar, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rats+overexpressing+the+dopamine+transporter+display+behavioral+and+neurobiological+abnormalities+with+relevance+to+repetitive+disorders.">Rats overexpressing the dopamine transporter display behavioral and neurobiological abnormalities with relevance to repetitive disorders.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 39145 (2016).</li><li>Parr-Brownlie, L. C., Poloskey, S. L., Bergstrom, D. A., Walters, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parafascicular+thalamic+nucleus+activity+in+a+rat+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Parafascicular thalamic nucleus activity in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Exp Neurol. 217 (2), 269-281 (2009).</li><li>Steriade, M., Nunez, A., Amzica, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+slow+(&lt;+1+Hz)+oscillation+of+neocortical+neurons+in+vivo:+depolarizing+and+hyperpolarizing+components.">A novel slow (&lt; 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components.</a> J Neurosci. 13 (8), 3252-3265 (1993).</li><li>Maggi, C. A., Meli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suitability+of+urethane+anesthesia+for+physiopharmacological+investigations+in+various+systems.+Part+1:+General+considerations.">Suitability of urethane anesthesia for physiopharmacological investigations in various systems. Part 1: General considerations.</a> Experientia. 42 (2), 109-114 (1986).</li><li>Goldberg, J. A., Kats, S. S., Jaeger, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Globus+pallidus+discharge+is+coincident+with+striatal+activity+during+global+slow+wave+activity+in+the+rat.">Globus pallidus discharge is coincident with striatal activity during global slow wave activity in the rat.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (31), 10058-10063 (2003).</li><li>Karain, B., Xu, D., Bellone, J. A., Hartman, R. E., Shi, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+globus+pallidus+neurons:+functional+classification+and+effects+of+dopamine+depletion.">Rat globus pallidus neurons: functional classification and effects of dopamine depletion.</a> Synapse. 69 (1), 41-51 (2015).</li><li>Paasonen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+seven+different+anesthesia+protocols+for+nicotine+pharmacologic+magnetic+resonance+imaging+in+rat.">Comparison of seven different anesthesia protocols for nicotine pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging in rat.</a> Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 26 (3), 518-531 (2016).</li><li>Mahmud, M., Vassanelli, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+and+Analysis+of+Multichannel+Extracellular+Neuronal+Signals:+State-of-the-Art+and+Challenges.">Processing and Analysis of Multichannel Extracellular Neuronal Signals: State-of-the-Art and Challenges.</a> Front Neurosci. 10, 248 (2016).</li><li>Hadar, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+neural+oscillations+and+elevated+dopamine+levels+in+the+reward+pathway+during+alcohol+relapse.">Altered neural oscillations and elevated dopamine levels in the reward pathway during alcohol relapse.</a> Behav Brain Res. 316, 131-135 (2017).</li><li>Voget, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+local+field+potential+activity+and+serotonergic+neurotransmission+are+further+characteristics+of+the+Flinders+sensitive+line+rat+model+of+depression.">Altered local field potential activity and serotonergic neurotransmission are further characteristics of the Flinders sensitive line rat model of depression.</a> Behav Brain Res. 291, 299-305 (2015).</li></ol>

למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

במחקר הנוכחי, השיטה מדגימה כיצד להקליט אותות אלקטרו-סיביים תאיים בו-זמנית מאתרים מרובים של רשת נתונה, תוך שימוש בדוגמה של מסלול הגרעינים הקורטיקו-ביסאלי המהיר המחבר את ה- M1 עם ה- STN ו- SNR במכרסמים. צעד קריטי בהקלטה של ​​מבנים תת-קלי...

עדויות המצטברות לאחרונה על הפרעות נוירופסיכיאטריות שונות כגון מחלת פרקינסון (PD) וסכיזופרניה מצביעות על כך שהפתופיזיולוגיה שלהם מבוססת על תפקוד לקוי של מעגלים עצביים מורחבים, שלעתים קרובות כרוכות במבנים קליפת המוח וקורטיקורטיקליים 1 , 2 , 3 . על פי תיאוריה זו, את הביטויים הקליניים של מחלות נובעות כתוצאה של יכולת עיבוד מידע לקוי של רשת של תאים במקום תאים בודדים או אלמנטים נוירונים ספציפיים 1 , 2 , 3 . על מנת להגביר את ההבנה של קבוצה מורכבת זו של מחלות נוירופסיכיאטריות ולמצוא אפשרויות טיפול חדשות, חובה לאפיין את הדינמיקה העצבית של הרשתות הנפרעות בחולים אנושיים ובמודלים בבעלי חיים בפירוט רב. מצויןשיטת ent ללמוד רשתות בקנה מידה גדול בנושאים חיים הוא אתר רב הקלטות אלקטרו של פוטנציאלים תאיים 4 . באמצעות שיטה זו, ניתן להעריך בו זמנית את הפוטנציאל השדה המקומי (LFPs), אשר מייצגים בעיקר את הסיכום הזמני של זרמים postsynaptic מעכב ופעילות רב יחידה (MUA), כי הוא שנוצר על ידי הפוטנציאל presynaptic 5 . ההקלטה של ​​הפוטנציאלים תאיים יש מספר יתרונות על פני שיטות חלופיות ללמוד רשתות, למשל , הדמיה תפקודית תהודה מגנטית הדמיה סידן, כי זה מספק רזולוציה גבוהה יותר במרחב ובזמן כי זה לא תלוי אורגניזמים מהונדסים גנטית 5 . עם זאת, השימוש תאיים בהקלטות vivo מוגבל שכן היא טכניקה פולשנית כי לא ניתן ליישם אוניברסלית. ב vivo electrophysiological recהסמכות יכולה להתבצע ער, כמו גם בחיות הרדים 6 . שתי השיטות מלווה יתרונות וחסרונות ספציפיים. מחקרים בבעלי חיים ער לאפשר הקלטה של ​​אותות המוח במהלך הביצועים של משימות התנהגותיות מוגדרים, אבל נוטים התנועה הקשורים אחרים artifacts 7 , 8 . הקלטות בבעלי חיים מורדמים מצד שני מציעים את ההזדמנות להעריך LFPs ו MUA עם מינימום של artifacts ב מוגדרת מאוד סנכרון מדינות קליפת המוח, אבל התוצאות גם נבדלות במידה מסוימת מה ניתן למצוא בערים 9 , 10 , 11 . בשנים האחרונות, הוכח כי הדגימה של LFPs שימושי במיוחד כדי להגדיר שינויים פתולוגיים של פעילות הרשת. דוגמה בולטת לכך היא מחקר על הפתופיזיולוגיה של PD בחולה האנושימודלים של s ושל בעלי חיים של המחלה, שם ניתן היה להראות כי תנודות בטא משופר בלולאה הגרעינים קורטיקלי הבסיס קשורות סימפטומים המנוע פרקינסוניאן 12 , 13 . כתוצאה של קו זה של המחקר, הוא נחקר כעת אם תנודות בטא יכול לשמש ביומרקר משוב מקוון עבור לולאה סגורה גירוי מוחי עמוק 14 , 15 . במחקר הנוכחי, תיאור מפורט של אתר רב חריף in vivo הקלטות אלקטרו של LFPs ו MUA חולדות הרדים עם urethane מסופק. הוא הוכיח כיצד רשת שלמה, כגון מסלול ההישרדות הקורטיקלי-בסיסי של קורטיקו-קורטיקו, יכולה להיות מאופיינת באמצעות אלקטרודות באמצעות אלקטרודות סטנדרטיות ומותאמות אישית, וכיצד ניתן לבנות אלקטרודות אלו. זה מודגש במיוחד כיצד מיקוד מדויק של גרעיני הגרעיני הבסיס יכול להיות מושגת על ידי שיתוףMbining ניתוח stereotactic יחד עם רישום מקוון של MUAs.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl custom epidural electrodes</td>
			<td>Goodfellow GmbH 
			D-61213 Bad Nauheim, Germany 
			info@goodfellow.com</td>
			<td>Product-ID AG005127 for 99.99% silver wire</td>
			<td>Ag/AgCl electrodes will allow for better signal quality, but may only be used in acute experiments. Possible replacement: Stainless steel electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic holder with acrylic block</td>
			<td>David Kopf Instruments, 
			7324 Elmo Street, Tujunga, CA 91042, USA</td>
			<td>Product ID Model 1770 Standard Electrode Holder</td>
			<td>Make sure the acrylic block has recesses which suit the electrode setup for the desired target. Acrylic blocks can easily be modified with a file to obtain the desired configuration. Possible replacement: Self-constructed electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten microwire electrodes 1.5 M&#937; impedance</td>
			<td>Microprobes.com 
			18247-D Flower Hill Way&#160; Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20879 USA</td>
			<td>Product-ID WE3ST31.5A5-250um</td>
			<td>The 1.5 M&#937; is necessary to record MUA and LFP at the same time. Possible replacement: Microelectrodes of different materials can be used. The electrodes have to be straight, robust and as thin as possible.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat alignment tool</td>
			<td>David Kopf Instruments, 
			7324 Elmo Street, Tujunga, CA 91042, USA</td>
			<td>Product ID Model 944 Rat Alignment Tool</td>
			<td>Allows the exact orientation of the brain to match stereotaxic atlases. Possible replacement: Stereotaxic holder with a cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two-component dental acrylic</td>
			<td>Associated Dental Products Ltd. 
			Kemdent Works, Purton, Swindon 
			Wiltshire, SN5 4HT, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>Simplex Rapid Powder Clear 225g, Product code: ACR803; Simplex Rapid Liquid 150ml, Product code: ACR920</td>
			<td>Depending in the electrodes used, superglue might be an easy alternative, if the electrodes are small and lightweight. Possible replacement: Superglue (Cyanacrylate-based)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>Self-construction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A proper Faraday cage will be the best protection from electromagnetic artifacts, but everything which can be formed into a box shape or applied to a frame and is made of conductive material may help. Possible replacement: Aluminum foil or copper mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophysiological setup with recording software and online spike-sorting capabilities</td>
			<td>OmniPlex&#174; Neural Data Acquisition System 
			Plexon Inc 
			6500 Greenville Avenue, Suite 700 
			Dallas, Texas 75206 
			USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Offline sorting software is a potential alternative, multiple scripts and softwares can be found for free in the open source community.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acute in vivo electrophysiological recordings of local field potentials and multi-unit activity from the hyperdirect pathway in anesthetized rats

עדות מתמשכת מראה כי מחלות נוירופסיכיאטריות רבות יש להבין כהפרעות של רשתות עצביות בקנה מידה גדול. כדי להבין טוב יותר את הבסיס הפאתופיסיולוגי של מחלות אלו, יש צורך לאפיין במדויק באיזו צורה מופרעת עיבוד המידע בין החלקים העצביים השונים של המעגל. באמצעות תאיים in vivo הקלטות אלקטרו, ניתן לתכנן במדויק את הפעילות העצבית בתוך הרשת העצבית. ליישום שיטה זו יש מספר יתרונות על פני טכניקות אלטרנטיביות, כגון הדמיה בתהודה מגנטית תפקודית ודמיון סידן, שכן היא מאפשרת רזולוציה זמנית ומרחבית ייחודית ואינה מסתמכת על אורגניזמים מהונדסים גנטית. עם זאת, השימוש תאיים בהקלטות vivo מוגבל שכן היא טכניקה פולשנית כי לא ניתן ליישם אוניברסלית. במאמר זה, שיטה פשוטה וקלה לשימוש מוצג wאשר ניתן בו זמנית לרשום פוטנציאלים תאיים כגון פוטנציאל שדה מקומי פעילות multunit במספר אתרים של רשת. זה מפורט כיצד מיקוד מדויק של גרעינים תת קליפתיים ניתן להשיג באמצעות שילוב של ניתוח stereotactic וניתוח מקוון של הקלטות יחידה רב. לפיכך, הוא הוכיח, איך רשת מלאה כגון hyperdirect cortico-basal לולאה הגרעינים ניתן ללמוד בחיות הרדים in vivo .

עם זאת משמש הקלטה אלקטרודות, אפשר לדגימה LFPs מן הקורטקס המוטורי העיקרי, הגרעין subthalamic ואת reiculata ניגריה פטרייתיות ו MUA מן STN ו SNR. בתחילה, LFP והפעילות מרובת היחידות נרשמות יחד באות של פס רחב. לאחר מכן, LFPs ו MUAs מופרדים על ידי מסננים bandpass (0.05-250 הרץ עבור LFPs ו 300-4...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats at JoVE.com

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

חַד<em&gt; בויבו</em&gt; הקלטות אלקטרו של הפוטנציאל שדה מקומי פעילות מרובת יחידות מן מסלול Hyperdirect ב חולדות הרדמה

במחקר זה, מתודולוגיה מוצג על איך לבצע באתר מרובה in vivo הקלטות אלקטרו מכיון hyperdirect תחת הרדמה urethane.

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

15.5K Views.  Charité University Medicine Berlin.  במחקר זה, מתודולוגיה מוצג על איך לבצע באתר מרובה in vivo הקלטות אלקטרו מכיון hyperdirect תחת הרדמה urethane. 

Video: Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster

When startled adult D. melanogaster react by jumping into the air and flying away. In many invertebrate species, including D. melanogaster, the "escape" (or "startle") response during the adult stage is mediated by the multi-component neuronal circuit called the Giant Fiber System (GFS). The comparative large size of the neurons, their distinctive morphology and simple connectivity make the GFS an attractive model system for studying neuronal circuitry. The GFS pathway is composed of two bilaterally symmetrical Giant Fiber (GF) interneurons whose axons descend from the brain along the midline into the thoracic ganglion via the cervical connective. In the mesothoracic neuromere (T2) of the ventral ganglia the GFs form electro-chemical synapses with 1) the large medial dendrite of the ipsilateral motorneuron (TTMn) which drives the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM), the main extensor for the mesothoracic femur/leg, and 2) the contralateral peripherally synapsing interneuron (PSI) which in turn forms chemical (cholinergic) synapses with the motorneurons (DLMns) of the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), the wing depressors. The neuronal pathway(s) to the dorsovental muscles (DVMs), the wing elevators, has not yet been worked out (the DLMs and DVMs are known jointly as indirect flight muscles - they are not attached directly to the wings, but rather move the wings indirectly by distorting the nearby thoracic cuticle) (King and Wyman, 1980; Allen et al., 2006). The di-synaptic activation of the DLMs (via PSI) causes a small but important delay in the timing of the contraction of these muscles relative to the monosynaptic activation of TTM (~0.5 ms) allowing the TTMs to first extend the femur and propel the fly off the ground. The TTMs simultaneously stretch-activate the DLMs which in turn mutually stretch-activate the DVMs for the duration of the flight. The GF pathway can be activated either indirectly by applying a sensory (e.g."air-puff" or "lights-off") stimulus, or directly by a supra-threshold electrical stimulus to the brain (described here). In both cases, an action potential reaches the TTMs and DLMs solely via the GFs, PSIs, and TTM/DLM motoneurons, although the TTMns and DLMns do have other, as yet unidentified, sensory inputs. Measuring "latency response" (the time between the stimulation and muscle depolarization) and the "following to high frequency stimulation" (the number of successful responses to a certain number of high frequency stimuli) provides a way to reproducibly and quantitatively assess the functional status of the GFS components, including both central synapses (GF-TTMn, GF-PSI, PSI-DLMn) and the chemical (glutamatergic) neuromuscular junctions (TTMn-TTM and DLMn-DLM). It has been used to identify genes involved in central synapse formation and to assess CNS function.

Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster

The Giant Fiber System is a simple neuronal circuit of adult Drosophila melanogaster containing the largest neurons in the fly. We describe the protocol for monitoring synaptic transmission through this pathway by recording post synaptic potentials in dorsal longitudinal (DLM) and tergotrochanteral (TTM) muscles following direct stimulation of the Giant Fiber interneurons.

הקלטות אלקטרו מתוך מסלול של סיבים ענק ד melanogaster</em

When startled adult D. melanogaster react by jumping into the air and flying away. In many invertebrate species, including D. melanogaster, the "escape" ...

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings (GCMR) in the Insect Antennal Lobe

All organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is especially important in insects, which use their olfactory systems to respond to, and discriminate amongst, complex odor stimuli. These odors elicit behaviors that mediate processes such as reproduction and habitat selection1-3. Additionally, chemical sensing by insects mediates behaviors that are highly significant for agriculture and human health, including pollination4-6, herbivory of food crops7, and transmission of disease8,9. Identification of olfactory signals and their role in insect behavior is thus important for understanding both ecological processes and human food resources and well-being.
	To date, the identification of volatiles that drive insect behavior has been difficult and often tedious. Current techniques include gas chromatography-coupled electroantennogram recording (GC-EAG), and gas chromatography-coupled single sensillum recordings (GC-SSR)10-12. These techniques proved to be vital in the identification of bioactive compounds. We have developed a method that uses gas chromatography coupled to multi-channel electrophysiological recordings (termed 'GCMR') from neurons in the antennal lobe (AL; the insect's primary olfactory center)13,14. This state-of-the-art technique allows us to probe how odor information is represented in the insect brain. Moreover, because neural responses to odors at this level of olfactory processing are highly sensitive owing to the degree of convergence of the antenna's receptor neurons into AL neurons, AL recordings will allow the detection of active constituents of natural odors efficiently and with high sensitivity. Here we describe GCMR and give an example of its use.
	Several general steps are involved in the detection of bioactive volatiles and insect response. Volatiles first need to be collected from sources of interest (in this example we use flowers from the genus Mimulus (Phyrmaceae)) and characterized as needed using standard GC-MS techniques14-16. Insects are prepared for study using minimal dissection, after which a recording electrode is inserted into the antennal lobe and multi-channel neural recording begins. Post-processing of the neural data then reveals which particular odorants cause significant neural responses by the insect nervous system.
	Although the example we present here is specific to pollination studies, GCMR can be expanded to a wide range of study organisms and volatile sources. For instance, this method can be used in the identification of odorants attracting or repelling vector insects and crop pests. Moreover, GCMR can also be used to identify attractants for beneficial insects, such as pollinators. The technique may be expanded to non-insect subjects as well.

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings GCMR in the Insect Antennal Lobe

Olfactory cues mediate many different behaviors in insects, and are often complex mixtures comprised of tens to hundreds of volatile compounds. Using gas chromatography with multi-channel recording in the insect antennal lobe, we describe a method for the identification of bioactive compounds.

זיהוי נדיפים חוש ריח באמצעות קלטות כרומטוגרפיה-Multi-יחידת גז (GCMR) באונת מחושי החרקים

All  organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their  behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

קלטות אלקטרו כפולות של תגובות Astroglial ועצביות עוררו-synaptically בפרוסות ביפוקמפוס חריפות

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

שיטות הקלטה בעל מספר יחידות לאפיין את הפעילות עצבית בארבה (<em&gt; Schistocerca אמריקנה</em&gt;) מעגלי ריח

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

אלקטרו ומורפולוגי אפיון של שבבים עצביים במוח חריף Slices שימוש מותאם Patch-קלאמפ הקלטות

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

הקלטה בו זמנית של Electroretinography ופוטנציאלים חזותיים מעוררים אצל חולדות הרדימו

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

הקלטות סימולטני של פוטנציאל קורטיקלית שדה מקומי, רל, Electromyogram נושם קצב מעכברוש נעה בחופשיות

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Quantifying Acute Changes in Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Response to Central Nervous System Manipulations in Anesthetized Rats

Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure are important parameters in cardiovascular and autonomic research; however, there are limited resources directing scientists in the techniques for measuring and analyzing these variables. This protocol describes the methods for measuring RSNA and mean arterial pressure in anesthetized rats. The protocol also includes the approaches for accessing the brain during RSNA recordings for central nervous system (CNS) manipulations. The RSNA recording technique is compatible with pharmacologic, optogenetic, or electrical stimulation of the CNS. The approach is useful when an investigator will measure short-term (min to h) autonomic responses in non-survival experiments to correlate anatomically with CNS nuclei. The approach is not intended to be used to obtain chronic (survival) recordings of RSNA in rats. Discharges in RSNA, averaged rectified RSNA, and mean arterial pressure can be quantified and analyzed further using parametric statistical tests. Methods for obtaining venous access, recording mean arterial pressure telemetrically, and brain fixation for future histological analysis are also described in the article.

Methods for measuring sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to central nervous system (CNS) manipulations are important for advancing neuroscience. This protocol was developed to assist scientists with measuring and quantifying acute changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in anesthetized rats (non-survival).

לכימות שינויים חריפה בפעילות העצבים הסימפתטית כליות בתגובה מניפולציות במערכת העצבים המרכזית בחולדות מורדם

Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure are important parameters in cardiovascular and autonomic research; however, there are ...

Labeling and Imaging of Amyloid Plaques in Brain Tissue Using the Natural Polyphenol Curcumin

Deposition of amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) in extra- and intracellular spaces is one of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Therefore, detection of the presence of A&#946; in AD brain tissue is a valuable tool for developing new treatments to prevent the progression of AD. Several classical amyloid binding dyes, fluorochrome, imaging probes, and A&#946;-specific antibodies have been used to detect A&#946; histochemically in AD brain tissue. Use of these compounds for A&#946; detection is costly and time consuming. However, because of its intense fluorescent activity, high-affinity, and specificity for A&#946;, as well as structural similarities with traditional amyloid binding dyes, curcumin (Cur) is a promising candidate for labeling and imaging of A&#946; plaques in postmortem brain tissue. It is a natural polyphenol from the herb Curcuma longa. In the present study, Cur was used to histochemically label A&#946; plaques from both a genetic mouse model of 5x familial Alzheimer&#39;s disease (5xFAD) and from human AD tissue within a minute. The labeling capability of Cur was compared to conventional amyloid binding dyes, such as thioflavin-S (Thio-S), Congo red (CR), and Fluoro-jade C (FJC), as well as A&#946;-specific antibodies (6E10 and A11). We observed that Cur is the most inexpensive and quickest way to label and image A&#946; plaques when compared to these conventional dyes and is comparable to A&#946;-specific antibodies. In addition, Cur binds with most A&#946; species, such as oligomers and fibrils. Therefore, Cur could be used as the most cost-effective, simple, and quick fluorochrome detection agent for A&#946; plaques.

Curcumin is an ideal fluorophore for labeling and imaging of amyloid beta protein plaques in brain tissue due to its preferential binding to amyloid beta protein as well as its structural similarities with other traditional amyloid binding dyes. It can be used to label and image amyloid beta protein plaques more efficiently and inexpensively than traditional methods.

תיוג והדמיה של שלטי עמילואיד ברקמת המוח באמצעות פוליפנול טבעי כורכומין

Deposition of amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) in extra- and intracellular spaces is one of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided here is a protocol for successfully establishing a rat model of acute pontine infarction. Rats weighing about 250 g are used, and a probe with an insulated sheath is injected into the pons using a stereotaxic apparatus. A lesion is produced by the electrical stimulation with a single pulse. The Longa score, Berderson score, and beam balance test are used to assess neurological deficits. Additionally, the adhesive-removal somatosensory test is used to determine sensorimotor function, and the limb placement test is used to evaluate proprioception. MRI scans are then used to assess the infarction in vivo, and TTC staining is used to confirm the infarction in vitro. Here, a successful infarction is identified that is located in the anterolateral basis of the rostral pons. In conclusion, a new method is described to establish an acute pontine infarction rat model.

Presented here is a protocol for establishing acute pontine infarction in a rat model via electrical stimulation with a single pulse.

הקמת אוטם פונטינה חריפה בחולדות על ידי גירוי חשמלי

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

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הקלטות אלקטרו מתוך מסלול של סיבים ענק ד melanogaster