JS and UMN acknowledge funding by the Volkswagen Foundation (Az. 84905). We thank the University of Marburg for funding participant reimbursements and the Universitaetsstiftung of the University of Marburg for funding the biochemical analyses. Furthermore, we thank Johanna M. Doerr for her contribution to the study design and Nadine Skoluda for her involvement in the analysis of the saliva samples.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

כאן, פרוטוקול המחקר מוצג כיצד לחקור את ההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה על מתח פסיכו בחיי היומיום. היתרון של עיצוב הערכת אמבולטורי הוא שההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה על לחץ יכולות להיחקר את הסביבה הטבעית של המשתתפים בזמן שהם הולכים על שגרת היומיום שלהם. <p class="jove_content" style=";text-align:r...

האזנה למוסיקה קשורה תופעות להפחתת לחץ 1, 2. עם זאת, רוב המחקרים הקודמים נערכו במסגרות ניסיוניות, חוקרות אוכלוסיות חולות סלקטיבית. בפרט, מחקרים רבים נקבעו הגדרות כירורגי, שבו האזנה למוסיקה מתרחשת גם לפני, במהלך או לאחר הליך מלחיץ 3. למרות שחלק מחקרים אלה מראים השפעות מועילות של האזנה למוסיקה, הממצאים להישאר חד-משמעיים. זה יכול להיות בגלל מספר סיבות מתודולוגיות (מתודולוגיות מחקר שונות כלומר ועיצובים המחקר שונים עשויים להוביל לתוצאות שונות). לדוגמא, ההגדרה המלאכותית של מחקר מעבדה המבוססת עושה את זה ברור אם ממצאים ממחקרים אלה ניסיוני ניתן להעביר סביבות חיים אמיתיים. כמו האזנה למוסיקה היא פעילות פופולרית של חיי היומיום 4 אשר משמש לעתים קרובות עבור להירגעלמטרות ation 5, 6, 7, היא בעלת חשיבות עליונה כדי לחקור את ההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה על מתח פסיכו (ו המנגנונים הפוטנציאל שלה) בהגדרות בחיי היומיום המאופיינות תוקף אקולוגית גבוהה. מחקרים להגדיר בחיי היומיום לעתים קרובות מכונים הערכות רגעיות אקולוגיות (EMA), שיטות דגימת ניסיון (ESM), או ערכות אמבולטורי (AA) 8. המשותף לכל הגישות הללו היא העובדה כי הנתונים בשבי שוב ושוב לאורך זמן בסביבה של העולם האמיתי של המשתתפים. לדברי שיפמן, סטון, Hufford 9, מחקרים להגדיר בחיי היומיום ובכך לאפשר (א) מאפייני הבדלים אינדיבידואליים, (ב) מתאר ההיסטוריה טבעית, (ג) הערכת עמותות קשר, ו- (ד) מתעדי רצפים זמניים. לכן, אפשר ללמוד יחסים דינמייםבין משתנים של עניין עם מינימום של להטיית זיכרון ועד למקסימום של תוקף 9 אקולוגי. למרות תנאי EMA, ESM, ו- AA משמשים לעתים קרובות לסירוגין, הבחנות מסוימות חייבות להתבצע 8. בעוד EMA ו ESM מתייחסים בהערכה של דיווחים עצמיים סובייקטיבית, AA מוגדרת הערכה סימולטני של דיווחים עצמיים, רשומות התנהגות, ו / או מדידות פיזיולוגיות בחיי היומיום תוך המשתתפים הולכים כ -10 בשגרת יומם. מחקרי AA מאופיינים מדידות חוזרות של חוויות והתנהגויות נוכחיות בשילוב עם נתונים פיסיולוגיים 11. יתר על כן, AA מאפשר מדידה של מתח בחיי היום יום מנקודת מבט פסיכו, כמו דוחות עצמית סמנים פיזיולוגיים ניתן להעריכם את הסביבה הטבעית של המשתתפים. ההיפותלמוס-היפופיזה-אדרנל (HPA) ציר ואת מערכת העצבים האוטונומית (ANS) אמחדש שתי מערכות מתח רגיש בולטות בגוף. ציר HPA אחראי תגובת הלחץ האנדוקרינית. כאשר חווים מתח, ציר זה מופעל. הפעלה זו ניתן למדוד את הפרשת ההורמון קורטיזול. תגובת הלחץ האוטונומית ניתן למדוד באמצעות מגוון של סמנים אוטונומיים, כגון קצב לב ואת מוליכות חשמלית של עור. סמן ביולוגי חדש יחסית המשקף את הפעילות של ANS הוא אנזים רוק-אלפא עמילאז 12. שניהם ציר HPA ו ANS הפעילות יכולים להיות פולשנית ובמקביל נמדד הרוק באמצעות הקורטיזול אלפא-עמילאז רוק, בהתאמה 13. מחקרים להגדיר בחיי היומיום המקיף הן סובייקטיביות כמו גם סמנים פיזיולוגיים של סטרס הם עדיין נדירים, כמו רוב המחקרים על האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום להסתמך על 6 דיווחים עצמיים סובייקטיבית, 7, 14 &lt;/ sup&gt;, 15, 16, 17. ממחקרים אלה, ניתן להסיק כי האזנה למוסיקה היא פעילות פופולרית של חיי היומיום 15, 17 אשר מזוהים עם השפעות מועילות עבור הסובייקטיבית לרווחתה 6, 7, 18. הדבר המעניין ביותר, מחקרים רבים מוצאים כי האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום קשורה תחושות סובייקטיביות של הרפיה 6, 7. יתר על כן, הרפיה היא סיבה נפוצה האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום 6. מצד השני, מחקרי הערכה אמבולטורי על ההשפעה להפחתת לחץ של האזנה למוסיקה - בעיקר אלו הן פסיכולוגיים מקיפות וכן סממנים פיסיולוגיים מתח - הם נדירים מאוד. הראינו בעבר ב tוו המחקרים לגבי הערכת אמבולטורי כי האזנה למוסיקה קשורה השפעה ממתנת-מתח משתתפים בריאים 19, 20. בניגוד לממצאים אלה במבוגרים צעירים ובריאים, לא הצלחנו למצוא השפעה להפחתת לחץ של האזנה למוסיקה בדגימת חולה 21. לכן, זה הוא בעל חשיבות מיוחדת כדי לחקור את ההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום באמצעות הערכה אמבולטורי, כמו גישה זו מאפשרת בחינה של מגוון רחב של מצבים בהם האזנה למוסיקה מתרחשת עם רזולוציה גבוהה הזמני (בהשוואה למצב מלאכותי ניסוי) ותוקף חיצוני גבוה. באמצעות המחקרים לגבי הערכת אמבולטורי, אפשר לחקור גורמים בהקשר להשפיע על תופעות של האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום. במקביל, המנגנונים יכול להיחקר באמצעות הערכת פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים במקביל. גישה זו גורמת לכך אפשר לפענח את המנגנונים המורכבים העומדים בבסיס ההשפעה להפחתת לחץ של האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום. פרוטוקול זה מדגים כיצד להעריך את ההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה על מתח פסיכו בחיי היומיום על ידי לפרט על (1) מערך מחקר, (2) חומרים ושיטות, (3) מבחר המשתתפים, ו- (4) שיקולים סטטיסטיים, המבוסס על מחקרים הנ&quot;ל 19, 20, 21.

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			<td>Enzyme Immunoassay for the quantitative determination of free cortisol in human saliva</td>
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			<td>Ready-for-use calibrator consisting of a buffered description aqueous solution with biological materials added as required to obtain desired component levels.</td>
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			<td style="width:143px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
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			<td>Ready-for-use control</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Precipath U</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
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			<td>Ready-for-use control</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AMY EPS HIT 917 liquid</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11876473 316</td>
			<td>R1: &#945;-glucosidase; R2: 4,6-ethylidene-(G7) p-nitrophenyl-(G1)-&#945;,D-maltoheptaoside</td>
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			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td colspan="4" height="78" style="height:78px;width:1704px;">further materials include typical laboratory utensils, e.g., micropipettes, oribtal shaker, vortex mixer, 8-channel micropipettor, wash bottle, automated or semi-automated microtiter plate washing system, precision scale, microtiter plate reader capable of reading absorbance&#160;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Apple iPod touch, 8GB, 5th Generation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Apple Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>mobile diary device</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">iDialogPad&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Mutz Elektronik Entwicklung</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>software for programming items occuring in the ambulatory assessment</td>
		</tr>
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assessing the effects of music listening on psychobiological stress in daily life

האזנה למוסיקה קשורה תופעות להפחתת לחץ. עם זאת, רוב התוצאות על האזנה למוסיקה ומתח נאספו במסגרות ניסיוניות. כמו האזנה למוסיקה היא פעילות פופולרית של חיי היומיום, זה הוא בעל חשיבות עליונה כדי לחקור את ההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה על מתח פסיכו בתוך היומיום, הגדרה יומית-חיים. כאן, פרוטוקול המחקר מוצג המאפשר הערכת הקשר בין האזנה למוסיקה ומתח פסיכו בחיי היומיום על ידי מדידת פולשנית הקורטיזול (כסמן של ההיפותלמוס, יותרת המוח, יותרת הכליה (HPA) ציר) אלפא-עמילאז הרוק (כמו סמן של מערכת העצבים האוטונומית (ANS)). הפרוטוקול כולל ייעוץ על מערך המחקר (למשל, פרוטוקול דגימה), חומרים ושיטות (למשל, הערכת לחץ פסיכו בחיי היומיום, ההערכה של האזנה למוסיקה, ואת הידני), הבחירה של משתתפים (למשל, הסכמה שלקריטריונים מוסדי מועצה לביקורת וכלה), ואת הניתוחים הסטטיסטיים (למשל, הגישה המרובה). תוצאות הנציג לספק ראיות על מנת להשיג תוצאה להפחתת לחץ של האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום. במיוחד, סיבות ספציפיות האזנה למוסיקה (בעיקר הרפיה), וכן בנוכחות אחרת ותוך כדי כך, להגדיל אפקט לחץ צמצום זה. במקביל, האזנה למוסיקה בחיי היומיום באופן דיפרנציאלי משפיעה על ציר HPA ו ANS מתפקד, ובכך מדגיש את הצורך בבדיקה רבה ממדים של מתח בחיי היומיום.

פרוטוקול זה נועד לספק דוגמה אחת לאופן ההשפעה של האזנה למוסיקה על מתח פסיכו בחיי היומיום יכול להיבחן. הנהלים נועדו לחקור את הקשרים בין האזנה למוסיקה, דוחות לחץ הסובייקטיבית, הפרשת הקורטיזול, ופעילות של עמילאז אלפא רוק. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page=...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life at JoVE.com

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed.

הערכת ההשפעות של האזנה למוסיקה על מתח פסיכו בחיי היומיום

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental ...

assessing-effects-music-listening-on-psychobiological-stress-daily

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13.1K Views.  University of Marburg. A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed. 

Video: Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

חשיפת חירשות Beat: הפרעות קצב זיהוי עם אצבע מסונכרנות הקשה ומשימות תזמון תפיסתי

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Mindfulness in Motion (MIM): An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely and valuable to employee and employer alike. Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) is a Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) offered as a modified, less time intensive method (compared to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction), delivered onsite, during work, and intends to enable busy working adults to experience the benefits of mindfulness. It teaches mindful awareness principles, rehearses mindfulness as a group, emphasizes the use of gentle yoga stretches, and utilizes relaxing music in the background of both the group sessions and individual mindfulness practice. MIM is delivered in a group format, for 1 hr/week/8 weeks. CDs and a DVD are provided to facilitate individual practice. The yoga movement is emphasized in the protocol to facilitate a quieting of the mind. The music is included for participants to associate the relaxed state experienced in the group session with their individual practice. To determine the intervention feasibility/efficacy we conducted a randomized wait-list control group in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). ICUs represent a high-stress work environment where personnel experience chronic exposure to catastrophic situations as they care for seriously injured/ill patients. Despite high levels of work-related stress, few interventions have been developed and delivered onsite for such environments. The intervention is delivered on site in the ICU, during work hours, with participants receiving time release to attend sessions. The intervention is well received with 97% retention rate. Work engagement and resiliency increase significantly in the intervention group, compared to the wait-list control group, while participant respiration rates decrease significantly pre-post in 6/8 of the weekly sessions. Participants value institutional support, relaxing music, and the instructor as pivotal to program success. This provides evidence that MIM is feasible, well accepted, and can be effectively implemented in a chronically high-stress work environment.

Mindfulness in Motion MIM: An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention MBI for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

The Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) protocol offers a pragmatic Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) on-site, for persons working in chronically high-stress work environments that significantly increases resiliency and work engagement. The protocol has proven feasible, beneficial, and is easily adaptable to other high-stress workplaces.

מודעות בתנועה (MIM): התערבות באתר הלקוח מודעות מבוססת (MBI) לסביבות עבודה מתח כרוני גבוה כדי להגדיל את הגמישות ועבודת אירוסין

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

יישום טכניקת הזרקת stereotactic לחקר השפעות גנטיות על התנהגות בעלי החיים

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

הערכה של מערכת פעילות אנושית המבוססת על טלפון חכם הכרה בימי סביבת חיים

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

הממד החברתי של מתח: ניסיון מניפולציות של תמיכה החברתית וזהות חברתית בחברת טרייר מתח מבחן

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

שיטה לבחינת ההשפעה של רמזים סביבתיים על התנהגות ההזדווגות ב<em&gt; תסיסנית מלנוגאסטר</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here investigates how listening to music influences driving behaviors. A driving simulation was selected because it offers both a well-controlled environment and a good level of ecological validity. Driving behaviors were assessed through a car-following task. In practice, participants were instructed to follow a lead vehicle as they would do in real life. The lead vehicle speed changed over time requiring constant speed adjustments for the participants. The inter-vehicular time was used to assess driving behaviors. To complement the driving behaviors, the subjective mood and physiological level of arousal were also collected. As such, the results collected using this method offer insights on both the human internal state (i.e., subjective mood and physiological arousal) and driving behaviors in the car following task.

Here, we present a protocol to assess driving behaviors while following a vehicle in a simulated driving environment. The presented protocol is used to compare the impact of different auditory backgrounds on driving behaviors.

נהיגה בשכרות: כיצד להקשיב למוסיקה משפיע על התנהגויות נהיגה

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here ...

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish

Responding appropriately to stressful stimuli is essential for survival of an organism. Extensive research has been done on a wide spectrum of stress-related diseases and psychiatric disorders, yet further studies into the genetic and neuronal regulation of stress are still required to develop better therapeutics. The zebrafish provides a powerful genetic model to investigate the neural underpinnings of stress, as there exists a large collection of mutant and transgenic lines. Moreover, pharmacology can easily be applied to zebrafish, as most drugs can be added directly to water. We describe here the use of the 'novel tank test' as a method to study innate stress responses in zebrafish, and demonstrate how potential anxiolytic drugs can be validated using the assay. The method can easily be coupled with zebrafish lines harboring genetic mutations, or those in which transgenic approaches for manipulating precise neural circuits are used. The assay can also be used in other fish models. Together, the described protocol should facilitate the adoption of this simple assay to other laboratories.

This manuscript describes a simple method to measure stress behaviorally in adult zebrafish. The approach takes advantage of the innate tendency that zebrafish prefer the bottom half of a tank when in a stressful state. We also describe methods for coupling the assay with pharmacology.

גישות התנהגותיות לחקר הלחץ הטבוע בדג זברה

Responding appropriately to stressful stimuli is essential for survival of an organism. Extensive research has been done on a wide spectrum of ...

Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as personality. Here, we describe a behavioral protocol designed for the study of the influence of zebrafish personality on their orientation response to multiple external environmental cues, specifically water currents and magnetic fields. This protocol aims to understand whether proactive or reactive zebrafish display different rheotactic thresholds (i.e., the flow speed at which the fish start swimming upstream) when the surrounding magnetic field changes its direction. To identify zebrafish with the same personality, fish are introduced in the dark half of a tank connected with a narrow opening to a bright half. Only proactive fish explore the novel, bright environment. Reactive fish do not exit the dark half of the tank. A swimming tunnel with low flow rates is used to determine the rheotactic threshold. We describe two setups to control the magnetic field in the tunnel, in the range of the earth&#8217;s magnetic field intensity: one that controls the magnetic field along the flow direction (one dimension) and one that allows a three-axial control of the magnetic field. Fish are filmed while experiencing a stepwise increase of the flow speed in the tunnel under different magnetic fields. Data on the orientation behavior are collected through a video-tracking procedure and applied to a logistic model to allow the determination of the rheotactic threshold. We report representative results collected from shoaling zebrafish. Specifically, these demonstrate that only reactive, prudent fish show variations of the rheotactic threshold when the magnetic field varies in its direction, while proactive fish do not respond to magnetic field changes. This methodology can be applied to the study of magnetic sensitivity and rheotactic behavior of many aquatic species, both displaying solitary or shoaling swimming strategies.

We describe a behavioral protocol designed to assess how zebrafish&#8217;s personalities influence their response to water currents and weak magnetic fields. Fishes with the same personalities are separated based on their explorative behavior. Then, their rheotactic orientation behavior in a swimming tunnel with a low flow rate and under different magnetic conditions is observed.

הערכת השפעתה של האישיות על רגישות לשדות מגנטיים ב דג זברה

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as ...

Assessing the Autonomic and Behavioral Effects of Passive Motion in Rats using Elevator Vertical Motion and Ferris-Wheel Rotation

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and Ferris-wheel rotation devices. These assays can help confirm the integrity and normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. They are coupled to quantitative measures based on defecation counting, open-field examination, and balance beam crossing. The advantages of these assays are their simplicity, reproducibility, and quantitative behavioral measures. The limitations of these assays are that the autonomic reactions could be epiphenomena of non-vestibular disorders and that a functioning vestibular system is required. Examination of disorders such as motion sickness will be greatly aided by the detailed procedures of these assays.

Protocols are presented to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using elevator vertical motion and Ferris-wheel rotation.

הערכת השפעות אוטונומיות והתנהגותיות של תנועה פסיבית בחולדות באמצעות תנועה אנכית המעלית סיבוב הגלגל הענק

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and ...