אנו מודים Khalied אחמד, לייני מקנייט ודר Pinnix לשדה וסיוע מעבדה, כמו גם את צוות תמיכת שדה מעבדת האגם וילר Turfgrass, כוללים דסטין קורבט ומרוט פאריש, לשמירה על תחומי מחקר. עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקה על ידי מרכז צפון קרוליינה סטייט עבור Turfgrass סביבת מחקר וחינוך.

<ol>
	<li>Milesi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+and+modeling+the+biogeochemical+cycling+of+turf+grasses+in+the+United+States.">Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States.</a> Environ. Manag. 36, 426-438 (2005).</li><li>Turgeon, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Turfgrass management. , (2008).</li><li>Cisar, J. L., Synder, R. H., Sartain, J. B., Borgert, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislodgeable+residues+of+chloropyrifos+and+isazofos+and+implications+for+golfer+exposure.">Dislodgeable residues of chloropyrifos and isazofos and implications for golfer exposure.</a> Int. Turf. Soc. 9, 12-18 (2001).</li><li>Morgan, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+and+children's+exposure+to+2,4-D+from+multiple+sources+and+pathways.">Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways.</a> J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18 (5), 486-494 (2008).</li><li>. Overview of Risk assessment in the Pesticide Program [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0157-0003">https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0157-0003</a> (2016)</li><li>. OCSPP Harmonized Test Guidelines - Master List [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ocspp-testguidelines_masterlist-2015-11-19.pdf">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ocspp-testguidelines_masterlist-2015-11-19.pdf</a> (2015)</li><li>. Occupational and Residential Exposure Test Guidelines - OPPTS 875.1100 Dermal Exposure - Outdoor Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program">https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program</a> (1996)</li><li>Fuller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+California+roller+for+measuring+transferable+residues+on+treated+turfgrass.">Modified California roller for measuring transferable residues on treated turfgrass.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 787-794 (2001).</li><li>Klonne, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+five+transferable+turf+residue+methods.">Comparative study of five transferable turf residue methods.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 771-779 (2001).</li><li>Rosenheck, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+a+standardized+sampling+technique+for+pesticide+transferable+turf+residues.">Determination of a standardized sampling technique for pesticide transferable turf residues.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 780-786 (2001).</li><li>Kim, D. S., Marshall, E. J. P., Brain, P., Caseley, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+crop+canopy+structure+on+herbicide+deposition+and+performance.">Effects of crop canopy structure on herbicide deposition and performance.</a> Weed Res. 51 (3), 310-320 (2011).</li><li>Jeffries, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+dislodgeable+2,4-D+plant+residues+from+hybrid+bermudagrass+(Cynodon+dactylon+L.+x+C.+transvaalensis.)+athletic+fields.">Factors influencing dislodgeable 2,4-D plant residues from hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis.) athletic fields.</a> PLoS One. 11 (2), 1-16 (2016).</li><li>Sears, M. K., Bowhey, C., Braun, H., Stephenson, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislodgeable+residues+and+persistence+of+diazinon,+chloropyrifos+and+isofenphos+following+their+application+to+turfgrass.">Dislodgeable residues and persistence of diazinon, chloropyrifos and isofenphos following their application to turfgrass.</a> Pestic. Sci. 20 (3), 223-232 (1987).</li><li>Campillo, C., Prieto, M. H., Daza, C., Mo&#324;ino, M. J., Garc&#237;a, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+digital+images+to+characterize+canopy+coverage+and+light+interception+in+a+processing+tomato+crop.">Using digital images to characterize canopy coverage and light interception in a processing tomato crop.</a> HortSci. 43 (6), 1780-1786 (2008).</li></ol>

יש המחברים שום גילויים לעשות.

סוכנויות רגולציה לא זיהו שיטה ספציפית לכמת שאריות חומר הדברה להעברה מ turfgrass. מחקר זה תומך ניצול שיטות שונות על פי קריטריונים ספציפי תהליך הכללת אתרים וחשיפה, כמו כל מה שיש להם שירות עבור הערכות סיכון אנושיות. עם זאת, לכולם יש מגבלות שהחוקרים צריכים להיות מודעים לפני ה?...

Turfgrasses גדל על פני 16.3 מיליון חה בארצות הברית הרציפה (ארה&quot;ב) - העולה על השטח המשותף של תירס דגנים מושקה [(Zea Mays ל) 2.5 מיליון דונם], סויה [(גליצין מקסימום ל) 2.1 מיליון דונם] ו כותנה [(Gossypium hirsutum ל) 0.9 מיליון דונם] - והם מנוצלים על ידי הציבור עם שימושי קרקע כולל מגרשי ספורט, מדשאות מסחריות / מגורים, מגרשי גולף ופרקי 1, 2. הם מספקים הרבה תכונות חברתיות חיוביות כולל שליטת אבק, פיזור חום, משטחי פנאי וייצוב קרקע. עם זאת, הסגת גבול דברה עלולה להתרחש אשר מחייבת שימוש בחומרי הדברה (ים) כדי לשמור על הדשא לרמה מקובלת 3. חופות צמח ליירט מערכות turfgrass הוקם מרוססות בחומרי הדברה. החשיפה אנושית-דברה אפשרית באמצעות מסלולים שונים, לרבות העברה מ מטופלי vegetation ישירות על בני אדם, כמו גם דרך נתיבי עקיפה כגון גיהוץ על ציוד תחזוקה, חיות מחמד ופריטי פנאי 4, 5. כדי לענות על דאגות כאלה, הערכות סיכון חשיפה לחומרי דברת אדם חייבות להתנהל לפני רישום חומרי הדברת רישום מחדש בארה&quot;ב לקבוע את אופיו ואת ההסתברות של השפעות בריאותיות שליליות בעקבות חשיפה למדיה סביבה מזוהמת 6. במסגרת הנחיות מבחן חשיפה התעסוקתית ומגורים המועסקים כיום על ידי USEPA, בדיקות פיזור שאריות להעברת עלים (OPPTS 875.2100) נערכות לכמת שאריות חומר הדברה על משטחי מטופלים שניתן להעביר באמצעות תהליכים שונים על גבי עור / בגדי אדם או בשאיפת 7, 8. מאמצי מחקר קודמים משווים את מספר שיטות שאריות חומר הדברה להעברת עלי incluדינג מכבש קליפורניה (הזזת מכבש של מסה ידועה בכל רחבי בד כותנה), מזחלת גרירה (משיכת אובייקט מוצק של מסה ידועה עם חתיכת בד קשור אליו), רולר קצף פוליאוריטן (הזזת מכבש המסה הידועה מכוסה קצף פוליאוריטן דשדוש נעל) (הצמדת אריג כותנה לנעליים), אשר כל המתבצעות באזור ידוע של שטופל הדברה turfgrass 9, 10, 11, 12. השיטות הנ&quot;ל, גישות רולר קליפורניה המבוססת לספק גישת הדיר ביותר לכמת שאריות חומר הדברה להעברת עלים; עם זאת, וזהוב יותר גישות אגרסיביות כמו דשדוש נעל יכולות להעביר יותר שאריות חומר הדברה, שיש לה גם שירות בהערכות סיכון. יד מנגב שיטות לספק יכולת משופרת יחסית לפנות משטחי צמחיית turfgrass מטופלים ייחודיים. שיטה זו מספקת נתונים ישימים יותר עבור nondietaבליעת דברה ר&quot;י, כמו מגע יד אל פה היא תהליך נפוץ הקשורות מסלול חשיפה זו. דינמיקת חופת Turfgrass להשתנות משמעותי בין שני מינים ואתרי שימוש. מינים להשתנות נפוץ רגל צמיחת עונה, כמו גם להב מרקם וצפיפות, המשפיע יירוט תרסיס הדברת תהליכים פיסיולוגיים 3, 13. תשומות ניהול יכולות להשתנות משמעותית בין אתרים לשימוש, ובתוך אתר שימוש המבוסס על ציפיות ספציפיות לאתר. לדוגמא, bermudagrass (spp Cynodon.) מנוצל באקלים מותאם כמו גולף לשים משטח ירוק אשר בדרך כלל שלחין גזום&gt; 5 פעמים בשבוע (גזרים שנאספו) ב 0.3 כדי 0.4 סנטימטר, כמו גם כיסוי קרקע שירות nonirrigated אשר עשוי להיות גזום &lt;1 פעמים בשבוע (קטעים חזרו) 1.5 כדי 6.3 סנטימטר. מחקרים קודמים הראו שאריות חומרי הדברה עלים להעברה יכול להשתנות בין המינים בתוך אתר השימוש,ומושפע שיטות השקיה כיסוח 14, 15. בסופו של דבר, השוני בין מערכות turfgrass מעכב את יישום שיטה אוניברסלית לכמת שאריות חומרי הדברה עלים להעברה. לכן, בחירת שיטה לייעל הערכות סיכון אדם צריכות להקיף pesticide-, בעצם תהליך, הכללת אתרים ו מינים ספציפיים קריטריונים. מטרת המחקר הנוכחי הייתה לאפיין שיטות שונות בשימוש לכמת שאריות חומר הדברת עלים להעברה, ולהאיר תנאים שיש לשקול בעת בחירת שיטה בניסוי נתון.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;General&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coolers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turf paint</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Field plot measuring equipment</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protective foot apparel</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman 3 MM Chr Chromatography Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-716-3E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Ball roll&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>531137</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hacksaw for PVC cutting</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90&amp;deg; elbow (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>RCE-2000-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tee coupler (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>PVC024001600HD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC adhesive</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lag bolt (0.6 cm diameter by 7 cm length)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>801366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Size 4 soccer ball</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure gauge</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand air pump</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fabric scissors</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scott Rags-In-A-Box</td><td>Uline</td><td>S-12809</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Hand wipe&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% cotton heavyweight inspection gloves</td><td>Uline</td><td>S-19284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>National Institutes of Health</td><td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital scale that measures up to 400 g</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stopwatch</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic bucket (23 cm diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>209313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Modifed California roller&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal conduit (1.25 cm diameter by 1.8 m length)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>101543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe (10 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>531103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sand + reebar to bring roller to 14.5 kg</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC plug</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>33403D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane foam sheet (1.25 cm thick) to cover PVC pipe</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 mm painter&#039;s plastic</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglass sheet (107 cm length by 76 cm width by 0.6 cm thick)</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toggle clamps</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal nails (10 to 15 cm length) to secure frame to ground</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% cotton sheets (&gt;200 threadcount)</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Turfgrass vegetation core collection&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lever action golf course cup cutter</td><td>Par Aide Product Company</td><td>1001-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knife</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiskars Herb Scissors</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>96086966J</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turf plug plastic container</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocols for quantifying transferable pesticide residues in turfgrass systems

חופות צמח במערכות turfgrass הוקמו יכולות ליירט כמות ניכרת של חומרי הדברה רססו, אשר ניתן להעביר דרך נתיבים שונים על בני אדם. מסיבה זו, ניסויים שאריות חומרי הדברה להעברה נדרשים לרישום מחדש רישום על ידי הסוכנות להגנת הסביבה בארה&quot;ב (USEPA). למרות ניסויים כאלה נדרשים, סגוליים מוגבלים נדרשים הנוגעים גישה ניסויית. גישות ניסיוני המשמש להערכת העברת חומרי הדברה לבני אדם כולל יד מנגב עם כפפות כותנה, שינוי רולר קליפורניה (הזזת מכבש המסה הידועה על בד כותנה) אנד רול כדורגל (כדור עטוף עם רצועת sorbent) מעל שלושה מינים turfgrass מטופלים (זוחל bentgrass, bermudagrass ההיברידי בן אפר גבוה שומר על 0.4, 5 ו -9 סנטימטרים, בהתאמה) מוצגים. גלגלת קליפורניה השונה היא הגישה מנוצל בצורה המקיפה ביותר עד כה, והיא מתאימה לשימוש בגבה כיסוח נמוכיםעקב שטח דגימת השחזור הגדול שלה. רול הכדורגל הוא גישת העברה אגרסיבית פחות; עם זאת, שהיא מחקה תופעה שכיחה מאוד בספורט הבינלאומי הפופולרי ביותר, ויש לו השלכות רבות על חשיפה לחומרי הדברה nondietary ממגע היד אל הפה. בנוסף, גישה זו עשויה להיות מותאמת לפעילות ספורטיבית אחרת עם שינוי מוגבל. להעביר את הכף היא הגישה הטובה ביותר להעביר חומרי דברה בגבה כיסוח גבוהים, כמו גישות המבוסס על רולר יכול להניח להבים מעל; עם זאת, הוא סובייקטיבי יותר בשל לחץ דגימה משתנה יותר. שירות של שיטות אלה על פני מיני turfgrass מוצג, ושיקולים נוספים בכדי לבצע מחקר שאריות חומר הדברה להעברה במערכות turfgrass נדונות.

בונה על מאמצי מחקר קודמים השוואת שיטות שאריות חומר הדברה להעברה בתוך מערכת turfgrass יחידה, ומערכות turfgrass בתוך שיטת שאריות חומר הדברה להעברה יחידה, עבודת שדה (יזם 24 מאי, 2016 ראלי, צפון קרוליינה, ארה&quot;ב) נערכה על מנת להשוות שיטות פני מערכות turfgrass. בקיצור, 2,4-D...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems at JoVE.com

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

ניסויי שאריות חומר הדברה להעברה במערכות turfgrass הם מרכיבים בלתי נפרדים ערכות חשיפה לסיכון אדם. גישות ניסיוניות למדידת שאריות להעברה צריכות להיות מותאמות האינטראקציה האנושית של דינמיקת עניין ומערכת turfgrass. שלושה פרוטוקולי הדברת שאריות להעברה מוצגים ואת התאמת פני שלוש מערכות turfgrass נדון.

פרוטוקולים לכימות שאריות חומר הדברה להעברת מערכות Turfgrass

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

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Environment

7.2K Views.  North Carolina State University.  ניסויי שאריות חומר הדברה להעברה במערכות turfgrass הם מרכיבים בלתי נפרדים ערכות חשיפה לסיכון אדם. גישות ניסיוניות למדידת שאריות להעברה צריכות להיות מותאמות האינטראקציה האנושית של דינמיקת עניין ומערכת turfgrass. שלושה פרוטוקולי הדברת שאריות להעבר?...

Video: Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

עיצוב ובנייה של מתקן מחקר ניגר עירוני

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

משולב שדה Lysimetry וPorewater דגימה להערכת כימית ניידות בקרקעות וצמחייה הוקמה

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

פרוטוקולים לקוטל עשבים חזקים התנגדות בדיקה במיני עשבים שונים

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we developed an excised leaf assay combined with a vegetative cloning strategy to normalize herbicide uptake and remove translocation as contributing factors in herbicide-resistant (R) and &#8211;sensitive (S) waterhemp populations. Biokinetic analyses of organic pesticides in plants typically include the determination of uptake, translocation (delivery to the target site), metabolic fate, and interactions with the target site. Herbicide metabolism is an important parameter to measure in herbicide-resistant weeds and herbicide-tolerant crops, and is typically accomplished with whole-plant tests using radiolabeled herbicides. However, one difficulty with interpreting biokinetic parameters derived from whole-plant methods is that translocation is often affected by rates of herbicide metabolism, since polar metabolites are usually not mobile within the plant following herbicide detoxification reactions. Advantages of the protocol described in this manuscript include reproducible, accurate, and rapid determination of herbicide degradation rates in R and S populations, a substantial decrease in the amount of radiolabeled herbicide consumed, a large reduction in radiolabeled plant materials requiring further handling and disposal, and the ability to perform radiolabeled herbicide experiments in the lab or growth chamber instead of a greenhouse. As herbicide resistance continues to develop and spread in dicot weed populations worldwide, the excised leaf assay method developed and described herein will provide an invaluable technique for investigating non-target site-based resistance due to enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and detoxification.

This manuscript describes how herbicide metabolism rates can be effectively quantified with excised leaves from a dicot weed, thereby reducing variability and removing any possible confounding effects of herbicide uptake or translocation typically observed in whole-plant assays.

מדידת מחירים של קוטל העשבים מטבוליזם בעשבי Dicot עם Assay נכרת עלה

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

אפיון ויישום של דוגמים פסיביים עבור ניטור של דברה במים

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

מערכות טיפול צמחי להסרת מזהמים המשויכים לרעלת פני המים בחקלאות ובנוף העירוני

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Measuring Stolons and Rhizomes of Turfgrasses Using a Digital Image Analysis System

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often used on a limited number of stolons or rhizomes. For this reason, these traits are limited in their use for morphological characterization of plants. The use of digital image analysis software technology may overcome measurement errors due to human mistakes, which tend to increase as the number and size of samples also increase. The protocol can be used for any kind of crop but is particularly suitable for forage or grasses, where plants are small and numerous. Turf samples consist of aboveground biomass and an upper soil layer to the depth of maximum rhizome development, depending on the species of interest. In studies, samples are washed from the soil, and stolons/rhizomes are cleaned by hand before analysis by digital image analysis software. The samples are further dried in a laboratory heating oven to measure dry weight; therefore, for each sample, the resultant data are total length, total dry weight, and average diameter. Scanned images can be corrected before analysis by excluding visible extraneous parts, such as remaining roots or leaves not removed with the cleaning process. Indeed, these fragments normally have much smaller diameters than stolons or rhizomes, so they can be easily excluded from analysis by fixing the minimum diameter below which objects are not considered. Stolon or rhizome density per unit area can then be calculated based on sample size. The advantage of this method is quick and efficient measurement of the length and average diameter of large sample numbers of stolons or rhizomes.

A software-based image analysis system provides an alternative method to study the morphology of stoloniferous and rhizomatous species. This protocol permits measurement of the length and diameter of stolons and rhizomes and can be applied to samples with a large amount of biomass and to a wide variety of species.

מדידת Stolons המלבלבים של Turfgrasses באמצעות מערכת ניתוח תמונה דיגיטלי

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often ...

Quantification of the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Products on Microbiomes

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which is virtually universal in plants. The inhibition of the enzyme stops the production of three essential amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. EPSPS is also present in fungi and prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria; thus, the use of GBP may have an impact on the microbiome composition of soils, plants, herbivores, and secondary consumers. This article aims to present general guidelines to assess the effect of GBP on microbiomes from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses and provide a few testable hypotheses. Two field experiments are presented to test the GBP on non-target organisms. First, plant-associated microbes from 10 replicated control and GBP treatment plots simulating no-till cropping are sampled and analyzed. In the second experiment, samples from experimental plots fertilized by either poultry manure containing glyphosate residues or non-treated control manure were obtained. Bioinformatics analysis of EPSPS protein sequences is utilized to determine the potential sensitivity of microbes to glyphosate. The first step in estimating the effect of GBP on microbiomes is to determine their potential sensitivity to the target enzyme (EPSPS). Microbial sequences can be obtained either from public repositories or by means of PCR amplification. However, in the majority of field studies, microbiome composition has been determined based on universal DNA markers such as the 16S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). In these cases, sensitivity to glyphosate can only be estimated through a probabilistic analysis of EPSPS sequences using closely related species. The quantification of the potential sensitivity of organisms to glyphosate, based on the EPSPS enzyme, provides a robust approach for further experiments to study target and non-target resistant mechanisms.

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. In this article, we introduce general guidelines to quantify the effect of GBP on microbiomes, from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses.

כימות ההשפעה הפוטנציאלית של מוצרים מבוססי גלייפוסט על מיקרוביום

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme ...

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. Imidacloprid, the most widely used insecticide worldwide, is a representative first-generation neonicotinoid and is used in pest control for crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. With such a broad application of imidacloprid, its residue in crops has attracted increasing scrutiny. In the present study, 15 wheat seedlings were placed in a culture medium containing 0.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L imidacloprid for hydroculture. The content of imidacloprid in the wheat roots and leaves was determined after 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days of hydroculture to explore the migration and distribution of imidacloprid in wheat. The results showed that imidacloprid was detected both in the roots and leaves of the wheat plant, and the content of imidacloprid in the roots was higher than that in the leaves. Furthermore, the imidacloprid concentration in the wheat increased with increasing exposure time. After 3 days of exposure, the roots and leaves of the wheat in the 0.5 mg/L treatment group contained 4.55 mg/kg &plusmn; 1.45 mg/kg and 1.30 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.08 mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively, while the roots and leaves of the 5 mg/L treatment group contained 42.5 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.62 mg/kg and 8.71 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.14 mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively. The results from the present study allow for a better understanding of pesticide residues in crops and provide a data reference for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.

Presented here is a protocol for the determination of the absorption, translocation, and distribution of imidacloprid in wheat under hydroponic conditions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The results showed that imidacloprid can be absorbed by wheat, and imidacloprid was detected in both the wheat roots and leaves.

קביעת קליטה, טרנסלוקציה והפצה של אימידקלופריד בחיטה

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. ...

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety of matrices both in official and non-official laboratories. The QuEChERS method using ammonium formate has previously proven to be advantageous compared to the original and the two official versions. On the one hand, the simple addition of 0.5 g of ammonium formate per gram of sample is sufficient to induce phase separation and achieve good analytical performance. On the other hand, ammonium formate reduces the need for maintenance in routine analyses. Here, a modified QuEChERS method using ammonium formate was applied for the simultaneous analysis of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in agricultural soil. Specifically, 10 g of the sample was hydrated with 10 mL of water and then extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile. Next, phase separation was carried out using 5 g of ammonium formate. After centrifugation, the supernatant was subjected to a dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up step with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, primary-secondary amine, and octadecylsilane. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used as the analytical technique. The QuEChERS method using ammonium formate is demonstrated as a successful alternative for extracting OCP residues from a soil sample.

The present protocol describes the utilization of ammonium formate for phase partitioning in QuEChERS, together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to successfully determine organochlorine pesticide residues in a soil sample.

ניתוח של חומרי הדברה אורגנוכלורין בדגימת קרקע על ידי גישת QuEChERS שונה באמצעות פורמט אמוניום

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety ...