עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי JSPS KAKENHI, מענק מספרים JP16K17988 ו JP16K05996, ועל ידי תוכנית לקידום חדשנות חוצה אסטרטגית חוצה, יחידה D66, מדידה חדשנית וניתוח של חומרים מבניים (SIP-IMASM), המופעל על ידי משרד הקבינט. המחברים מודים גם לד&quot;ר. סטושי קישימוטו וקימיושי נייטו ב NIMS עבור חומר CFRP שלהם.

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למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

בטכניקה המתוארת, צעד אחד מאתגר הוא מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה רשת או סורגים (מקוצר כמו ייצור רשת) 26 אם אין דפוס תקופתי קיים על הדגימה. רשת המגרש צריך להיות אחיד לפני דפורמציה כי זה פרמטר חשוב למדידה עיוות. אם החומר הוא מתכת, סגסוגת מתכת, או קרמיקה, UV או חימום nithimprin...

מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מדידות עיוות הם חיוניים חיוני להערכת תכונות מכניות, התנהגויות חוסר יציבות, מדגיש שיורית, סדק המופעים של חומרים מתקדמים. מאז טכניקות אופטיות הם ללא מגע, שדה מלא, ולא הרסנית, שיטות אופטיות שונות פותחו עבור מדידת דפורמציה במהלך העשורים האחרונים. בשנים האחרונות, המיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה דפורמציה טכניקות המדידה כוללים בעיקר את שיטות moiré 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ניתוח פאזה גיאומטרי (GPA) 5 , 6 , Fourier טרנספורמציה (FT), מתאם תמונה דיגיטלית (DIC), ו דפוס אינטרפרמטריה אלקטרונית (ESPI). בין טכניקות אלה, GPA ו FT אינם מתאימים למדידות דפורמציה מורכבות כי תדרים מרובים קיימים. שיטת ה- DIC היא SIMאבל חסר אונים נגד הרעש כי המוביל דפורמציה הוא speckle אקראי. לבסוף, ESPI רגיש מאוד לרטט. בין מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה שיטות moiré, השיטות הנפוצות ביותר כיום הם מיקרוסקופ סריקה שיטות moiré, כגון אלקטרונים סריקה moiré 7 , 8 , 9 , לייזר סריקה moiré 10 , 11 , ו מיקרוסקופ כוח אטומי (AFM) moiré 12 , וכמה שיטות moiré מבוסס מיקרוסקופ, כגון דיגיטלי / חופף moiré 13 , 14 , 15 השיטה ואת הכפל / שבורה moiré שיטה 16 , 17 . שיטת הסריקה moiré יש יתרונות רבים, כגון שדה רחב של נוף, reso גבוההלובן, וחוסר רגישות לרעש אקראי. עם זאת, שיטת הסריקה המסורתית אינה נוחה עבור מדידות זן דו-ממדיות מכיוון שיש צורך לסובב את שלב המדגם או את כיוון הסריקה ב -90 ° ולסרוק פעמיים כדי ליצור שוליים של moiré בשני כיוונים. סיבוב ותהליכי סריקה כפולה להציג שגיאת סיבוב ולקחת הרבה זמן, ברצינות להשפיע על דיוק המדידה של זן 2D, במיוחד עבור זן גזירה. אף על פי שהטכניקה הטמפורלית של הזזת הטמפרטורה 19 , 20 יכולה לשפר את דיוק המדידה של הדפורמציה, היא דורשת זמן ומכשיר פאזה מיוחד שאינו מתאים לבדיקות דינמיות. שיטת הדגימה moiré 21 , 22 יש דיוק גבוהה במדידות תזוזה ועכשיו הוא משמש בעיקר עבור מדידות סטיה על גשרים כאשר מכוניות pתַחַת. כדי להאריך את שיטת הדגימה moiré כדי מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה 2 מדידות זן, שיטת כפל משוחזרת moiré פותח לאחרונה 23 מתוך 2 פיקסלים הדגימה moiré שוליים, שבו המדידות הן רגישות כפליים שדה רחב של נוף של סריקה שיטת moiré נשמר. יתר על כן, בשלב המרחבי הזזת דגימה שיטת moiré הוא פיתח גם מ רב פיקסל הדגימה moiré שוליים, המאפשר מדידות זן דיוק גבוהה. פרוטוקול זה יציג את הליך המדידה זן מפורט והוא צפוי לסייע לחוקרים ומהנדסים ללמוד כיצד למדוד דפורמציה, לשפר את תהליכי הייצור של חומרים ומוצרים.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="737">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Automatic Polishing Machine</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Marumoto Struers K.K.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">LaboPol-30, Labor Force-100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:208px;">Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">HYEJ16M95DHX1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:208px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">DELL Japan</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">VOSTRO</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Can be replaced with another computer with C++ programming language</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:208px;">Image Recording Software</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Lasertec Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">LMEYE7</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Installed in a laser scanning microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">Ion Coater</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">JEC3000F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Laser Scanning Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Lasertec Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">OPTELICS HYBRID</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="90">
			<td height="90" style="height:90px;width:208px;">Nanoimprint Device</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Japan Laser Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">EUN-4200</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Can be replaced with a electron beam lithography device or a focused ion beam milling device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="90">
			<td height="90" style="height:90px;width:208px;">Nanoimprint Mold</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SCIVAX Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">3.0&#956;m pitch</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Customized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="90">
			<td height="90" style="height:90px;width:208px;">Nanoimprint Resist</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">PAK01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">Polishing Solution</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Marumoto Struers K.K.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">DP-Spray P 15&#956;m, 1&#956;m, 0.25&#956;m</td>
			<td>Use from coarse to fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Pipet</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AS ONE Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">10mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Sand Paper</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Marumoto Struers K.K.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">SiC Foil #320, #800</td>
			<td>Use from coarse to fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td>MIKASA Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">MS-A100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

micro/nano-scale strain distribution measurement from sampling moir&#233; fringes

עבודה זו מתארת ​​את הליך המדידה והעקרונות של טכניקת הדגימה moiré עבור שדה מלא מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מדידות עיוות. הטכניקה המפותחת יכולה להתבצע בשתי דרכים: שימוש בשיטת moiré הכפולה המשוחזרת או בשיטה המירבית של הדגימה. כאשר הדגימה הרשת הוא סביב 2 פיקסלים, 2 פיקסלים הדגימה moiré שוליים נוצרות לשחזר דפוס moiré כפל עבור מדידת דפורמציה. הן עקירה והן רגישויות זן גבוהים פי שניים מאשר בשיטה המסורתית סריקה moiré באותו שדה רחב של נוף. כאשר הדגימה של רשת הדגימה נמצאת סביב או גדולה מ -3 פיקסלים, הדגימה מרובת הדגימה של הדגימה moiré נוצרת, וטכניקה של שינוי מרחבי של שלב משולבת למדידת עיוות שדה מלא. הדיוק למדידת המתח משופר באופן משמעותי, ומדידת אצווה אוטומטית היא ניתנת להשגה בקלות.שתי השיטות יכולות למדוד את התפלגות המימדים הדו-ממדית (2D) מתמונת רשת חד-פעמית ללא סיבוב הדגימה או קווי הסריקה, כמו בטכניקות moiré מסורתיות. כדוגמאות, את ההעתקה 2D ו זנים הפצות, כולל זנים גזירה של שני פחמן מחוזק סיבי פלסטיק, נמדדו בבדיקות כיפוף שלוש נקודות. הטכניקה המוצעת צפויה למלא תפקיד חשוב בהערכות כמותיות לא הרסניות של תכונות מכניות, התרחשויות סדק, וכן מדדים שיוריים של מגוון חומרים.

ההעתקה הדו-ממדית והפצת המתח של שני דגימות של פחמן מחוזק בסיבי פחמן (CFRP) (# 1 ו- # 2) נמדדו על פי עקרון היווצרות moir® 23 ותהליך המדידה ( איור 1 ). הדגימות CFRP היו עשויים 10-11 מיקרומטר קוטר K13D סיבי פחמן שרפים אפוקסי. הדפורמציה של CFRP # 1 נ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling MoirÃ© Fringes at JoVE.com

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&amp;#233; Fringes

טכניקה דגימה moiré שמציעות 2 פיקסל ורב פיקסל שיטות הדגימה עבור דיוק גבוהה מדידות הפצת זן מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מוצג כאן.

מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה זן הפצה מדידה מדגימה Moiré שוליים

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to accurately measure the strain distributions of materials at the micro or nano scale using the two-pixel or multi-pixel sampling moir

micronano-scale-strain-distribution-measurement-from-sampling-moir

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JoVE Journal

Engineering

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

12.2K Views.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The overall goal of this experiment is to accurately measure the strain distributions of materials at the micro or nano scale using the two-pixel or multi-pixel sampling moir

Video: Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

מדידת פיזור אי-לינאריות מNanoparticle Plasmonic יחיד

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are proposed to create the electrical network in this work: (a) the incorporation of the nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix and (b) the coating of the glass fabric with a sizing filled with the same nanoplatelets. Both types of multiscale composite materials, with an in-plane electrical conductivity of ~10-3 S/m, showed an exponential growth of the electrical resistance as the strain increases due to distancing between adjacent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and contact loss between overlying ones. The sensitivity of the materials analyzed during this research, using the described procedures, has been shown to be higher than commercially available strain gauges. The proposed procedures for self-sensing of the structural composite material would facilitate the structural health monitoring of components in difficult to access emplacements such as offshore wind power farms. Although the sensitivity of the multiscale composite materials was considerably higher than the sensitivity of metallic foils used as strain gauges, the value reached with NH2 functionalized graphene nanoplatelets coated fabrics was nearly an order of magnitude superior. This result elucidated their potential to be used as smart fabrics to monitor human movements such as bending of fingers or knees. By using the proposed method, the smart fabric could immediately detect the bending and recover instantly. This fact permits precise monitoring of the time of bending as well as the degree of bending.

The integration of conductive nanoparticles, such as graphene nanoplatelets, into glass fiber composite materials creates an intrinsic electrical network susceptible to strain. Here, different methods to obtain strain sensors based on the addition of graphene nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix or as a coating on glass fabrics are proposed.

חישה מבוססת עומס על מחוזק חומרים מרוכבים Multiscale עם גראפן Nanoplatelets

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

טוען מלכודת אופטית של דיאלקטרי microparticles באוויר

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common procedure for collecting traces of explosives, and standardized measurements of collection efficiency are needed to evaluate and optimize sampling protocols. The approach described here is designed to provide this measurement infrastructure, and controls most of the factors known to be relevant to wipe-sampling. Three critical factors (the applied force, travel distance, and travel speed) are controlled using an automated device. Test surfaces are chosen based on similarity to the screening environment, and the wipes can be made from any material considered for use in wipe-sampling. Particle samples of the explosive 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) are applied in a fixed location on the surface using a dry-transfer technique. The particle samples, recently developed to simulate residues made after handling explosives, are produced by inkjet printing of RDX solutions onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates. Collection efficiency is measured by extracting collected explosive from the wipe, and then related to critical sampling factors and the selection of wipe material and test surface. These measurements are meant to guide the development of sampling protocols at screening venues, where speed and throughput are primary considerations.

Optimized sampling protocols and the development of new wipe materials can be facilitated by standardized measurements of collection efficiency from wipe-sampling. Our approach for sampling trace explosives uses an automated device to control speed, force, and distance during wipe-sampling followed by extraction of collected explosives.

שיטה סטנדרטית למדידת יעילות גבייה נגב-דגימה של חומרי נפץ Trace

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common ...

Generation of Size-controlled Poly (ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. This paper proposes a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip was fabricated using the multi-layer soft lithography method. Hexadecane containing surfactant was used as the continuous phase, and PEGDA with the ultraviolet (UV) photo-initiator was the dispersed phase. Surfactants allowed the local surface tension to drop and formed a more cusped tip which promoted breaking into tiny micro-droplets. As the pressure of dispersed phase was constant, the size of droplets became smaller with increasing continuous phase pressure before dispersed phase flow was broken off. As a result, droplets with size variation from 1 &#181;m to 80 &#181;m in diameter could be selectively achieved by changing the pressure ratio in two inlet channels, and the average coefficient of variation was estimated to be below 7%. Furthermore, droplets could turn into micro-beads by UV exposure for photo-polymerization. Conjugating biomolecules on such micro-beads surface have many potential applications in the fields of biology and chemistry.

Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Here, we present a protocol to illustrate the fabrication processes and verifying experiments of a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation.

דור של פולי שבשליטת גודל (אתילן גליקול) Diacrylate טיפות דרך דו-תלת-ממדי לזרום התמקדות Microfluidic מכשירים

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, where the yarns in each layer are oriented parallel to each other and held in place using binder resins and thin polymer films. The armor is constructed by stacking the unidirectional layers in different orientations. To date, only very preliminary work has been performed to characterize the ageing of the binder resins used in unidirectional laminates and the effects on their performance. For example, during the development of the conditioning protocol used in the National Institute of Justice Standard-0101.06, UD laminates showed visual signs of delamination and reductions in V50, which is the velocity at which half of the projectiles are expected to perforate the armor, after ageing. A better understanding of the material property changes in UD laminates is necessary to comprehend the long-term performance of armors constructed from these materials. There are no current standards recommended for mechanically interrogating unidirectional (UD) laminate materials. This study explores methods and best practices for accurately testing the mechanical properties of these materials and proposes a new test methodology for these materials. Best practices for ageing these materials are also described.

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

הליכי גזירה, בדיקות מתיחה, ו ההזדקנות של ציפויים חד כיווני חד-כיווני מרוכבים

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Intermediate Strain Rate Material Characterization with Digital Image Correlation

The mechanical response of a material under dynamic load is typically different than its behavior under static conditions; therefore, the common quasistatic equipment and procedures used for material characterization are not applicable for materials under dynamic loads. The dynamic response of a material depends on its deformation rate and is broadly categorized into high (i.e., greater than 200/s), intermediate (i.e., 10&#8722;200/s) and low strain rate regimes (i.e., below 10/s). Each of these regimes calls for specific facilities and testing protocols to ensure the reliability of the acquired data. Due to the limited access to high-speed servo-hydraulic facilities and validated testing protocols, there is a noticeable gap in the results at the intermediate strain rate. The current manuscript presents a validated protocol for the characterization of different materials at these intermediate strain rates. Strain gauge instrumentation and digital image correlation protocols are also included as complimentary modules to extract the utmost level of detailed data from every single test. Examples of raw data, obtained from a variety of materials and test setups (e.g., tensile and shear) is presented and the analysis procedure used to process the output data is described. Finally, the challenges of dynamic characterization using the current protocol, along with the limitations of the facility and methods of overcoming potential problems are discussed.

Here we present a methodology for the dynamic characterization of tensile specimens at intermediate strain rates using a high-speed servo-hydraulic load frame. Procedures for strain gauge instrumentation and analysis, as well as for digital image correlation strain measurements on the specimens, are also defined.

אפיון חומרים קצב למתח ביניים עם המתאם תמונה דיגיטלי

The mechanical response of a material under dynamic load is typically different than its behavior under static conditions; therefore, the common ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

פיתוח שיטה עבור מדעי החלל ללא מגע מכשירים ספקטרוסקופיים הדיאלקטרי של הנייר תאית

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measuring Sub-23 Nanometer Real Driving Particle Number Emissions Using the Portable DownToTen Sampling System

The current particle size threshold of the European Particle Number (PN) emission standards is 23 nm. This threshold could change because future combustion engine vehicle technology may emit large amounts of sub-23 nm particles. The Horizon 2020 funded project DownToTen (DTT) developed a sampling and measurement method to characterize particle emissions in this currently unregulated size range. A PN measurement system was developed based on an extensive review of the literature and laboratory experiments testing a variety of PN measurement and sampling approaches. The measurement system developed is characterized by high particle penetration and versatility, which enables the assessment of primary particles, delayed primary particles, and secondary aerosols, starting from a few nanometers in diameter. This paper provides instruction on how to install and operate this Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) for Real Drive Emissions (RDE) measurements and assess particle number emissions below the current legislative limit of 23 nm.

Presented here is the DownToTen (DTT) portable emission measurement system to assess real driving automotive emissions of sub-23 nm particles.

מדידת תת-23 ננומטר פליטת חלקיק נהיגה אמיתית באמצעות מערכת הדגימה הניידת DownToTen

The current particle size threshold of the European Particle Number (PN) emission standards is 23 nm. This threshold could change because future ...

Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

Orthogonal superposition (OSP) rheology is an advanced rheological technique that involves superimposing a small-amplitude oscillatory shear deformation orthogonal to a primary shear flow. This technique allows the measurement of structural dynamics of complex fluids under non-linear flow conditions, which is important for the understanding and prediction of the performance of a wide range of complex fluids. The OSP rheological technique has a long history of development since the 1960s, mainly through the custom-built devices that highlighted the power of this technique. The OSP technique is now commercially available to the rheology community. Given the complicated design of the OSP geometry and the non-ideal flow field, users should understand the magnitude and sources of measurement error. This study presents calibration procedures using Newtonian fluids that includes recommendations for best practices to reduce measurement errors. Specifically, detailed information on the end-effect factor determination method, sample filling procedure, and identification of the appropriate measurement range (e.g., shear rate, frequency, etc.) are provided.

We present a detailed calibration protocol for a commercial orthogonal superposition rheology technique using Newtonian fluids including end-effect correction factor determination methods and recommendations for best practices to reduce experimental error.

הליכי כיול עבור ריאולוגיית סופרפוזיציה אורתוגונלית

Orthogonal superposition (OSP) rheology is an advanced rheological technique that involves superimposing a small-amplitude oscillatory shear deformation ...