מחקר זה נתמך על ידי הפרוייקטים: MAT2014-60615-R ו- MAT2017-82182-R במימון סוכנות מחקר המדינה (ההזמנות) ואת אירופה אזורי פיתוח קרן (ERDF).

<ol>
	<li>Fang, G., Amirfazli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+anti-icing+behavior+of+superhydrophobic+surfaces.">Understanding the anti-icing behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces.</a> Surface Innovations. 2 (2), 94-102 (2014).</li><li>Wang, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+superhydrophobic+coating+and+the+anti-icing+properties+of+its+lubricants-infused-composite+surface+under+condensing+condition.">Robust superhydrophobic coating and the anti-icing properties of its lubricants-infused-composite surface under condensing condition.</a> New Journal of Chemistry. 41 (4), 1846-1853 (2017).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+superhydrophobic+surfaces+best+for+icephobicity?.">Are superhydrophobic surfaces best for icephobicity?.</a> Langmuir. 27 (6), 3059-3066 (2011).</li><li>Milionis, A., Loth, E., Bayer, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+mechanical+durability+of+superhydrophobic+materials.">Recent advances in the mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials.</a> Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 229, 57-79 (2016).</li><li>Li, X. -. M., Reinhoudt, D., Crego-Calama, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+do+we+need+for+a+superhydrophobic+surface?+A+review+on+the+recent+progress+in+the+preparation+of+superhydrophobic+surfaces.">What do we need for a superhydrophobic surface? 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J. M., Rodr&#237;guez-Criado, J. C., Cabrerizo-V&#237;lchez, M., Rodr&#237;guez-Valverde, M. A., Guerrero-Vacas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+super-nonstick+aluminized+steel+surfaces.">Towards super-nonstick aluminized steel surfaces.</a> Progress in Organic Coatings. 109, 135-143 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+superhydrophobic+surface+with+hierarchical+multi-scale+structure+on+copper+foil.">Fabrication of superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical multi-scale structure on copper foil.</a> Surface and Coatings Technology. 254, 151-156 (2014).</li><li>Varshney, P., Mohapatra, S. S., Kumar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superhydrophobic+coatings+for+aluminium+surfaces+synthesized+by+chemical+etching+process.">Superhydrophobic coatings for aluminium surfaces synthesized by chemical etching process.</a> International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials. 7 (4), 248-264 (2016).</li><li>Ruiz-Cabello, F. J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+performance+of+superhydrophobic+aluminum+surfaces.">Testing the performance of superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces.</a> Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 508, 129-136 (2017).</li><li>Mahadik, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superhydrophobic+silica+coating+by+dip+coating+method.">Superhydrophobic silica coating by dip coating method.</a> Applied Surface Science. 277, 67-72 (2013).</li><li>Xu, L., Karunakaran, R. G., Guo, J., Yang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent,+superhydrophobic+surfaces+from+one-step+spin+coating+of+hydrophobic+nanoparticles.">Transparent, superhydrophobic surfaces from one-step spin coating of hydrophobic nanoparticles.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 4 (2), 1118-1125 (2012).</li><li>Montes Ruiz-Cabello, F. J., Amirfazli, A., Cabrerizo-Vilchez, M., Rodriguez-Valverde, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+water-repellent+surfaces+on+galvanized+steel.">Fabrication of water-repellent surfaces on galvanized steel.</a> RSC Advances. 6 (76), 71970-71976 (2016).</li><li>Li, L., Breedveld, V., Hess, D. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superhydrophobic+surfaces+by+laser+ablation+of+rare-earth+oxide+ceramics.">Superhydrophobic surfaces by laser ablation of rare-earth oxide ceramics.</a> MRS Communications. 4 (3), 95-99 (2014).</li><li>Liang, J., Hu, Y., Fan, Y., Chen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+superhydrophobic+cerium+oxide+surfaces+on+aluminum+substrate+and+its+corrosion+resistance+properties.">Formation of superhydrophobic cerium oxide surfaces on aluminum substrate and its corrosion resistance properties.</a> Surface and Interface Analysis. 45 (8), 1211-1216 (2013).</li><li>Azimi, G., Dhiman, R., Kwon, H. -. M., Paxson, A. T., Varanasi, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrophobicity+of+rare-earth+oxide+ceramics.">Hydrophobicity of rare-earth oxide ceramics.</a> Nature Materials. 12, 315 (2013).</li><li>Ruan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+anti-icing+behavior+of+superhydrophobic+surfaces+on+aluminum+alloy+substrates.">Preparation and anti-icing behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum alloy substrates.</a> Langmuir. 29 (27), 8482-8491 (2013).</li><li>Yin, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+investigation+of+ice+formation+on+surfaces+with+representative+wettability.">In situ investigation of ice formation on surfaces with representative wettability.</a> Applied Surface Science. 256 (22), 6764-6769 (2010).</li><li>Boinovich, L., Emelyanenko, A. M., Korolev, V. V., Pashinin, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+wettability+on+sessile+drop+freezing:+when+superhydrophobicity+stimulates+an+extreme+freezing+delay.">Effect of wettability on sessile drop freezing: when superhydrophobicity stimulates an extreme freezing delay.</a> Langmuir. 30 (6), 1659-1668 (2014).</li><li>Antonini, C., Innocenti, M., Horn, T., Marengo, M., Amirfazli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+effect+of+superhydrophobic+coatings+on+energy+reduction+in+anti-icing+systems.">Understanding the effect of superhydrophobic coatings on energy reduction in anti-icing systems.</a> Cold Regions Science and Technology. 67 (1-2), 58-67 (2011).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superhydrophobic+surfaces+cannot+reduce+ice+adhesion.">Superhydrophobic surfaces cannot reduce ice adhesion.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 101 (11), 111603 (2012).</li><li>Adam, S., Barada, K. N., Alexander, D., Mool, C. G., Eric, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+abrasion+of+a+titanium+superhydrophobic+surface+prepared+by+ultrafast+laser+microtexturing.">Linear abrasion of a titanium superhydrophobic surface prepared by ultrafast laser microtexturing.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 23 (11), 115012 (2013).</li><li>Li, X. -. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-cost+and+large-scale+fabrication+of+a+superhydrophobic+5052+aluminum+alloy+surface+with+enhanced+corrosion+resistance.">Low-cost and large-scale fabrication of a superhydrophobic 5052 aluminum alloy surface with enhanced corrosion resistance.</a> RSC Advances. 5 (38), 29639-29646 (2015).</li><li>Meuler, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+water+wettability+and+ice+adhesion.">Relationships between water wettability and ice adhesion.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 2 (11), 3100-3110 (2010).</li><li>Boinovich, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+of+functional+nanoengineering+and+nanosecond+laser+texturing+for+design+of+superhydrophobic+aluminum+alloy+with+exceptional+mechanical+and+chemical+properties.">Combination of functional nanoengineering and nanosecond laser texturing for design of superhydrophobic aluminum alloy with exceptional mechanical and chemical properties.</a> ACS Nano. 11 (10), 10113-10123 (2017).</li><li>Wan, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superhydrophobic+ceria+on+aluminum+and+its+corrosion+resistance.">Superhydrophobic ceria on aluminum and its corrosion resistance.</a> Surface and Interface Analysis. 48 (3), 173-178 (2016).</li><li>G&#243;mez-Lopera, J. F., Mart&#237;nez-Aroza, J., Rodr&#237;guez-Valverde, M. A., Cabrerizo-V&#237;lchez, M. A., Montes-Ru&#237;z-Cabello, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entropic+image+segmentation+of+sessile+drops+over+patterned+acetate.">Entropic image segmentation of sessile drops over patterned acetate.</a> Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 118, 239-247 (2015).</li><li>Gao, L., McCarthy, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teflon+is+hydrophilic.+comments+on+definitions+of+hydrophobic,+shear+versus+tensile+hydrophobicity,+and+wettability+characterization.">Teflon is hydrophilic. comments on definitions of hydrophobic, shear versus tensile hydrophobicity, and wettability characterization.</a> Langmuir. 24 (17), 9183-9188 (2008).</li><li>Ruiz-Cabello, F. J. M., Rodriguez-Valverde, M. 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אין לנו לחשוף.

בנייר זה, נדגים אסטרטגיות כדי לייצר משטחים דוחה מים על אלומיניום סובסטרטים. בנוסף, אנו מראים שיטות לאפיון הרטבה המאפיינים שלהם, חספוס, עמידות וביצועים ציפוי אנטי.
כדי להכין את המשטחים SH, השתמשנו שתי אסטרטגיות. האסטרטגיה הראשונה שילב את מידת החספוס הנכונה להשיג את המבנה ההיר?...

היכולת של משטחים (SH) superhydrophobic להדוף מים הסיבה כי הם נמצאים באופן מסורתי כפי שהוצע פתרון למניעת הציפוי1,2. עם זאת, ישנם חששות לגבי ההתאמה של משטחים SH לסוכנים הציפוי נגד: 1) את העלויות הגבוהות של ייצור, superhydrophobicity 2) זה לא תמיד להוביל קרח-phobicity3ו- 3) העמידות המפוקפקת של SH משטחים4 . משטחים superhydrophobic להחזיק שני מאפיינים הקשורים שלהם הטופוגרפיה וכימיקלים הרכב5: הם קשים, עם מאפיינים טופוגרפיים מסוים; האנרגיה השטח שלהם הוא נמוך (ממהותם הידרופובי).
החספוס על משטח הידרופובי משמש כדי להפחית את היחס בין האזור ממש נוזלי אחיד ואזור קשר לכאורה. המים אינה באופן מלא בקשר עם המוצק בשל לוטוס אפקט6,7, כאשר הירידה נח או נע על גבי asperities פני השטח. בתרחיש זה, הממשק נוזלי אחיד פועל heterogeneously עם שני תחומים כימי: משטח מוצק עצמו ואת הבועות-האוויר זעירים לכוד בין המוצק מים8. מידת מים repellency מחובר את כמות האוויר לכודה כי המדבקות אוויר הן חלקה שלה זווית מגע פנימי היא 180°. מחקרים מדווחים על שילוב של מרקם פני שטח הירארכי עם מיקרו, ננו-asperities כמו האסטרטגיה האופטימלית כדי לספק יותר מאפיינים דוחה מים (יותר נוכחות של אוויר בהממשק מוצק נוזלי)9. עבור כמה מתכות, אסטרטגיה בעלות נמוכה כדי ליצור שני ברמת החספוס תכונות היא חומצה-איכול10,11. הליך זה משמש לעתים קרובות בענף. עם ריכוז החומצה מסוימים ושעות לתחריט, לפני שטח המתכת מגלה בצבעוניות הירארכי נאותה. באופן כללי, חספוס ממוטבת על ידי משתנה ריכוז החומצה, תחריט זמן או בשני12. האנרגיה השטח של מתכות הוא גבוה ומחייב מסיבה זו, הזיוף של משטחי מתכת דוחה מים hydrophobization מאוחר יותר.
Hydrophobization מושגת בדרך כלל על ידי הסרט הידרופובי דפוזיציה בשיטות שונות: silanization10,13, ציפוי מח ש14, ספין-ציפוי15, ריסוס16 או פלזמה-התצהיר17 . Silanization כבר המוצע18 כאחת הכלי המבטיחים ביותר לשיפור העמידות הנמוכה של משטחים SH. שלא כמו טכניקות לעדות אחרות, תהליך silanization מבוסס על קשר קוולנטי בין הקבוצות סי-או עם קבוצות הידרוקסיל משטח המצע מתכת10. החיסרון של תהליך silanization הוא הצורך עבור ההפעלה הקודמת של המצע מתכת כדי ליצור קבוצות הידרוקסיל מספיק עבור רמה גבוהה של כיסוי ואחידות. אסטרטגיה אחרת הציעה לאחרונה עמיד לייצר משטחים superhydrophobic הוא השימוש של ציפויים נדיר-earth19,20. יש ציפויים המטרו סריה שני המאפיינים להצדיק שימוש זה: הם יכולים להיות מהותית הידרופובי21, והם חזקים מכנית, כימית. בפרט, היא אחת הסיבות החשובות ביותר למה הם נבחרו כמו ציפוי המגן שלהם יכולות הגנה מפני שיתוך20.
כדי לייצר משטחי מתכת SH לטווח ארוך, נחשבים בשני נושאים: לא נגרם נזק שהרקמה החיצונית, הסרט/ציפוי הידרופובי חייב להיות מעוגן אל המצע. משטחי נחשפים בדרך כלל ללבוש מקורו מאת לרוחב שחיקה או חלקיק ההשפעה4. אם asperities פגומים, water-repellency עשוי להיות לצמצמה. תחת בסביבות קיצוניות, ציפוי הידרופובי יוסרו חלקית מפני השטח או עשויים להיות מושפלת באופן כימי על ידי חשיפה UV, לחות או קורוזיה. העיצוב של ציפוי עמיד של משטחים SH הוא אתגר חשוב לקבלת ציפוי והנדסה משטח.
מתכות, אחת הדרישות התובעניות ביותר היא כי היכולת האנטי-הציפוי מבוסס על שלושה היבטים מחוברים22 כמופיע באיור1: subcooled מים repellency, עיכוב קופא, והצמדות נמוך קרח-. הציפוי החיצונית מתרחשת כאשר subcooled מים, בדרך כלל גשם יורד, בא במגע עם משטח יציב, במהירות קפוא ידי התגרענות הטרוגנית23. הקרח בנוי (הר) מחובר היטב אל פני השטח. לכן, הצעד הראשון כדי למנוע הציפוי היא לצמצם את הזמן קשר מוצק-מים. אם פני השטח superhydrophobic, טיפות גשם עלול להיות מגורש מן השטח לפני ההקפאה. בנוסף, הוכח כי, בתנאים לח, משטחים עם זווית קשר גבוהה לעכב קפוא ביעילות רבה יותר מאשר אלה עם זווית מגע נמוכה24. מסיבות אלו שני, SH משטחים הם משטחים המתאים ביותר כדי להמתיק את הציפוי. עם זאת, החיים של משטחים superhydrophobic עשוי להיות נקודת מפתח מאז תנאים הציפוי הם בדרך כלל אגרסיבי25. מספר מחקרים הגיעו למסקנה כי SH משטחים אינם הבחירה הטובה ביותר עבור הפחתת קרח אדהזיה26. פעם אחת הצורות קרח על פני השטח, זה נשאר בחוזקה צמוד בשל פני השטח asperities. החספוס מגבירה את איזור קרח-משטח המגע, asperities לשמש סוכני שלובים26. השימוש של משטחים SH עמיד מומלץ להימנע הציפוי אם אין עקבות של קרח שכבר קיים על פני השטח.
בעבודה זו, אנו מציגים מספר פרוטוקולים לייצר משטחים SH עמיד על מצעים מתכת. אנו משתמשים אלומיניום (Al) כמו המצע כי זה נמצא בשימוש נרחב בתעשייה, שילוב של תכונות האנטי-הציפוי רלוונטי במיוחד עבור יישומים מסוימים (מתקני נופש הסקי, אווירונאוטיקה, וכד'). אנו מכינים שלושה סוגי משטחים: משטח Al מרקם מצופה fluoropolymer ציפוי, עם מרקם Al משטח silanized עם fluorosilane, bilayer חומצה סטארית-המטרו סריה על המצע באל. דומה טכניקות17,27,28,29 לספק 100-300 ננומטר הסרט עוביים או אפילו חד שכבתי סרטים. עבור כל משטח, אנו נמדדים תכונותיהם הרטבה, ערכו בדיקות שחיקה. לבסוף, ניתחנו את ביצועיהם האנטי-הציפוי באמצעות שלוש בדיקות שנועדו לחקור באופן עצמאי את שלושה מאפיינים המוצג באיור1.
פרוטוקול שלנו מבוסס על ערכת באיור 2. ברגע משטחים SH Al מוכנים, הרטבה תכונותיהם ואת הטופוגרפיה מנותחים כדי לקבוע repellency מאפיינים ותכונות חספוס שלהם. המאפיינים הרטבה מנותחים על ידי הקפיץ שחרור ניסויים, אשר היא טכניקה מחובר את הידבקות מתיחה של מים. מאז התצפית של ירידה קופץ נדרש, טכניקה זו מתאימה רק משטחים superhydrophobic13. עבור כל טיפול פני שטח, הכנו דגימות לפחות ארבעה פאשה, הציפוי נגד ודוגמאות ארבע אחר לבצע את בדיקות עמידות. הנזק שנגרם לאחר כל מבחן עמידות נותחה על ידי מדידת אובדן להרטיב מאפיינים ותכונות חספוס. עמידות דומה בדיקות כדי המוצע אלה בעבודה זו שימשו לאחרונה27,אחרים משטחי מתכת30.
בנוגע. הניסויים האנטי-הציפוי מטרת מחקר זה היא לקבוע אם השימוש של משטחים SH Al המיוצר נוחים לשימוש כסוכני אנטי הציפוי. לפיכך, ניתחנו, לשם השוואה, הביצועים של שליטה שתי דוגמאות: א) דוגמה באל שלא טופלו (דוגמה הידרופילית חלקה), b) hydrophobized אבל מדגם לא עם מרקם (חלק הידרופובי דוגמה). לאותה מטרה, השימוש עם מרקם אבל לא hydrophobized השטח עשוי להיות מעניין. למרבה הצער, השטח הזה הוא מאוד wettable, לא ניתן לבצע אנטי-ציפוי בדיקות בשבילם.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid, 37%</td>
			<td>SICAL, S.A.</td>
			<td>AC07411000</td>
			<td>used for acid etching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>658758</td>
			<td>used for silanization with FAS-17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dupont AF1600</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td>D10389631</td>
			<td>used for fluropolymer deposition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FC-72</td>
			<td>3M, Fluorinet</td>
			<td>1100-2-93</td>
			<td>used for fluropolymer deposition (flurocarbon solvent)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate, 99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>228931</td>
			<td>used for Ceria coating deposition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution, 30%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td>used for Ceria coating deposition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stearic acid, &#8805;98.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S4751</td>
			<td>used for Ceria coating deposition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>SICAL, S.A.</td>
			<td>16271</td>
			<td>used throughout</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>SICAL, S.A.</td>
			<td>1090</td>
			<td>used throughout</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum sheets 0.5mm</td>
			<td>MODULOR (Germany)</td>
			<td>125993</td>
			<td>substrates used throught</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-90 concentrated cleaning solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z281506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra pure Milli-Q water</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>used throughout</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma Etcher/Asher/Cleaner EMITECH K1050X</td>
			<td>Aname</td>
			<td>K1500XDEV-001</td>
			<td>used throughout</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCC software</td>
			<td>AMETEK</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>sofware controlling the high speed camera Phantom MIRO 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Camera Phantom Miro 4</td>
			<td>AMETEK</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>used for bouncing drop experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open Loop PL&#181; 2.32</td>
			<td>UPC-CD6 &#38; Sensofar Tech S.L.</td>
			<td>version 2.32</td>
			<td>Sofware controlling PL&#181; Confocal Imaging Profiler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pl&#181;-Confocal Imaging Profiler 2300</td>
			<td>Sensofar Tech S.L.</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>used for roughness measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TABER 5750 LINEAL ABRASER</td>
			<td>TABER</td>
			<td>5750</td>
			<td>used for lateral abrasion tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abbrasive sand: ASTM 20-30 SAND C778</td>
			<td>U.S. SILICA COMPANY (USA)</td>
			<td>1-800-635-7263</td>
			<td>used for abrasive partcile impact tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ozone cleaner: PSDP-UV4T, Digital UV Ozone System</td>
			<td>Novascam</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>UV-ozone degradation test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristalitic Pump GILSON 312, France</td>
			<td>GILSON (France)</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>used for water dripping test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon thread</td>
			<td>Dracon fishing line, Izorline internacional, inc. (USA)</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>used for ice adhesion tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital force gauge (ZTA-200N, ZTA Series</td>
			<td>IMADA (USA)</td>
			<td>370199</td>
			<td>used for ice adhesion tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized test stand I, MH2-500N-FA</td>
			<td>IMADA (USA)</td>
			<td>366942</td>
			<td>used for ice adhesion tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Recorder Professional</td>
			<td>IMADA (USA)</td>
			<td>version 1.0.2</td>
			<td>software provided by IMADA to register the force</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HYGROCLIP XD - STANDARD PROBE</td>
			<td>Rotronic</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>Temperature and humidity probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HW3 Lite software</td>
			<td>Rotronic</td>
			<td>version 2.1.2</td>
			<td>Sofware controlling the HYGROCLIP Probe</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of superhydrophobic metal surfaces for anti-icing applications

בעבודה זו מוצגים מספר דרכים לייצר משטחי מתכת superhydrophobic. אלומיניום נבחר את המצע מתכת עקב השימוש רחב בתעשייה. Wettability של המשטח המיוצר נותחה על ידי הקפצה טיפה ניסויים, הטופוגרפיה נותחה על ידי מיקרוסקופיה קונפוקלית. בנוסף, אנו מראים מתודולוגיות שונות כדי למדוד את עמידות ומאפייני הציפוי נגד. משטחים superhydrophobic החזק מרקם מיוחד שחייבים להשמר כדי לשמור על water-repellency שלהם. להמציא משטחי עמיד, עקבנו שתי אסטרטגיות לשילוב מרקם עמיד. האסטרטגיה הראשונה היא התאגדות ישירה של חספוס כדי המצע מתכת על ידי בחומצה. לאחר texturization פני השטח הזה, האנרגיה משטח ירדו בכ התצהיר silanization או fluoropolymer. האסטרטגיה השנייה היא הצמיחה של שכבה המטרו סריה (אחרי texturization משטח) צריך לשפר את פני השטח קשיות קורוזיה. משטח האנרגיה ירדו עם סרט חומצה סטארית.
העמידות של משטחים superhydrophobic נבדק על ידי בדיקת ההשפעה של חלקיקים, שחיקה מכאנית על ידי שחיקה לרוחב, עמידות UV-האוזון. המאפיינים האנטי-הציפוי היו שפוקדים אותו ללמוד את היכולת לבטל subcooled מים, הקפאת עיכוב, וקרח אדהזיה.

המאפיינים הרטבה ו החספוס של משטחים SH ששימשו במחקר זה מוצגים באיור5. המספר הממוצע של הקפיצות נמדדת עבור כל דגימה מוצגים באיור 5a , בצבעוניות ממוצע מוצג באיור 5b. אין שום קשר בין בצבעוניות משתין מאפיינים. מספר הקפיצות נמדדת עבו?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

אנחנו מציגים מספר מתודולוגיות לייצר משטחי מתכת superhydrophobic, וכן לבחון את עמידות ומאפייני האנטי הציפוי.

ייצור של משטחי מתכת Superhydrophobic עבור יישומים ציפוי אנטי

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

fabrication-superhydrophobic-metal-surfaces-for-anti-icing

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.4K Views.  University of Granada. אנחנו מציגים מספר מתודולוגיות לייצר משטחי מתכת superhydrophobic, וכן לבחון את עמידות ומאפייני האנטי הציפוי.

Video: Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 T generate only a small detectable net-magnetization of the sample at room temperature 1. Hence, most NMR and MRI applications rely on the detection of molecules at relative high concentration (e.g., water for imaging of biological tissue) or require excessive acquisition times. This limits our ability to exploit the very useful molecular specificity of NMR signals for many biochemical and medical applications. However, novel approaches have emerged in the past few years: Manipulation of the detected spin species prior to detection inside the NMR/MRI magnet can dramatically increase the magnetization and therefore allows detection of molecules at much lower concentration 2.
Here, we present a method for polarization of a xenon gas mixture (2-5% Xe, 10% N2, He balance) in a compact setup with a ca. 16000-fold signal enhancement. Modern line-narrowed diode lasers allow efficient polarization 7 and immediate use of gas mixture even if the noble gas is not separated from the other components. The SEOP apparatus is explained and determination of the achieved spin polarization is demonstrated for performance control of the method.
The hyperpolarized gas can be used for void space imaging, including gas flow imaging or diffusion studies at the interfaces with other materials 8,9. Moreover, the Xe NMR signal is extremely sensitive to its molecular environment 6. This enables the option to use it as an NMR/MRI contrast agent when dissolved in aqueous solution with functionalized molecular hosts that temporarily trap the gas 10,11. Direct detection and high-sensitivity indirect detection of such constructs is demonstrated in both spectroscopic and imaging mode.

The production of hyperpolarized xenon by means of spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is described. This method yields a ~10000-fold enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization of Xe-129 and has applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Examples of gas phase and solution state experiments are given.

קסנון hyperpolarized לNMR ו-MRI יישומים

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 ...

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

חיטוט ומיפוי משטחי אלקטרודה דלק תאי תחמוצת מוצקות

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

ייצור של ננו מהונדס תחמוצות שקופות לנהל בתצהיר ליזר פעם

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for synthesizing nanoscopic VB2 is presented as well as step-by-step procedure for applying a zirconium oxide coating to the VB2 particles for stabilization upon discharge. The process for disassembling existing zinc/air cells is shown, in addition construction of the new working electrode to replace the conventional zinc/air cell anode with a the nanoscopic VB2 anode. Finally, discharge of the completed VB2/air battery is reported. We show that using the zinc/air cell as a test bed is useful to provide a consistent configuration to study the performance of the high-energy high capacity nanoscopic VB2 anode.

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

A protocol is presented to study multi-electron metal/air battery systems by using previous technology developed for the zinc/air cell. Electrochemical testing is then performed on fabricated batteries to evaluate performance.

המצאה של VB<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; / תאי אוויר לבדיקת אלקטרוכימי

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

חד שכבתי לתקשר סימום של משטחי סיליקון וNanowires שימוש בתרכובות זרחן אורגניות

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

תהליך ייצור של מפעילי אלסטומר דיאלקטרי מבוסס סיליקון

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

ייצור של פולימרים microspheres עבור מהוד אופטי ויישומי לייזר

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

מדרגית פתרון פתרון עיבוד מעובד עבור ביצועים גבוהים, גמיש, אלקטרודות שקוף עם רשת Embedded מתכת

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Preparation of Large-area Vertical 2D Crystal Hetero-structures Through the Sulfurization of Transition Metal Films for Device Fabrication

We have demonstrated that through the sulfurization of transition metal films such as molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W), large-area and uniform transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) MoS2 and WS2 can be prepared on sapphire substrates. By controlling the metal film thicknesses, good layer number controllability, down to a single layer of TMDs, can be obtained using this growth technique. Based on the results obtained from the Mo film sulfurized under the sulfur deficient condition, there are two mechanisms of (a) planar MoS2 growth and (b) Mo oxide segregation observed during the sulfurization procedure. When the background sulfur is sufficient, planar TMD growth is the dominant growth mechanism, which will result in a uniform MoS2 film after the sulfurization procedure. If the background sulfur is deficient, Mo oxide segregation will be the dominant growth mechanism at the initial stage of the sulfurization procedure. In this case, the sample with Mo oxide clusters covered with few-layer MoS2 will be obtained. After sequential Mo deposition/sulfurization and W deposition/sulfurization procedures, vertical WS2/MoS2 hetero-structures are established using this growth technique. Raman peaks corresponding to WS2 and MoS2, respectively, and the identical layer number of the hetero-structure with the summation of individual 2D materials have confirmed the successful establishment of the vertical 2D crystal hetero-structure. After transferring the WS2/MoS2 film onto a SiO2/Si substrate with pre-patterned source/drain electrodes, a bottom-gate transistor is fabricated. Compared with the transistor with only MoS2 channels, the higher drain currents of the device with the WS2/MoS2 hetero-structure have exhibited that with the introduction of 2D crystal hetero-structures, superior device performance can be obtained. The results have revealed the potential of this growth technique for the practical application of 2D crystals.

Through the sulfurization of pre-deposited transition metals, large-area and vertical 2D crystal hetero-structures can be fabricated. The film transferring and device fabrication procedures are also demonstrated in this report.

הכנת שטח גדול אנכי 2D קריסטל הטרו-מבנים באמצעות Sulfurization של מתכות מעבר סרטים עבור ייצור המכשיר

We have demonstrated that through the sulfurization of transition metal films such as molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W), large-area and uniform transition ...

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of Metal-Ceramic Components

Technical ceramics are widely used for industrial and research applications, as well as for consumer goods. Today, the demand for complex geometries with diverse customization options and favorable production methods is increasing continuously. With fused filament fabrication (FFF), it is possible to produce large and complex components quickly with high material efficiency. In FFF, a continuous thermoplastic filament is melted in a heated nozzle and deposited below. The computer-controlled print head is moved in order to build up the desired shape layer by layer. Investigations regarding printing of metals or ceramics are increasing more and more in research and industry. This study focuses on additive manufacturing (AM) with a multi-material approach to combine a metal (stainless steel) with a technical ceramic (zirconia: ZrO2). Combining these materials offers a broad variety of applications due to their different electrical and mechanical properties. The paper shows the main issues in preparation of the material and feedstock, device development, and printing of these composites.

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

This study shows multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) using fused filament fabrication (FFF) of stainless steel and zirconia.

פילמנט מאוחה פבריקציה נוספת (FFF) של רכיבי מתכת-קרמיקה

Technical ceramics are widely used for industrial and research applications, as well as for consumer goods. Today, the demand for complex geometries with ...