אנו מודים U.S. גיאולוגי סקר האמונד מפרץ ביולוגי תחנת עבור שימוש במתקני המחקר שלהם ואת הצוות של ארה ב דגים, שירות חיות הבר והדיג וקנדה האוקיינוסים למתן lampreys ים. מחקר זה נתמך על ידי מענקים של הנציבות דוגה הימות הגדולות Weiming Li ו- Ke Li.

<ol>
	<li>Wyatt, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. , (2014).</li><li>Zhu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+chemical+ecology:+Olfactory+proteins+from+the+giant+panda+and+their+interactions+with+putative+pheromones+and+bamboo+volatiles.">Reverse chemical ecology: Olfactory proteins from the giant panda and their interactions with putative pheromones and bamboo volatiles.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (46), E9802-E9810 (2017).</li><li>Leal, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+chemical+ecology+at+the+service+of+conservation+biology.">Reverse chemical ecology at the service of conservation biology.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (46), 12094-12096 (2017).</li><li>Carde, R. T., Minks, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+moth+pests+by+mating+disruption:+successes+and+constraints.">Control of moth pests by mating disruption: successes and constraints.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 40 (1), 559-585 (1995).</li><li>Witzgall, P., Kirsch, P., Cork, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+pheromones+and+their+impact+on+pest+management.">Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management.</a> Journal of chemical ecology. 36, (2010).</li><li>Cheng, Y. -. n., Wen, P., Dong, S. -. h., Tan, K., Nieh, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poison+and+alarm:+the+Asian+hornet+Vespa+velutina+uses+sting+venom+volatiles+as+an+alarm+pheromone.">Poison and alarm: the Asian hornet Vespa velutina uses sting venom volatiles as an alarm pheromone.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 220 (4), 645-651 (2017).</li><li>Howse, P., Stevens, J., Jones, O. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Insect Pheromones and Their Use in Pest Management. , (2013).</li><li>Pizzolon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+fathers+make+the+difference:+efficacy+of+male+sexually+selected+antimicrobial+glands+in+enhancing+fish+hatching+success.">When fathers make the difference: efficacy of male sexually selected antimicrobial glands in enhancing fish hatching success.</a> Functional Ecology. 24 (1), 141-148 (2010).</li><li>Stacey, N., Sorensen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hormones in communication | Hormonal Pheromones Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology. , (2011).</li><li>Kobayashi, M., Sorensen, P. W., Stacey, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonal+and+pheromonal+control+of+spawning+behavior+in+the+goldfish.">Hormonal and pheromonal control of spawning behavior in the goldfish.</a> Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 26 (1), 71-84 (2002).</li><li>Stacey, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonally-derived+pheromones+in+teleost+fishes.">Hormonally-derived pheromones in teleost fishes.</a> Fish Pheromones and Related Cues. , 33-88 (2015).</li><li>Kuhlisch, C., Pohnert, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolomics+in+chemical+ecology.">Metabolomics in chemical ecology.</a> Natural Product Reports. 32 (7), 937-955 (2015).</li><li>Prince, E. K., Pohnert, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Searching+for+signals+in+the+noise:+metabolomics+in+chemical+ecology.">Searching for signals in the noise: metabolomics in chemical ecology.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 396 (1), 193-197 (2010).</li><li>Teeter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+communication+in+sea+lampreys+(Petromyzon+marinus):+implications+for+population+management.">Pheromone communication in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus): implications for population management.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 37 (11), 2123-2132 (1980).</li><li>Moore, H., Schleen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+spawning+runs+of+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+in+selected+streams+of+Lake+Superior+after+chemical+control.">Changes in spawning runs of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in selected streams of Lake Superior after chemical control.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 37 (11), 1851-1860 (1980).</li><li>Vrieze, L. A., Bergstedt, R. A., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory-mediated+stream-finding+behavior+of+migratory+adult+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus).">Olfactory-mediated stream-finding behavior of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 68, (2011).</li><li>Wagner, C. M., Jones, M. L., Twohey, M. B., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+field+test+verifies+that+pheromones+can+be+useful+for+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+control+in+the+Great+Lakes.">A field test verifies that pheromones can be useful for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 (3), 475-479 (2006).</li><li>Wagner, C. M., Twohey, M. B., Fine, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conspecific+cueing+in+the+sea+lamprey:+do+reproductive+migrations+consistently+follow+the+most+intense+larval+odour?.">Conspecific cueing in the sea lamprey: do reproductive migrations consistently follow the most intense larval odour?.</a> Animal Behaviour. 78, (2009).</li><li>Siefkes, M. J., Winterstein, S. R., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+3-keto+petromyzonol+sulphate+specifically+attracts+ovulating+female+sea+lamprey+Petromyzon+marinus.">Evidence that 3-keto petromyzonol sulphate specifically attracts ovulating female sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus.</a> Animal Behaviour. 70, (2005).</li><li>Siefkes, M. J., Steeves, T. B., Sullivan, W. P., Twohey, M. B., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sea+lamprey+control:+past,+present,+and+future.">Sea lamprey control: past, present, and future.</a> Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management. , 651-704 (2013).</li><li>Li, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+Novel+Bile+Alcohols+of+Mature+Male+Sea+Lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+Act+as+Chemical+Cues+for+Conspecifics.">Three Novel Bile Alcohols of Mature Male Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Act as Chemical Cues for Conspecifics.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 43 (6), 543-549 (2017).</li><li>Hird, S. J., Lau, B. P. -. Y., Schuhmacher, R., Krska, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+for+the+determination+of+chemical+contaminants+in+food.">Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chemical contaminants in food.</a> TRAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 59, 59-72 (2014).</li><li>Little, J. L., Williams, A. J., Pshenichnov, A., Tkachenko, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+&amp;#34;known+unknowns&amp;#34;+utilizing+accurate+mass+data+and+ChemSpider.">Identification of &amp;#34;known unknowns&amp;#34; utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider.</a> Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 23 (1), 179-185 (2012).</li><li>Beckonert, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+profiling,+metabolomic+and+metabonomic+procedures+for+NMR+spectroscopy+of+urine,+plasma,+serum+and+tissue+extracts.">Metabolic profiling, metabolomic and metabonomic procedures for NMR spectroscopy of urine, plasma, serum and tissue extracts.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (11), 2692 (2007).</li><li>Kaiser, B., Wright, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Draft Bruker XRF Spectroscopy User Guide: Spectral Interpretation and Sources of Interference. , (2008).</li><li>Breitmaier, E., Sinnema, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Structure Elucidation by NMR in Organic Chemistry: A Practical Guide. , (1993).</li><li>Seco, J. M., Quino&#225;, E., Riguera, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+assignment+of+absolute+configuration+by+NMR.">The assignment of absolute configuration by NMR.</a> Chemical Reviews. 104 (1), 17-118 (2004).</li><li>Li, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+Salt-like+Dienones+Having+a+Novel+Skeleton+or+a+Rare+Substitution+Pattern+Function+as+Chemical+Cues+in+Adult+Sea+Lamprey.">Bile Salt-like Dienones Having a Novel Skeleton or a Rare Substitution Pattern Function as Chemical Cues in Adult Sea Lamprey.</a> Organic Letters. , (2017).</li><li>Li, K., Buchinger, T. J., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+and+characterization+of+natural+products+that+act+as+pheromones+in+fish.">Discovery and characterization of natural products that act as pheromones in fish.</a> Natural Product Reports. , (2018).</li><li>Yambe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-Kynurenine,+an+amino+acid+identified+as+a+sex+pheromone+in+the+urine+of+ovulated+female+masu+salmon.">L-Kynurenine, an amino acid identified as a sex pheromone in the urine of ovulated female masu salmon.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (42), 15370-15374 (2006).</li><li>Rasmussen, L., Lee, T. D., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W. L., Daves, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification,+identification,+concentration+and+bioactivity+of+(Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl+acetate:+sex+pheromone+of+the+female+Asian+elephant,+Elephas+maximus.">Purification, identification, concentration and bioactivity of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate: sex pheromone of the female Asian elephant, Elephas maximus.</a> Chemical Senses. 22 (4), 417-437 (1997).</li><li>Sorensen, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixture+of+new+sulfated+steroids+functions+as+a+migratory+pheromone+in+the+sea+lamprey.">Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 1 (6), 324-328 (2005).</li><li>Hoye, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Details+of+the+structure+determination+of+the+sulfated+steroids+PSDS+and+PADS:+New+components+of+the+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+migratory+pheromone.">Details of the structure determination of the sulfated steroids PSDS and PADS: New components of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) migratory pheromone.</a> The Journal of organic chemistry. 72 (20), 7544-7550 (2007).</li><li>Fine, J. M., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+biological+activity+of+the+multi-component+sea+lamprey+migratory+pheromone.">Isolation and biological activity of the multi-component sea lamprey migratory pheromone.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34 (10), 1259-1267 (2008).</li><li>De Buchinger, T. J., Wang, H., Li, W., Johnson, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+receiver+bias+underlying+female+preference+for+a+male+mating+pheromone+in+sea+lamprey.">Evidence for a receiver bias underlying female preference for a male mating pheromone in sea lamprey.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 280, (2013).</li><li>De Bruyne, M., Baker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+detection+in+insects:+volatile+codes.">Odor detection in insects: volatile codes.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34 (7), 882-897 (2008).</li><li>Bradshaw, J., Baker, R., Lisk, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separate+orientation+and+releaser+components+in+a+sex+pheromone.">Separate orientation and releaser components in a sex pheromone.</a> Nature. 304 (5923), 265-267 (1983).</li><li>Linn, C., Campbell, M., Roelofs, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+components+and+active+spaces:+what+do+moths+smell+and+where+do+they+smell+it.">Pheromone components and active spaces: what do moths smell and where do they smell it.</a> Science. 237 (4815), 650-652 (1987).</li></ol>

המחברים אין לחשוף.

דגים חיים בעולם כימי מלא של תרכובות, ובכל זאת להיות מזוהה. Fractionation מונחה bioassay הוכיחו חיוניים כדי לזהות ולאפיין מולקולות ביו המתווכות אינטראקציות כימיות רבות, כגון אלה הנהוגות סלמון masu ב31פילים אסיאתיים32, ים lampreys33, 34,...

פרומונים הם אותות כימיים מסוימים שפורסמו על ידי יחידים שמסייע להם באיתור מקורות המזון, זיהוי טורפים, מתווכים אינטראקציות חברתיות של בני מינו1. פרומון בתקשורת חרקים כבר למד היטב2; עם זאת, זיהוי כימי והתפקוד הביולוגי של פרומונים חוליות ימיים לא נחקרו בהרחבה. ניתן להחיל זהות וידע תפקוד הפרומונים שוחרר כדי להקל על ההתאוששות של מינים מאוימים3,4 או בקרת מזיקים מינים5,6. היישום של טכניקות אלה מחייבת את בידוד ואפיון של רכיבי ביואקטיביות פרומון.
זיהוי פרומון הוא ענף הכימיה מוצר טבעי. התקדמות במחקר פרומון הוגבלה חלקית בשל אופיו של מולקולות פרומון עצמם. פרומונים הן לעיתים קרובות לא יציב, המשוחררים בכמויות קטנות, רק כמה טכניקות דגימה קיימת כדי לזהות כמויות זעירות של נדיפות7,8 או תרכובות מסיסים במים9. גישות לזיהוי פרומונים כוללים 1) הקרנה יישוב של תרכובות ידועות, גליקומיקס 2) ו- fractionation 3) bioassay מונחה. הקרנה יישוב תרכובות ידועות בדיקות תוצרי חילוף החומרים זמינים מסחרית של תהליכים פיזיולוגיים המשוערות לתפקד כמו פרומונים. גישה זו היא הגבלת כי החוקרים בודק רק תרכובות ידוע וזמין. עם זאת, זה הביא זיהוי מוצלח של הורמוני מין אצל דגי זהב שהפונקציה כמו פרומונים10,11,12. גליקומיקס היא גישה זיהוי פרומון השני המבדיל מוצרים מטבולית פוטנציאלי של מולקולה קטנה בתוך המערכת הביולוגית13. השוואה של פרופילים מטבולית של שתי קבוצות (כלומר, פעיל נגד תמצית לא פעילים) מאפשר זיהוי פרופיל מטבולי הפוטנציאלי מ אשר מטבוליט מטוהרים, הובהר המבנה, ואת bioactivity הוא אישר14. אפקטים מוספים או סינרגטי של ניסוחים מורכבים של תערובות מסוים נוטים יותר להיות מזוהה עם גליקומיקס מכיוון מטבוליטים נחשבים ביחד ולא כסדרה של שברים13. ובכל זאת, המימוש של מטבולומיקס מסתמך על הזמינות של הפניות סינתטי כי הנתונים המתקבלים לא להקל על הבהרה של מבנים חדשניים.
Fractionation מונחה bioassay היא גישה משולבת, איטרטיבי המתפרס על שני שדות: כימיה וביולוגיה. גישה זו משתמשת בתוצאות של bioassays פיזיולוגיים והתנהגותיים להנחות את בידוד וזיהוי של תרכובת פרומון פעיל. תמצית גולמי fractionated באמצעות מאפיין כימי (כלומר, גודל מולקולרי, קוטביות, וכו '), נבדק עם הקלטות אלקטרו-olfactogram (EOG) ו/או של bioassay. Bioactive הרכיבים מוקרנים מאת לחזור על השלבים של fractionation ו- EOGs ו/או bioassays. המבנים של חומרים פעילים טהורים הם הובהר על ידי שיטות ספקטרוסקופיות ו spectrometric, אשר מספקים את משקל מולקולרי ומידע המבנית לייצר תבנית של המתחם להיות מסונתז. Fractionation מונחה bioassay יכולות להניב מטבוליטים מגוונים, פרומונים שעשויות להיות הרומן עם שלדים כימי ייחודי כי צפויים להיות החזוי של המסלולים biosynthetic הוחלף נגזר.
כאן, אנו מתארים את פרוטוקול fractionation מונחה bioassay נהגו לבודד לאפיין את bioactivity של תרכובות פרומון מין זכר עגולי הפה לים. הצלופח ים (Petromyzon מרינוס) הוא מודל חוליות אידיאלי ללמוד תקשורת פרומון כי דגים אלו יסתמכו על חוש הריח זיהוי סימנים כימיים לתווך ההיסטוריה החיים anadromous שלהם מורכבת משלושה שלבים ברורים: הזחלים, לנוער, למבוגרים. עגולי הפה ים הזחלים מתחפרים סחף בגדות נחלים, לעבור שינוי דרסטי של, להפוך קטינים זה להגר לאגם או אוקיינוס שבו הם הדורות דגים גדולים המארח. לאחר ניתוק מן הדגים המארח, המבוגרים נודדים בחזרה אל נחלים ההשרצה, בהדרכת את הפרומונים נודדות שפורסמו על ידי זרם תושב הזחלים15,16,17,18,19 . זכרים בוגרים ascend לשטח ההשרצה, שחרור של פרומון המין רב רכיבים כדי למשוך חברים, להשריץ לסירוגין במשך כשבוע, זיווה,15,20. הזיהוי של פרומונים עגולי הפה ים חשוב כי אפנון של מערכת תקשורת פרומון הוא בין האפשרויות נחשב כדי לשלוט על lampreys ים פולשנית האגמים הגדולים רודכב21.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Premium standard wall borosilicate capillaries with filament&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>G150F-4</td><td>recording and reference electrode (OD 1.5 mm, ID 0.86 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette puller instrument</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td>pulls electrodes for EOGs</td></tr><tr><td>Diamond-tipped glass cutter</td><td>Generic</td><td></td><td>cut tip of electrodes for EOG</td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>1B150-4</td><td>odorant delivery tube for EOG</td></tr><tr><td>Recording electrode holder E Series straight body with Ag/AgCl pellet for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>ESP-M15N</td><td>recording electrode holder</td></tr><tr><td>Reference electrode holder E Series with handle with&amp;nbsp; Ag/AgCl pellet&amp;nbsp; for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>E45P-F15NH</td><td>reference electrode holder</td></tr><tr><td>1 mm pin</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>WC1-10</td><td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td></tr><tr><td>2 mm pin</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>WC2-5</td><td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A1296</td><td>molten agar to fill electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333</td><td>3M KCl to fill electrodes and electrode holders</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette microfil</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>MF28G-5</td><td>to fill electrodes and electrode holders</td></tr><tr><td>L-Arginine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5006</td><td>positive control odorant for EOG</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>34860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td>holds odorants for EOG</td></tr><tr><td>3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS222)</td><td>Syndel USA</td><td>Tricaine1G</td><td>EOG anesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Gallamine triethiodide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G8134-5G</td><td>EOG paralytic</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL syringe</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>301025</td><td>to administer paralytic</td></tr><tr><td>Subcutaneous needle 26G 5/8</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>305115</td><td>to administer paralytic</td></tr><tr><td>Roller clamp</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>14043-20</td><td>adjust flow rate of anesthic into lamprey&#039;s mouth</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>3624-05</td><td>for preparation of 0.9% saline</td></tr><tr><td>V-shaped plastic stand as specimen stage</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td>holds lamprey during EOG</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic trough</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td>holds V-shaped plastic stand during EOG</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Blades - #11</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10011-00</td><td>for EOG dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle - #3</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10003-12</td><td>for EOG dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Straight ultra fine forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-00</td><td>for EOG dissection, Dumont #5SF Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Curved ultra fine forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11370-42</td><td>for EOG dissection, Moria MC40B</td></tr><tr><td>Straight pring Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15003-08</td><td>for EOG dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Discovery V8</td><td>for EOG dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Illuminator light</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>CL 1500 ECO</td><td>for EOG dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic tubing</td><td>Generic</td><td></td><td>to connect re-circulating EOG setup and water baths</td></tr><tr><td>Odorant delivery tubing</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In line filter and gasket set</td><td>Lee Company</td><td>TCFA1201035A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulators</td><td>Narishige</td><td>MM-3</td><td>to position electrodes and odorant delivery capillary tube</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic holding devices</td><td>Kanetec</td><td>MB-K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Valve driver</td><td>Arduino</td><td>custom made</td><td>to control the opening of the valve for odor stimulation</td></tr><tr><td>Electromagnetic valve</td><td>Lee Company</td><td>LFAA1201618H</td><td>valve for odor stimulation</td></tr><tr><td>NeuroLog AC/DC amplifier</td><td>Digitimer Ltd.</td><td>NL106</td><td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td></tr><tr><td>NeuroLog DC pre-amplifier with headstage</td><td>Digitimer Ltd.</td><td>NL102G</td><td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td></tr><tr><td>Low-pass 60 Hz filter</td><td>Digitimer Ltd.</td><td>NL125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digitizer</td><td>Molecular Devices LLC</td><td>Axon Digidata 1440A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dell computer (OptiPlex 745) running Axoscope data acquistion software</td><td>Molecular Devices LLC</td><td>AxoScope version 10.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday cage</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td>Electromagnetic noise shielding</td></tr><tr><td>Two-choice maze</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td>waterproofed marine grade plywood covered with plastic liner</td></tr><tr><td>Trash pump</td><td>Honda</td><td>WT30XK4A</td><td>fills maze with water from nearby river</td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic pump with tubing</td><td>Cole Parmer</td><td>Masterflex 07557-00</td><td>to adminster odorants in maze</td></tr><tr><td>Inverter Generator</td><td>Honda</td><td>EU1000i</td><td>powers perstaltic pump</td></tr><tr><td>Release cage</td><td>Custom made</td><td>N/A</td><td>used to acclimate lamprey in the maze</td></tr><tr><td>Mesh</td><td>Generic</td><td></td><td>used to contain the dimensions of the maze and minimize water turbulance with mesh rollers</td></tr><tr><td>Buckets (5 gallon)</td><td>Generic</td><td></td><td>to mix odorants</td></tr><tr><td>Flow meter</td><td>Marsh-McBirney</td><td>Flo-Mate 2000</td><td>to measure discharge</td></tr><tr><td>XAD 7 HP resin</td><td>Dow chemical</td><td>37380-43-1</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>34860</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Yamato</td><td>BM 200</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Freeze dryer</td><td>Labconco</td><td>CentriVap Concentrator</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water</td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CX1050</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools</td></tr><tr><td>Silica gel 70-230 mesh</td><td>Sigma</td><td>112926-00-8</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools</td></tr><tr><td>Silica gel 230-400 mesh</td><td>Sigma</td><td>112926-00-8</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-coated silica gel TLC plates</td><td>Sigma</td><td>99571</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools</td></tr><tr><td>anisaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A88107</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools</td></tr><tr><td>Sephadex LH-20</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-0090-01</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools</td></tr><tr><td>Amberlite XAD 7 HP resin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>XAD7HP</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>4, 2.5L capacity glass columns</td><td>Ace Glass Inc.</td><td>5820</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Sigma</td><td>650501</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>TQ-S TOF LC Mass spectrometer (or equivalent)</td><td>Waters Co.</td><td>N/A</td><td>for structure elucidation</td></tr><tr><td>Binary HPLC pump</td><td>Waters Co.</td><td>1525</td><td>for isolation of fraction pools/compounds</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent NMR spectrometer, 900MHz (or equivalent)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>N/A</td><td>for structure elucidation</td></tr><tr><td>Rotovap drying system</td><td>Buchi</td><td>RII</td><td>for extraction of conditioned water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>UV lamp (254 nm)</td><td>Spectronics Co.</td><td>ENF-240C</td><td>for thin layer chromatography&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation

Fractionation מונחה bioassay היא גישת איטרטיבי העושה את התוצאות של bioassays פיזיולוגיים והתנהגותיים להנחות את בידוד וזיהוי של תרכובת פרומון פעיל. שיטה זו הובילה אפיון אותות כימיים מוצלחת שהפונקציה כמו פרומונים במגוון רחב של מיני בעלי חיים. Lampreys ים מסתמכים על חוש הריח לזיהוי פרומונים המתווכות תגובות התנהגותיות או פיזיולוגיים. אנו משתמשים בידע הזה לביולוגיה דגים להניח פונקציות של פרומונים בשם להנחות את בידוד וזיהוי מרכיבים פעילים פרומון. כרומטוגרפיה משמש כדי לחלץ, לרכז, ולהפריד בין תרכובות מהמים ממוזגים. הקלטות אלקטרו-olfactogram (EOG) נערכים כדי לקבוע אילו שברים להפיק תגובות חוש הריח. מבחני התנהגות שני-בחירה מבוך משמשות לאחר מכן לקבוע אם כל אחד השברים מדיף גם פעילים בהתנהגותו, זירוז העדפה. שיטות ספקטרוסקופיות spectrometric לספק את משקל מולקולרי ואת המידע המבני כדי לסייע עם מבנה הבהרה. Bioactivity של תרכובות טהור הוא אישר עם EOG, מבחני התנהגות. התגובות ההתנהגות שנצפתה במבוך בסופו של דבר לאמת באווירה שדה כדי לאשר את תפקידם בסביבה טבעית זרם. אלה bioassays לשחק תפקיד כפול 1) להנחות את התהליך fractionation, 2) לאשר ולהגדיר עוד יותר את bioactivity של רכיבים מבודדים. כאן, אנחנו מדווחים התוצאות נציג של מזהה פרומון ים עגולי הפה המדגימים את התועלת של הגישה מונחה bioassay fractionation. הזיהוי של פרומונים עגולי הפה ים חשוב במיוחד כי אפנון של מערכת התקשורת שלו פרומון הוא בין האפשרויות נחשב לשלוט הצלופח ים פולשנית של האגמים הגדולים רודכב. בשיטה זו ניתן להתאים בקלות לאפיין את התקשורת הכימית במגוון רחב של taxa, לשפוך אור על waterborne. אקולוגיה כימית.

דיאגרמה סיכום השלבים המתוארים הפרוטוקול של fractionation מונחה bioassay מוצג באיור1. הפרוטוקול כרוכה בצעדים כדי לבודד ולאפיין את המבנה, את חוש הריח, והכוחות הפעילות התנהגותית של עגולי הפה ים בשם 5 פרומונים (איור 2). שימוש המוני spectrometric ו- NMR נתונים (<strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול כדי לבודד ולאפיין את המבנה, חוש הריח, והכוחות תגובה התנהגותית של תרכובות פרומון בשם של הים lampreys.

הזיהוי של פרומונים ים עגולי הפה באמצעות מונחה Bioassay Fractionation

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

the-identification-sea-lamprey-pheromones-using-bioassay-guided

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

8.9K Views.  Michigan State University. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול כדי לבודד ולאפיין את המבנה, חוש הריח, והכוחות תגובה התנהגותית של תרכובות פרומון בשם של הים lampreys.

Video: The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

This bioassay employs a model predatory fish to assess the presence of feeding-deterrent metabolites from organic extracts of the tissues of marine organisms at natural concentrations using a nutritionally comparable food matrix.

מעבדה מבדק-האכלת דגים לבחינת פעילות Antipredatory של משני מטבוליטים מהרקמות של אורגניזמים ימיים

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

Environment

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

מנגנון רב שכבתי אולטרה נקי של איסוף פלנקטון ימית גודל Fractionated וחלקיקים מושעה

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Chemical Isolation, Quantification, and Separation of Skin Lipids from Reptiles

Reptiles signal to conspecifics using lipids in their skin, primarily to enable mate tracking and assessment. The isolation of these lipids has utility in research focused on evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of chemical communication, in addition to understanding the waterproofing role of lipids in the evolution of terrestrial life. In an applied approach, such skin-based cues have potential use for wildlife managers dealing with invasive species. The main steps for quantifying reptile skin lipids in the protocol presented here include extraction, total lipid determination, and fractionation via column chromatography, the latter process resulting in purified eluates of compounds which can then either be analyzed to assign compound identifications (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) and/or used directly in more refined bioassays. Skin lipids can be extracted from living skin, shed skin, or dead whole animals, using nonpolar organic solvents (e.g., hexane, benzene, toluene). Extraction solubilizes the lipids and, then, the solvent can be evaporated to yield a measurable lipid-only extract. Fractionation involves the separation of the total lipid extract into specific eluates via traditional column chromatography. The total lipid extract is first bound to a substrate-based column (e.g., alumina) and, then, individual eluates (&#34;fractions&#34;) of solvent at specific volumes are passed sequentially through the column to elute sets of compounds from the lipid mixture based on common polarity. The fractions progress in polarity at a standardized sequence by increasing the relative amount of polar solvent (e.g., diethyl ether) in nonpolar solvent. In this manuscript, we describe several methods for extracting skin lipids of reptiles and, then, provide a standard protocol for isolating different sets of compounds based on polarity, using traditional column chromatography. Whole lipid extracts or specific fractions can, then, be used in bioassays to determine any biological activity elicited by the compounds therein.

In reptiles, skin lipids from conspecifics are crucial for sexual signaling, with potential use in invasive species management. Here, we describe protocols for extracting skin lipids from shed skin or whole animals, determining and analyzing the total lipid mass, and separating the lipids using fractionation via column chromatography.

בידוד כימי, כימות, הפרדת שומנים בעור של זוחלים

Reptiles signal to conspecifics using lipids in their skin, primarily to enable mate tracking and assessment. The isolation of these lipids has utility in ...

Multi-Faceted Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Neuropeptides in Callinectes sapidus

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules that regulate almost all physiological and behavioral processes, such as development, reproduction, food intake, and response to external stressors. Yet, the biochemical mechanisms and full complement of neuropeptides and their functional roles remain poorly understood. Characterization of these endogenous peptides is hindered by the immense diversity within this class of signaling molecules. Additionally, neuropeptides are bioactive at concentrations 100x - 1000x lower than that of neurotransmitters and are prone to enzymatic degradation after synaptic release. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a highly sensitive analytical tool that can identify, quantify, and localize analytes without comprehensive a priori knowledge. It is well-suited for globally profiling neuropeptides and aiding in the discovery of novel peptides. Due to the low abundance and high chemical diversity of this class of peptides, several sample preparation methods, MS acquisition parameters, and data analysis strategies have been adapted from proteomics techniques to allow optimal neuropeptide characterization. Here, methods are described for isolating neuropeptides from complex biological tissues for sequence characterization, quantitation, and localization using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. A protocol for preparing a neuropeptide database from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, an organism without comprehensive genomic information, is included. These workflows can be adapted to study other classes of endogenous peptides in different species using a variety of instruments.

Multi-Faceted Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Neuropeptides in Callinectes sapidus

Mass spectrometric characterization of neuropeptides provides sequence, quantitation, and localization information. This optimized workflow is not only useful for neuropeptide studies, but also other endogenous peptides. The protocols provided here describe sample preparation, MS acquisition, MS analysis, and database generation of neuropeptides using LC-ESI-MS, MALDI-MS spotting, and MALDI-MS imaging.

חקירה ספקטרומטרית מסה רבת פנים של נוירופפטידים בקלינקטס ספידוס

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules that regulate almost all physiological and behavioral processes, such as development, reproduction, food intake, and ...

Chemistry

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

The activation of phospholipase C&#946; (PLC&#946;) is an essential step during sensory transduction in Drosophila photoreceptors. PLC&#946; activity results in the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] leading ultimately to the activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) and TRP like (TRPL) channels. The activity of PLC&#946; also leads subsequently to the generation of many lipid species several of which have been proposed to play a role in TRP and TRPL activation. In addition, several classes of lipids have been proposed to play key roles in organizing the cell biology of photoreceptors to optimize signaling reactions for optimal sensory transduction. Historically, these discoveries have been driven by the ability to isolate Drosophila mutants for enzymes that control the levels of specific lipids and perform analysis of photoreceptor physiology in these mutants. More recently, powerful mass spectrometry methods for isolation and quantitative analysis of lipids with high sensitivity and specificity have been developed. These are particularly suited for use in Drosophila where lipid analysis is now possible from photoreceptors without the need for radionuclide labeling. In this article, the conceptual and practical considerations in the use of lipid mass spectrometry for the robust, sensitive, and accurate quantitative assessment of various signaling lipids in Drosophila photoreceptors are covered. Along with existing methods in molecular genetics and physiological analysis such lipid is likely to enhance the power of photoreceptors as a model system for discoveries in biology.

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

The manuscript presents versatile, robust, and sensitive mass spectrometry protocols to identify and quantify several classes of lipids from Drosophila photoreceptors.

The activation of phospholipase C&#946; (PLC&#946;) is an essential step during sensory transduction in Drosophila photoreceptors. PLC&#946; activity ...

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Sea anemone venom composition includes polypeptide and non-proteins molecules. Cytolytic components have a high biotechnological and biomedical potential for designing new molecular tools. Sea anemone venom locates in glandular cells from ectoderm and sub-cellular structures called nematocysts, both of which are distributed throughout the sea anemone body. This characteristic implies challenges because the cells and nematocyst must be lysed to release the venom components with other non-toxic molecules. Therefore, first, the venom is derived from a crude extract (mixture of different and diverse molecules and tissue debris). The next step is to detect polypeptides with specific bioactivities. Here, we describe an efficient strategy to obtain the sea anemone crude extract and bioassay to identify the presence of cytolysins. The first step involves inexpensive and straightforward techniques (stirred and freeze-thaw cycle) to release cytolysins. We obtained the highest cytolytic activity and protein (~500 mg of protein from 20 g of dry weight). Next, the polypeptide complexity of the extract was analyzed by SDS-PAGE gel detecting proteins with molecular weights between 10 kDa and 250 kDa. In the hemolytic assay, we used sheep red blood cells and determined HU50 (11.1 &plusmn; 0.3 &#181;g/mL). In contrast, the presence of phospholipases in the crude extract was determined using egg yolk as a substrate in a solid medium with agarose. Overall, this study uses an efficient and inexpensive protocol to prepare the crude extract and applies replicable bioassays to identify cytolysins, molecules with biotechnological and biomedical interests.

Here, we describe a protocol to obtain crude venom extract from sea anemone and detect its hemolytic and phospholipase activity.

זיהוי פעילות המוליטית ופוספוליפאזה בתמציות גולמיות מתוך שושנות ים על ידי מאמרים ביו-אסים פשוטים

Sea anemone venom composition includes polypeptide and non-proteins molecules. Cytolytic components have a high biotechnological and biomedical potential ...

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

Natural products have been used since ancient times to produce medicines. Nowadays, there are plenty of chemotherapeutic drugs obtained from natural sources and used against a plethora of diseases. Unfortunately, most of these compounds often display systemic toxicity and adverse effects. In order to better evaluate the tolerability of selected potentially bioactive samples, brine shrimp (Artemia salina) is generally used as a model in lethality studies. The A. salina test is based on the ability of the studied bioactive compounds to kill the microcrustaceans in their larval stage (nauplii). This method represents a convenient starting point for cytotoxicity studies, as well as for the general toxicity screening of synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural products. It can be considered a simple, quick, and low-cost assay, compared to many other assays (in vitro cells or yeast strains, zebrafish, rodents) generally suitable for the aforementioned purposes; moreover, it can be easily performed even without any specific training. Overall, A. salina assay represents a useful tool for the preliminary toxicity evaluation of selected compounds and the bio-guided fractionation of natural product extracts.

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

This work aims to evaluate and review the Artemia salina lethality bioassay procedure, also identified as brine shrimp lethality assay. This simple and cheap method gives information about the general toxicity (considered as a preliminary toxicity evaluation) of samples, namely, natural products.

קטלניות ביואסאי באמצעות ארטמיה סלינה L.

Natural products have been used since ancient times to produce medicines. Nowadays, there are plenty of chemotherapeutic drugs obtained from natural ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>מיצוי וכימות של תגובות פרומון מין נדיפות ב- C. elegans

Volatile Sex Pheromone Extraction and Chemoattraction Assay in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemical communication is vital in organismal health, reproduction, and overall well-being. Understanding the molecular pathways, neural processes, and computations governing these signals remains an active area of research. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides a powerful model for studying these processes as it produces a volatile sex pheromone. This pheromone is synthesized by virgin females or sperm-depleted hermaphrodites and serves as an attractant for males.
This protocol describes a detailed method for isolating the volatile sex pheromone from several C. elegans strains (WT strain N2, daf-22, and fog-2) and C. remanei. We also provide a protocol for quantifying the male chemotaxis response to the volatile sex pheromone. Our analysis utilizes measurements such as chemotaxis index (C.I.), arrival time (A.T.), and a trajectory plot to compare male responses under various conditions accurately. This method allows for robust comparisons between males of different genetic backgrounds or developmental stages. Furthermore, the experimental setup outlined here is adaptable to investigating other chemoattraction chemicals.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>מחבר זרקור: בחינת השפעת פרומון המין הנדיף על התנהגות גברי C. elegans

This protocol establishes methods for extracting and quantifying responses to the volatile sex pheromone in C. elegans, providing tools to study chemical communication and navigation trajectory.

מיצוי פרומון מין נדיף ובדיקת כימותרפיה ב- Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemical communication is vital in organismal health, reproduction, and overall well-being. Understanding the molecular pathways, neural processes, and ...

הזיהוי של פרומונים ים עגולי הפה באמצעות מונחה Bioassay Fractionation

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

מעבדה מבדק-האכלת דגים לבחינת פעילות Antipredatory של משני מטבוליטים מהרקמות של אורגניזמים ימיים

מנגנון רב שכבתי אולטרה נקי של איסוף פלנקטון ימית גודל Fractionated וחלקיקים מושעה

בידוד כימי, כימות, הפרדת שומנים בעור של זוחלים

חקירה ספקטרומטרית מסה רבת פנים של נוירופפטידים בקלינקטס ספידוס

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

זיהוי פעילות המוליטית ופוספוליפאזה בתמציות גולמיות מתוך שושנות ים על ידי מאמרים ביו-אסים פשוטים

קטלניות ביואסאי באמצעות ארטמיה סלינה L.

מיצוי פרומון מין נדיף ובדיקת כימותרפיה ב- Caenorhabditis elegans

מיצוי פרומון מין נדיף ובדיקת כימותרפיה ב- Caenorhabditis elegans

מיצוי פרומון מין נדיף ובדיקת כימותרפיה ב- Caenorhabditis elegans