Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dalle concessioni AG027818 e AG030709 dal NIH / NIA, 2005/2E dalla L. Larry Hillblom Foundation, IIRG-07-58334 dall&#39;Associazione Alzheimer, e 07-65798 dalla California Department of Public Health.

1. Peptide preparazione <ol><li> Pesare ~ 100-200 mg di peptide liofilizzato utilizzando una microbilancia e trasferimento in etichetta, siliconato, a basso adsorbente tubi microcentrifuga. Qui, usiamo le sequenze umano di Aβ40, Aβ42, calcitonina, e GRF. </li><li> Qui, usiamo peptidi pre-trattati con 1,1,1,3,3,3-esafluoro-2-propanolo (HFIP) per ottenere omogeneo, aggregato senza preparazioni. Questo passaggio è necessario perché preformato aggregati indurre una rapida aggregazione di proteine ​​amiloidogenica, che si traducono in scarsa riproducibilità tra esperimenti 5. Altri metodi, quali il filtraggio e la SEC può anche essere utilizzato per ottenere aggregati privi preparativi per PICUP 6. </li><li> Per trattare i peptidi con HFIP, pre-chill contenitore HFIP sul ghiaccio all&#39;interno di una cappa aspirante indossando una protezione adeguata (HFIP è volatile e tossico). Raffreddamento di una bottiglia da 250 ml in genere richiede 10-15 minuti. Aggiungi HFIP di pre-raffreddata provette contenenti lyophilizates peptide per ottenere una concentrazione nominale peptide di 0,5 mm. </li><li> Sonicare le soluzioni peptide in un bagnomaria ultrasuoni per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Vortex delicatamente e incubare le provette per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Freddo i tubi in ghiaccio (per 1 min), e dividere le soluzioni in 10-50-microlitri aliquote in etichetta 0,6 ml basso adsorbente tubi. </li><li> Rimuovere HFIP per evaporazione sotto leggera corrente di azoto, o lasciare i tubi aperti nella cappa durante la notte. Per evaporazione durante la notte, il luogo tubi aperti in un rack e coprire con un grande foglio di Kimwipes per evitare che polvere e contaminazioni particolato. </li><li> Essiccare il HFIP rimanenti nel vuoto in un liofilizzatore, o un concentratore centrifugo per 30 minuti, o in un exsiccator collegato a un ingresso vuoto per 2 ore Il prodotto finale sarà un film peptide sul fondo dei tubi microcentrifuga. Se opportunamente essiccate, i tubi possono essere conservati a tenuta d&#39;aria per lunghi periodi (mesi) a -20 e -80 ° C. </li></ol> 2. Solubilizzante il HFIP trattati con peptidi e foto di cross-linking <ol><li> Prima solubilizzante il HFIP trattati con peptidi per il cross-linking reazioni, bisogna preparare il cross-linking e reagenti di raffreddamento. </li><li> Pesare persolfato di ammonio (APS, il signor 228,2 g / mol) e preparare una soluzione di 20 mM a 10 mM fosfato di sodio, pH 7.4. Mescolare con un vortice fino a quando la soluzione è limpida. </li><li> Preparare soluzione 1 mM di Tris (2,2-bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium (II) esaidrato (RuBpy, il signor 748,63 g / mol) in 10 mM fosfato di sodio, pH 7.4. Mescolare con un vortice e verificare la completa dissoluzione. Proteggere il tubo dalla luce con un foglio di alluminio. </li><li> Per SDS-PAGE seguente analisi cross-linking, un reagente tempra conveniente è del 5% β-mercaptoetanolo in 2 × SDS-PAGE tampone del campione. In alternativa, 1 M ditiotreitolo (DTT, il signor 154,5 g / mol) in acqua deionizzata o un buffer adatto può essere usato. </li><li> HFIP trattati con film peptide sono sciolti in NaOH diluito e poi tampone fosfato di sodio viene aggiunto per ottenere la concentrazione del peptide ~ 30 micron. Aggiungere 60 mM NaOH seguito da acqua deionizzata nella provetta contenente il film peptide tale che NaOH e acqua costituiscono il 10 e il 45% del volume finale, rispettivamente. Raschiare il film peptide fuori le pareti interne della provetta da microcentrifuga usando la punta, mescolare pipettando su e giù, e ultrasuoni per 5 minuti in un bagnomaria ultrasuoni. </li><li> Aggiungere il 45% di fosfato di sodio 20 mM, pH 7,4, mescolare pipettando, e centrifugare a 16.000 g per 10 min. Mettere da parte aliquote di disincrociare legata peptidi miscelato con il reagente di spegnimento per i controlli negativi. </li><li> Regolare l&#39;otturatore della fotocamera di ritardo a 1 s. A volte l&#39;irradiazione superiore, ampia reazioni radicale può causare la degradazione delle proteine. Caricare l&#39;otturatore della fotocamera. Tempo di irradiazione aver bisogno di essere ottimizzato quando si utilizza il metodo con una nuova proteina. </li><li> Una reazione tipica PICUP viene eseguita in un volume di reazione di 20 microlitri. Trasferire 18 microlitri della soluzione del peptide in una parete sottile, trasparente, 0,2 ml di tubo di PCR. </li><li> Per la soluzione di peptide, aggiungere 1 RuBpy microlitri seguito da 1 APS microlitri e mescolare i reagenti pipettando (la concentrazione finale di RuBpy e APS nella miscela di reazione sarà 0,05 e 1 mm, rispettivamente). </li><li> Rapidamente mettere il tubo di reazione all&#39;interno di un 1,8 mL flaconcino di vetro. Mettere il flaconcino all&#39;interno del soffietto attaccato davanti al corpo della fotocamera. Fissare la protezione dell&#39;obiettivo e premere il pulsante di scatto in modo che il campione è irradiato per 1 s all&#39;interno del soffietto. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;irradiazione del campione, assumere rapidamente il flacone dal soffietto e il tubo di PCR dal flaconcino. Rapidamente placare la reazione aggiungendo 1 DTT microlitri o 10 microlitri di buffer riducendo campione PAGINA. Ripetere la reazione per ciascuna aliquota peptide. </li><li> Le miscele di reazione può essere congelato a -20 ° C per lo stoccaggio per non più di 7 giorni o tenuta in ghiaccio prima dell&#39;analisi mediante SDS-PAGE e colorazione argento. </li></ol> 3. SDS-PAGE e colorazione scheggia-di cross-linked peptide <ol><li> Routine SDS-PAGE e colorazione argento vengono eseguite per visualizzare reticolato peptidi. </li><li> Di carico 5 microlitri della miscela di reazione per corsia di ottenere ~ 130 pmol di peptide per corsia. </li><li> Includi quantità simili di disincrociare legati peptidi per il confronto. Includono anche una scaletta standard di proteine ​​per approssimazione visiva di peso molecolare di bande peptide. </li><li> Esegui il gel con uno standard apparato elettroforesi su gel. Usiamo il XCell SureLock Mini-Cell sistema da Invitrogen ed eseguire argento colorazione secondo Invitrogen pubblicazione IM-1002, Novex Pre-Cast Guida elettroforesi su gel. </li></ol> Parte 4: Risultati Rappresentante (Figura 1) <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1071_2009_1_19_13/Result no demarcation.png" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1: Argento macchiato di gel di poliacrilammide mostrando disincrociare-linked (-) e foto-cross-linked (+) GRF, calcitonina, Aβ40 e Aβ42 SDS-PAGE e colorazione argento-analisi di PICUP generati Aβ40 oligomeri mostrano intensità di banda di circa simili di monomero attraverso tetramero, seguita da un forte calo l&#39;abbondanza di una maggiore oligomeri 7. Sciogliete legata Aβ40 migra con un coerente con quello del monomero 7 Il sig. Aβ42 mostra un distinto distribuzione delle dimensioni oligomeri. Aβ42 oligomeri comprendono 2-3 gruppi di 8. Il primo gruppo, monomero attraverso trimero, decrescenti intensità con oligomeri ordine crescente. Nel secondo gruppo, una distribuzione gaussiana, come si osserva tra tetramero e heptamer, con un massimo a pentamero e esamero. Il terzo gruppo, che non è qui, contiene oligomeri del sig ~ 30,000-60,000 Da 8. Questi oligomeri superiori Sig. tipicamente vengono osservate con SEC-isolato LMW Aβ42 ma non peptide preparato per filtrazione o trattamento HFIP 6. Sciogliete-linked Aβ42 produce prevalentemente due bande, una band monomero e un ampio trimero / tetramero band, che è un artefatto indotto da 5,9 SDS. Calcitonina produce una distribuzione delle dimensioni oligomero che si discosta fortemente da una diminuzione monotona esponenziale nel monomero regione attraverso tetramero, suggerendo pre-esistenza di dimeri, trimeri e tetrameri 7. Il controllo polipeptide, GRF, produce una distribuzione monotona oligomero che vanno dal dimero attraverso esamero tale che gli importi relativi apparente di oligomeri diminuiscono in modo esponenziale con l&#39;aumentare della massa molecolare. In altri esperimenti, una maggiore oligomeri potrebbe anche essere visualizzati 7. Il numero esatto e le intensità relative delle bande oligomeri possono variare un po &#39;tra gli esperimenti a seconda della concentrazione di proteine ​​reali, la quantità di proteina caricata sul gel, e il tempo utilizzato per la fase di sviluppo nel protocollo di colorazione argento.

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	<li>Bitan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+study+of+metastable+amyloidogenic+protein+oligomers+by+photo-induced+cross-linking+of+unmodified+proteins.">Structural study of metastable amyloidogenic protein oligomers by photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins.</a> Methods Enzymol. 413, 217-236 (2006).</li><li>Fancy, D. A., Kodadek, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+for+the+analysis+of+protein-protein+interactions:+rapid+and+efficient+cross-linking+triggered+by+long+wavelength+light.">Chemistry for the analysis of protein-protein interactions: rapid and efficient cross-linking triggered by long wavelength light.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96, 6020-6024 (1999).</li><li>Kluger, R., Alagic, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+cross-linking+and+protein-protein+interactions&#8212;a+review+with+illustrative+protocols.">Chemical cross-linking and protein-protein interactions&#8212;a review with illustrative protocols.</a> Bioorg. Chem. 32, 451-472 (2004).</li><li>Tomohiro, T., Hashimoto, M., Hatanaka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-linking+chemistry+and+biology:+development+of+multifunctional+photoaffinity+probes.">Cross-linking chemistry and biology: development of multifunctional photoaffinity probes.</a> Chem. Rec. 5, 385-395 (2005).</li><li>Bitan, G., Fradinger, E. A., Spring, S. M., Teplow, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotoxic+protein+oligomers&#8212;what+you+see+is+not+always+what+you+get.">Neurotoxic protein oligomers&#8212;what you see is not always what you get.</a> Amyloid. 12, 88-95 (2005).</li><li>Bitan, G., Teplow, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+aggregate-free,+low+molecular+weight+amyloid-&#946;+for+assembly+and+toxicity+assays.">Preparation of aggregate-free, low molecular weight amyloid-&#946; for assembly and toxicity assays.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 299, 3-9 (2005).</li><li>Bitan, G., Lomakin, A., Teplow, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+&#946;-protein+oligomerization:+prenucleation+interactions+revealed+by+photo-induced+cross-linking+of+unmodified+proteins.">Amyloid &#946;-protein oligomerization: prenucleation interactions revealed by photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 276, 35176-35184 (2001).</li><li>Bitan, G., Kirkitadze, M. D., Lomakin, A., Vollers, S. S., Benedek, G. B., Teplow, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+&#946;-protein+(A&#946;)+assembly:+A&#946;40+and+A&#946;42+oligomerize+through+distinct+pathways.">Amyloid &#946;-protein (A&#946;) assembly: A&#946;40 and A&#946;42 oligomerize through distinct pathways.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 330-335 (2003).</li><li>Hepler, R. W., Grimm, K. M., Nahas, D. D., Breese, R., Dodson, E. C., Acton, P., Keller, P. M., Yeager, M., Wang, H., Shughrue, P., Kinney, G., Joyce, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solution+state+characterization+of+amyloid+&#946;-derived+diffusible+ligands.">Solution state characterization of amyloid &#946;-derived diffusible ligands.</a> Biochemistry (Mosc). 45, 15157-15167 (2006).</li><li>Bitan, G., Teplow, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+photochemical+cross-linking&#8212;a+new+tool+for+studies+of+metastable,+amyloidogenic+protein+assemblies).">Rapid photochemical cross-linking&#8212;a new tool for studies of metastable, amyloidogenic protein assemblies).</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 37, 357-364 (2004).</li><li>Piening, N., Weber, P., Hogen, T., Beekes, M., Kretzschmar, H., Giese, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photo-induced+crosslinking+of+prion+protein+oligomers+and+prions.">Photo-induced crosslinking of prion protein oligomers and prions.</a> Amyloid. 13, 67-77 (2006).</li><li>Li, H. T., Lin, X. J., Xie, Y. Y., Hu, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+early+events+of+&#945;-synuclein+oligomerization+revealed+by+photo-induced+cross-linking.">The early events of &#945;-synuclein oligomerization revealed by photo-induced cross-linking.</a> Protein Pept. Lett. 13, 385-390 (2006).</li><li>Vollers, S. S., Teplow, D. B., Bitan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+Peptide+oligomerization+state+using+rapid+photochemical+crosslinking.">Determination of Peptide oligomerization state using rapid photochemical crosslinking.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 299, 11-18 (2005).</li></ol>

PICUP è stato sviluppato originariamente per studiare complessi proteici stabili 2. Il metodo è stato applicato in seguito allo studio quantitativo delle assemblee metastabili proteina amiloide, tra cui Aβ 10, prioni e le malattie associate PrP Sc 11 e α-sinucleina 12. I fattori più importanti che devono essere considerati quando si progetta un esperimento PICUP sono la stechiometria dei reagenti, tempo di irradiazione, e la preparazione procedura di esempio. I primi due problemi può richied...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Dolan-Jenner 200-W incandescent lamp</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Dolan-Jenner Industries</td>
<td>Model 170-D</td>
<td>The heat generated by the lamp does not affect samples for short incubation periods.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35-mm SLR camera body</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Pentax</td>
<td>SP500 model</td>
<td>In our settings, a bellows is attached to the body of the camera to provide a convenient chamber for irradiation of the sample placed 10 cm away from the light source.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clear, thin walled PCR tubes</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>951010006 supplied by Fisher L22-003-24</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass vials (1.8 mL)</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Kimble Chromatography</td>
<td>60940A 2, supplied by Fisher 03-340-60</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>GRF</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Bachem</td>
<td>H-3695</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HFIP</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>TCI America</td>
<td>H0424</td>
<td>Use in a fume hood.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A&beta;40 and A&beta;42</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>UCLA Biopolymers Laboratory</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Calcitonin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>American Peptide</td>
<td>22-1-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tris(2,2-bipridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>224758-1G</td>
<td>Vortex until the solution is clear. Cover the RuBpy tube with foil to protect the reagent from ambient light. RuBpy is prepared freshly each time and should be used within 48 h.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ammonium persulfate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A-7460</td>
<td>Vortex until the solution is clear. APS is prepared freshly each time and should be used within 48 h. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&beta;-mercaptoethanol</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M7154-25 ML</td>
<td>Can be used when SDS-PAGE analysis is performed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Novex Tricine SDS Sample Buffer (2x)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>LC1676</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>XCell SureLock Mini-Cell</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>EI0001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Novex Tricine Gels (10-20%)</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>EC6625B0X</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Novex Tricine SDS Running Buffer (10x )</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>LC1675</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Silver Express Staining Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>LC6100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (picup) applied to amyloidogenic peptides

L&#39;assemblaggio delle proteine ​​amiloidogenica in oligomeri tossici è un evento fondamentale nella patogenesi delle malattie misfolding, tra cui l&#39;Alzheimer, il Parkinson, la corea di Huntington e le malattie, ereditarie sclerosi laterale amiotrofica, e diabete di tipo 2. A causa della natura metastabile di queste assemblee di proteine, è difficile valutare la distribuzione delle dimensioni oligomero quantitativamente con metodi classici, come l&#39;elettroforesi, cromatografia luce, fluorescenza, o dinamico dispersione. Oligomeri di proteine ​​amiloidogenica esistono come miscele metastabile, in cui gli oligomeri dissociano in monomeri e associare in grandi gruppi contemporaneamente. PICUP stabilizza popolazioni oligomero da covalenti cross-linking e in combinazione con metodi di frazionamento, come il sodio dodecil solfato elettroforesi su gel di poliacrilammide (SDS-PAGE) o la dimensione-cromatografia di esclusione (SEC), PICUP fornisce istantanee delle distribuzioni di dimensioni oligomero che esisteva prima croce -linking. Quindi, PICUP permette la visualizzazione e l&#39;analisi quantitativa delle popolazioni di proteine ​​metastabili e possono essere utilizzati per monitorare le relazioni di assemblaggio e decifrare tra le modifiche sequenza e oligomerizzazione<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Meccanicisticamente, PICUP coinvolge foto-ossidazione del Ru<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; In un (bipyridyl) tris Ru (II), complessi (RuBpy) alla Ru<sup&gt; 3 +</sup&gt; Per irraggiamento con luce visibile in presenza di un accettore di elettroni. Ru<sup&gt; 3 +</sup&gt; È un forte ossidante di un elettrone in grado di astrarre un elettrone da una molecola di proteina vicini, generando una proteina radicale<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. I radicali sono instabili, specie altamente reattiva e quindi scomparire rapidamente attraverso una serie di reazioni intra ed intermolecolari. Un radicale può utilizzare l&#39;energia di un elettrone spaiato a reagire con un altro monomero proteina dimerica formando un radicale, che perde quindi un atomo di idrogeno e forma un stabile, covalentemente legato dimero. Il dimero può quindi reagire ulteriormente attraverso un meccanismo simile con monomeri e dimeri di altri per formare oligomeri di ordine superiore. Vantaggi del PICUP rispetto ad altri foto-chimiche o cross-linking metodi<sup&gt; 3,4</sup&gt; Sono brevi (≤ 1 s) l&#39;esposizione a non distruttiva la luce visibile, senza bisogno di<i&gt; Pre facto</iModifica&gt; la stessa sequenza, e di lunghezza zero covalente cross-linking. Inoltre, consente PICUP cross-linking delle proteine ​​all&#39;interno di pH e temperatura, inclusi i parametri fisiologici. In questo studio dimostriamo applicazione di PICUP di cross-linking di tre proteine ​​amiloidogenica il 40 - e 42-β-amiloide residui di proteine ​​varianti (Aβ40 e Aβ42) e la calcitonina, e una proteina di controllo, l&#39;ormone della crescita-releasing factor (GRF).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photo-Induced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins PICUP Applied to Amyloidogenic Peptides at JoVE.com

Photo-Induced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins PICUP Applied to Amyloidogenic Peptides

Foto-indotta cross-linking delle proteine ​​non modificato (PICUP) permette la caratterizzazione della distribuzione dimensionale oligomeri in miscele proteiche metastabili. Dimostriamo applicazione di PICUP a tre peptidi rappresentante amiloidogenico il 40 - e 42-residuo forme di β-amiloide, proteina, e la calcitonina, e un peptide di controllo della crescita-fattore di rilascio dell&#39;ormone.

Photo-Induced Cross-Linking delle proteine ​​non modificati (PICUP) applicata a peptidi amiloidogenico

The assembly of amyloidogenic proteins into toxic oligomers is a seminal event in the pathogenesis of protein misfolding diseases, including Alzheimer's, ...

photo-induced-cross-linking-unmodified-proteins-picup-applied-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Photo-Induced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins (PICUP) Applied to Amyloidogenic Peptides

21.2K Views.  University of California, Los Angeles. Foto-indotta cross-linking delle proteine ​​non modificato (PICUP) permette la caratterizzazione della distribuzione dimensionale oligomeri in miscele proteiche metastabili. Dimostriamo applicazione di PICUP a tre peptidi rappresentante amiloidogenico il 40 - e 42-residuo forme di β-amiloide, proteina, e la calcitonina, e un peptide di controllo della crescita-fattore di rilascio dell'ormone.

Video: Photo-Induced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins PICUP Applied to Amyloidogenic Peptides

Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins

Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins (e.g., from cells, subcellular fractions, column fractions, or immunoprecipitates), to investigate subunit compositions, and to verify homogeneity of protein samples. It can also serve to purify proteins for use in further applications. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proteins migrate in response to an electrical field through pores in a polyacrylamide gel matrix; pore size decreases with increasing acrylamide concentration. The combination of pore size and protein charge, size, and shape determines the migration rate of the protein. In this unit, the standard Laemmli method is described for discontinuous gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, i.e., in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 

In this video, we demonstrate a method for electrophoretic separation of proteins using poly-acrylimide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

Separazione elettroforetica delle proteine

Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins (e.g., from cells, subcellular fractions, column fractions, or immunoprecipitates), to ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Staining Proteins in Gels

Following separation by electrophoretic methods, proteins in a gel can be detected by several staining methods. This unit describes protocols for detecting proteins by four popular methods. Coomassie blue staining is an easy and rapid method. Silver staining, while more time consuming, is considerably more sensitive and can thus be used to detect smaller amounts of protein. Fluorescent staining is a popular alternative to traditional staining procedures, mainly because it is more sensitive than Coomassie staining, and is often as sensitive as silver staining. Staining of proteins with SYPRO Orange and SYPRO Ruby are also demonstrated here.

Following separation by electrophoretic methods, proteins in a gel can be detected by several staining methods. Staining of proteins with Coomassie Blue, Silver Staining, SYPRO Orange, SYPRO Ruby are demonstrated in this video.

Colorazione proteine ​​in gel

Following separation by electrophoretic methods, proteins in a gel can be detected by several staining methods. This unit describes protocols for ...

A Lectin HPLC Method to Enrich Selectively-glycosylated Peptides from Complex Biological Samples

Glycans are an important class of post-translational modifications. Typically found on secreted and extracellular molecules, glycan structures signal the internal status of the cell. Glycans on tumor cells tend to have abundant sialic acid and fucose moieties. We propose that these cancer-associated glycan variants be exploited for biomarker development aimed at diagnosing early-stage disease. Accordingly, we developed a mass spectrometry-based workflow that incorporates chromatography on affinity matrices formed from lectins, proteins that bind specific glycan structures. The lectins Sambucus nigra (SNA) and Aleuria aurantia (AAL), which bind sialic acid and fucose, respectively, were covalently coupled to POROS beads (Applied Biosystems) and packed into PEEK columns for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Briefly, plasma was depleted of the fourteen most abundant proteins using a multiple affinity removal system (MARS-14; Agilent). Depleted plasma was trypsin-digested and separated into flow-through and bound fractions by SNA or AAL HPLC. The fractions were treated with PNGaseF to remove N-linked glycans, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS on a QStar Elite. Data were analyzed using Mascot software. The experimental design included positive controls&mdash;fucosylated and sialylated human lactoferrin glycopeptides&mdash;and negative controls&mdash;high mannose glycopeptides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae&mdash;that were used to monitor the specificity of lectin capture. Key features of this workflow include the reproducibility derived from the HPLC format, the positive identification of the captured and PNGaseF-treated glycopeptides from their deamidated Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr motifs, and quality assessment using glycoprotein standards. Protocol optimization also included determining the appropriate ratio of starting material to column capacity, identifying the most efficient capture and elution buffers, and monitoring the PNGaseF-treatment to ensure full deglycosylation. Future directions include using this workflow to perform mass spectrometry-based discovery experiments on plasma from breast cancer patients and control individuals.

Lectin-conjugated POROS beads were employed for HPLC. Glycopeptide standards served as positive and negative controls. MARS-14 depleted, trypsin-digested human plasma was chromatographed and flow-through (FT) and bound fractions collected for ESI-LC-MS/MS analyses. Glycopeptides were enriched in the bound fraction as compared to FT.

Un metodo HPLC lectina per arricchire Peptidi selettivamente glicosilata da campioni biologici complessi

Glycans are an important class of post-translational modifications. Typically found on secreted and extracellular molecules, glycan structures signal the ...

Isolation of Labile Multi-protein Complexes by in vivo Controlled Cellular Cross-Linking and Immuno-magnetic Affinity Chromatography

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude stringent methods for the isolation and identification of protein networks around a protein of interest. The use of chemical crosslinkers allows the selective stabilization of labile interactions, thus bypassing biochemical limitations for purification. Here we present a protocol amenable for cells in culture that uses a homobifunctional crosslinker with a spacer arm of 12 &Aring;, dithiobis-(succinimidyl proprionate) (DSP). DSP is cleaved by reduction of a disulphide bond present in the molecule. Cross-linking combined with immunoaffinity chromatography of proteins of interest with magnetic beads allows the isolation of protein complexes that otherwise would not withstand purification. This protocol is compatible with regular western blot techniques and it can be scaled up for protein identification by mass spectrometry1.
Stephanie A. Zlatic and Pearl V. Ryder contributed equally to this work.

Isolation of Labile Multi-protein Complexes by in vivo Controlled Cellular Cross-Linking and Immuno-magnetic Affinity Chromatography

The cell permeable crosslinker DSP [dithiobis-(succinimidyl propionate)] stabilizes transient and labile interactions in vivo, which allows their isolation using stringent protein complex purification techniques. Here we present a technique for crosslinking cells grown in culture followed by isolation of protein complexes by immunoprecipitation.

Isolamento di Labile Multi-proteina complessi da In vivo Controllato Cellular Cross-Linking e Immuno-magnetica Cromatografia di affinità

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude ...

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, compromising downstream analyses. Considering the complex and dynamic cellular associations existing within many tissues, in order to recapitulate the in vivo interactions thorough molecular analysis one must be able to analyze specific cell populations within their native context. Laser-mediated microdissection can achieve this goal, allowing unambiguous identification and successful harvest of cells of interest under direct microscopic visualization while maintaining molecular integrity. We have applied this technology to analyse gene expression within defined areas of the developing Drosophila wing disc, which represents an advantageous model system to study growth control, cell differentiation and organogenesis. Larval imaginal discs are precociously subdivided into anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral compartments by lineage restriction boundaries. Making use of the inducible GAL4-UAS binary expression system, each of these compartments can be specifically labelled in transgenic flies expressing an UAS-GFP transgene under the control of the appropriate GAL4-driver construct. In the transgenic discs, gene expression profiling of discrete subsets of cells can precisely be determined after laser-mediated microdissection, using the fluorescent GFP signal to guide laser cut. 
Among the variety of downstream applications, we focused on RNA transcript profiling after localised RNA interference (RNAi). With the advent of RNAi technology, GFP labelling can be coupled with localised knockdown of a given gene, allowing to determinate the transcriptional response of a discrete cell population to the specific gene silencing. To validate this approach, we dissected equivalent areas of the disc from the posterior (labelled by GFP expression), and the anterior (unlabelled) compartment upon regional silencing in the P compartment of an otherwise ubiquitously expressed gene. RNA was extracted from microdissected silenced and unsilenced areas and comparative gene expression profiling determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We show that this method can effectively be applied for accurate transcriptomics of subsets of cells within the Drosophila imaginal discs. Indeed, while massive disc preparation as source of RNA generally assumes cell homogeneity, it is well known that transcriptional expression can vary greatly within these structures in consequence of positional information. Using localized fluorescent GFP signal to guide laser cut, more accurate transcriptional analyses can be performed and profitably applied to disparate applications, including transcript profiling of distinct cell lineages within their native context.

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Laser microdissection was applied to analyse gene expression profiling in specific compartments of Drosophila wing disc subjected to localised RNAi in vivo. RNA extracted from equivalent areas of silenced and unsilenced compartments was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR to determine comparative gene expression profiling within the context of native tissue microecology.

Microdissezione laser applicata a profili di espressione genica di sottogruppo di cellule dal Drosophila Ala Disco

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, ...

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. However, purifying proteins is sometimes challenging since many proteins are expressed in an insoluble form. When working with difficult or multiple targets it is therefore recommended to use high throughput (HTP) protein expression screening on a small scale (1-4&#160;ml cultures) to quickly identify conditions for soluble expression. To cope with the various structural genomics programs of the lab, a quantitative (within a range of 0.1-100 mg/L culture of recombinant protein) and HTP protein expression screening protocol was implemented and validated on thousands of proteins. The protocols were automated with the use of a liquid handling robot but can also be performed manually without specialized equipment.
Disulfide-rich venom proteins are gaining increasing recognition for their potential as therapeutic drug leads. They can be highly potent and selective, but their complex disulfide bond networks make them challenging to produce. As a member of the FP7 European Venomics project (<a href="http://www.venomics.eu">www.venomics.eu</a>), our challenge is to develop successful production strategies with the aim of producing thousands of novel venom proteins for functional characterization. Aided by the redox properties of disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, we adapted our HTP production pipeline for the expression of oxidized, functional venom peptides in the E. coli cytoplasm. The protocols are also applicable to the production of diverse disulfide-rich proteins. Here we demonstrate our pipeline applied to the production of animal venom proteins. With the protocols described herein it is likely that soluble disulfide-rich proteins will be obtained in as little as a week. Even from a small scale, there is the potential to use the purified proteins for validating the oxidation state by mass spectrometry, for characterization in pilot studies, or for sensitive micro-assays.

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

A protocol for the quantitative, high throughput expression screening and analytical purification of fusion proteins from small-scale Escherichia coli cultures is described and applied to the expression of disulfide-rich animal venom protein targets.

High Throughput Screening espressione quantitativa e purificazione Applicata al ricombinante Disulfide ricchi di Venom proteine ​​prodotte in<em&gt; E. coli</em

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. ...

Non-chromatographic Purification of Recombinant Elastin-like Polypeptides and their Fusions with Peptides and Proteins from Escherichia coli

Elastin-like polypeptides are repetitive biopolymers that exhibit a lower critical solution temperature phase transition behavior, existing as soluble unimers below a characteristic transition temperature and aggregating into micron-scale coacervates above their transition temperature. The design of elastin-like polypeptides at the genetic level permits precise control of their sequence and length, which dictates their thermal properties. Elastin-like polypeptides are used in a variety of applications including biosensing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery, where the transition temperature and biopolymer architecture of the ELP can be tuned for the specific application of interest. Furthermore, the lower critical solution temperature phase transition behavior of elastin-like polypeptides allows their purification by their thermal response, such that their selective coacervation and resolubilization allows the removal of both soluble and insoluble contaminants following expression in Escherichia coli. This approach can be used for the purification of elastin-like polypeptides alone or as a purification tool for peptide or protein fusions where recombinant peptides or proteins genetically appended to elastin-like polypeptide tags can be purified without chromatography. This protocol describes the purification of elastin-like polypeptides and their peptide or protein fusions and discusses basic characterization techniques to assess the thermal behavior of pure elastin-like polypeptide products.

Non-chromatographic Purification of Recombinant Elastin-like Polypeptides and their Fusions with Peptides and Proteins from Escherichia coli

Elastin-like polypeptides are stimulus-responsive biopolymers with applications ranging from recombinant protein purification to drug delivery. This protocol describes the purification and characterization of elastin-like polypeptides and their peptide or protein fusions from Escherichia coli using their lower critical solution temperature phase transition behavior as a simple alternative to chromatography.

Purificazione non-cromatografico di polipeptidi di elastina ricombinante simili e le loro fusioni con Peptidi e Proteine ​​da<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

Elastin-like polypeptides are repetitive biopolymers that exhibit a lower critical solution temperature phase transition behavior, existing as soluble ...

Use of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and a Custom Database to Characterize Bacteria Indigenous to a Unique Cave Environment (Kartchner Caverns, AZ, USA)

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has been shown to be a rapid and reliable tool for identification of bacteria at the genus and species, and in some cases, strain levels. Commercially available and open source software tools have been developed to facilitate identification; however, no universal/standardized data analysis pipeline has been described in the literature. Here, we provide a comprehensive and detailed demonstration of bacterial identification procedures using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. Mass spectra were collected from 15 diverse bacteria isolated from Kartchner Caverns, AZ, USA, and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Databases were constructed in BioNumerics 7.1. Follow-up analyses of mass spectra were performed, including cluster analyses, peak matching, and statistical analyses. Identification was performed using blind-coded samples randomly selected from these 15 bacteria. Two identification methods are presented: similarity coefficient-based and biomarker-based methods. Results show that both identification methods can identify the bacteria to the species level.

Use of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and a Custom Database to Characterize Bacteria Indigenous to a Unique Cave Environment Kartchner Caverns, AZ, USA

This work details procedures for rapid identification of bacteria using MALDI-TOF MS. The identification procedures include spectrum acquisition, database construction, and follow up analyses. Two identification methods, similarity coefficient-based and biomarker-based methods, are presented.

L&#39;uso di MALDI-TOF spettrometria di massa e un database personalizzato per caratterizzare batteri indigeni ad un unico ambiente di Cave (Kartchner Caverns, AZ, USA)

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has been shown to be a rapid and reliable tool for identification of bacteria at the genus and species, and in some cases, ...

A Method for Selecting Structure-switching Aptamers Applied to a Colorimetric Gold Nanoparticle Assay

Small molecules provide rich targets for biosensing applications due to their physiological implications as biomarkers of various aspects of human health and performance. Nucleic acid aptamers have been increasingly applied as recognition elements on biosensor platforms, but selecting aptamers toward small molecule targets requires special design considerations. This work describes modification and critical steps of a method designed to select structure-switching aptamers to small molecule targets. Binding sequences from a DNA library hybridized to complementary DNA capture probes on magnetic beads are separated from nonbinders via a target-induced change in conformation. This method is advantageous because sequences binding the support matrix (beads) will not be further amplified, and it does not require immobilization of the target molecule. However, the melting temperature of the capture probe and library is kept at or slightly above RT, such that sequences that dehybridize based on thermodynamics will also be present in the supernatant solution. This effectively limits the partitioning efficiency (ability to separate target binding sequences from nonbinders), and therefore many selection rounds will be required to remove background sequences. The reported method differs from previous structure-switching aptamer selections due to implementation of negative selection steps, simplified enrichment monitoring, and extension of the length of the capture probe following selection enrichment to provide enhanced stringency. The selected structure-switching aptamers are advantageous in a gold nanoparticle assay platform that reports the presence of a target molecule by the conformational change of the aptamer. The gold nanoparticle assay was applied because it provides a simple, rapid colorimetric readout that is beneficial in a clinical or deployed environment. Design and optimization considerations are presented for the assay as proof-of-principle work in buffer to provide a foundation for further extension of the work toward small molecule biosensing in physiological fluids.

A protocol is provided to select structure-switching aptamers for small molecule targets based on a tunable stringency magnetic bead selection method. Aptamers selected with structure-switching properties are beneficial for assays that require a conformational change to signal the presence of a target, such as the described gold nanoparticle assay.

Un metodo per la selezione di aptameri-struttura di commutazione Applicato ad una colorimetrico oro nanoparticelle Assay

Small molecules provide rich targets for biosensing applications due to their physiological implications as biomarkers of various aspects of human health ...

Enrichment of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Tissues and Digestion into Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex meshwork of cross-linked proteins that provides biophysical and biochemical cues that are major regulators of cell proliferation, survival, migration, etc. The ECM plays important roles in development and in diverse pathologies including cardio-vascular and musculo-skeletal diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. Thus, characterizing the composition of ECMs of normal and diseased tissues could lead to the identification of novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and potential novel therapeutic targets. However, the very nature of ECM proteins (large in size, cross-linked and covalently bound, heavily glycosylated) has rendered biochemical analyses of ECMs challenging. To overcome this challenge, we developed a method to enrich ECMs from fresh or frozen tissues and tumors that takes advantage of the insolubility of ECM proteins. We describe here in detail the decellularization procedure that consists of sequential incubations in buffers of different pH and salt and detergent concentrations and that results in 1) the extraction of intracellular (cytosolic, nuclear, membrane and cytoskeletal) proteins and 2) the enrichment of ECM proteins. We then describe how to deglycosylate and digest ECM-enriched protein preparations into peptides for subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry.

This protocol describes a procedure for enriching ECM proteins from tissues or tumors and deglycosylating and digesting the ECM-enriched preparations into peptides to analyze their protein composition by mass spectrometry.

Arricchimento della matrice extracellulare proteine ​​da tessuti e digestione in Peptidi per l&#39;analisi Spettrometria di Massa

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex meshwork of cross-linked proteins that provides biophysical and biochemical cues that are major regulators of ...

Photo-Induced Cross-Linking delle proteine ​​non modificati (PICUP) applicata a peptidi amiloidogenico

Photo-Induced Cross-Linking delle proteine non modificati (PICUP) applicata a peptidi amiloidogenico