This work was supported by the BOF grant for SG from Ghent University. AL is supported by the Rutgers University NSF Fuels-IGERT. SA is supported by the European Union Framework Programme 7 project &#8220;ProEthanol 2G.&#8221; SA and KR are supported by Ghent University Multidisciplinary Research Partnership (MRP)&#8212;Biotechnology for a sustainable economy (01 MRA 510W). JD is supported by an IOF Advanced grant (F2012/IOF-Advanced/094). KR is supported by by the ERC Starter Grant &#8220;Electrotalk&#8221;. The authors thank Tim Lacoere for designing the TOC art figure, Robin Declerck for building the strip and absorption columns and Kun Guo for providing the inoculum source.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Questo manoscritto fornisce gli strumenti necessari per creare una bioelectrochemical e una cella elettrochimica per il recupero di ammonio. I calcoli presentati nella sezione risultati forniscono i parametri per la valutazione delle prestazioni del sistema. I sistemi biologici e elettrochimici sono simili nella configurazione e la funzione. La differenza principale tra i due sistemi è la scelta di una corrente fissa per la cella elettrochimica contro un potenziale anodico fisso per l&#39;installazione bioelectrochemic...

Recupero dei prodotti preziosi acque reflue guadagni importanza come preziose risorse diventano scarse e il trattamento senza recupero rappresenta solo un costo. Wastewater contiene sia l&#39;energia e sostanze nutritive che possono essere recuperati, e il recupero di nutrienti può aiutare a chiudere il ciclo di produzione 1. Recupero di energia attraverso la digestione anaerobica è un processo ben consolidata, mentre il recupero dei nutrienti è meno comune. Recupero delle sostanze nutritive da flussi di rifiuti liquidi, come urine e letame è stato ampiamente studiato, ad esempio, attraverso la produzione di struvite e sverniciatura diretta di ammoniaca 2,3. Tuttavia, la necessità di aggiunta chimico è un inconveniente di questi processi 4. Presentiamo qui una tecnica per il recupero dei nutrienti cationici da flussi di rifiuti, compresi sia potassio e ammonio. La forma cationica di questi nutrienti permette ripristino tramite una membrana selettiva di ioni in un sistema elettrochimico. In questo caso, il electrochemicSistema al costituito da una camera di anodo (dove ossidazione avviene), una camera di catodo (dove la riduzione avviene) e una membrana selettiva di ioni per separare i compartimenti. Una tensione viene applicata attraverso la cella per produrre un flusso di corrente dall&#39;anodo al catodo. Questa tensione può essere generato da una sorgente di alimentazione esterna per guidare ossidazione dell&#39;acqua e reazioni di riduzione. In alternativa l&#39;ossidazione anodica, ad esempio, di sostanze organiche, può essere catalizzata da batteri elettroattivi, richiedono meno potenza. Per chiudere il circuito e mantenere l&#39;equilibrio di carica, una specie cariche devono migrare tra gli elettrodi per ogni elettrone generato. Trasporto ammonio dalla camera di anodo alla camera catodo attraverso una membrana a scambio cationico (CEM) può così compensare il flusso di elettroni 4,5. La tecnica qui presentata non solo rimuove ammonio da flussi di rifiuti, ma consente anche il recupero. Totale azoto ammoniacale (TAN) esiste in equilibrio sia ammonium (NH 4 +) e ammoniaca (NH 3), e dipende dal pH e dalla temperatura 6. NH 4 + è abbondantemente disponibile a causa dell&#39;alta concentrazione TAN e vicino pH neutro nella camera di anodo e questa specie cariche positivamente possono dunque essere guidato dalla corrente attraverso il CEM nella camera catodo. La corrente spinge la riduzione di acqua al catodo, che porta alla produzione di ioni idrossido e gas idrogeno. L&#39;equilibrio TAN sposta a quasi il 100% di NH 3 a causa del pH elevato nella camera catodo (&gt; 10.0). NH 3 è un gas che può essere facilmente trasferito tramite circolazione dell&#39;aria dall&#39;unità di stripping alla colonna di assorbimento in cui è intrappolato e concentrata in una soluzione acida. Questa tecnologia ha il potenziale per ridurre la tossicità ammonio durante la digestione anaerobica dei flussi ricchi di N come concime, aumentando così il recupero di energia da tali flussi di rifiuti, mentre simultaneamentenutrienti recupero 4. Estrazione elettrochimica e bioelectrochemical di ammonio può anche essere applicato come tecnica di recupero nutrienti sui flussi di rifiuti ad alto contenuto TAN come urina evitando così i costi per la rimozione dei nutrienti in un impianto di trattamento 7. Il protocollo presentato qui può servire come base per molti diversi esperimenti elettrochimici e bioelectrochemical, come si usa un reattore modulare. Diversi tipi di elettrodi, membrane e spessori del telaio possono essere combinati come spiegato nel protocollo di seguito. Lo scopo principale del protocollo è quello di fornire un mezzo per il confronto del recupero ammonio elettrochimica e recupero ammonio bio-elettrochimica utilizzando una cella di elettrolisi. I sistemi sono valutati in termini di efficienza di estrazione, potenza e riproducibilità.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="876">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carbon Felt 3.18 mm Thick&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">ALFA43199</td>
			<td>Used as bioanode, 110 mm x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ti electrode coated with Ir MMO&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Magneto Special Anodes (The Netherlands)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>Used as stable anode for electrochemical tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="73">
			<td height="73" style="height:74px;width:216px;">Stainless steel mesh</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Solana (Belgium)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">RVS 554/64: material AISI 316L, mesh width: 564 micron, wire thickness: 140 micron, mesh number: 36,6</td>
			<td>Used as cathode, 110 mm x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Stainless steel plate</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Solana (Belgium)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">inox 304 sheet, thickness: 0,5mm</td>
			<td>Used as current collector for the bioanode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Bio-Logic (France)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">A-012167 RE-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Potentiostat (VSP Multipotentiostat)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Bio-Logic (France)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EC Lab</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Bio-Logic (France)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>software for performing electrochemistry measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:216px;">Cation Exchange Membrane</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Membranes International (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">Ultrex CMI-7000</td>
			<td>Pretreated according to the manufacturers&#39; instructions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Turbulence Promotor mesh</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">ElectroCell Europe A/S (Tarm, Denmark)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">EPC20432-PP-2</td>
			<td>spacer material, 110 mm x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Connectors</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Serto</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">1,281,161,120</td>
			<td>Other sizes possible, dependant on tubing type and size of holes in frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Strip and absorption column</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>In house design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">HV-06404-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gas bag</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Keika Ventures</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>Kynar gas bag with Roberts valve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rashig Rings</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Glasatelier Saillart (Belgium)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">Raschig rings 4 x 4 mm</td>
			<td>Put inside the strip and absorption column to improve the air/liquid contact. Available with many suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rubber sheet</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>Cut to fit on the perspex frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Perspex reactor frames</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Vlaeminck, Beernem</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>In-house design, see tab &#34;reactor frames&#34; in this file</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemically and bioelectrochemically induced ammonium recovery

Streams such as urine and manure can contain high levels of ammonium, which could be recovered for reuse in agriculture or chemistry. The extraction of ammonium from an ammonium-rich stream is demonstrated using an electrochemical and a bioelectrochemical system. Both systems are controlled by a potentiostat to either fix the current (for the electrochemical cell) or fix the potential of the working electrode (for the bioelectrochemical cell). In the bioelectrochemical cell, electroactive bacteria catalyze the anodic reaction, whereas in the electrochemical cell the potentiostat applies a higher voltage to produce a current. The current and consequent restoration of the charge balance across the cell allow the transport of cations, such as ammonium, across a cation exchange membrane from the anolyte to the catholyte. The high pH of the catholyte leads to formation of ammonia, which can be stripped from the medium and captured in an acid solution, thus enabling the recovery of a valuable nutrient. The flux of ammonium across the membrane is characterized at different anolyte ammonium concentrations and currents for both the abiotic and biotic reactor systems. Both systems are compared based on current and removal efficiencies for ammonium, as well as the energy input required to drive ammonium transfer across the cation exchange membrane. Finally, a comparative analysis considering key aspects such as reliability, electrode cost, and rate is made.
This video article and protocol provide the necessary information to conduct electrochemical and bioelectrochemical ammonia recovery experiments. The reactor setup for the two cases is explained, as well as the reactor operation. We elaborate on data analysis for both reactor types and on the advantages and disadvantages of bioelectrochemical and electrochemical systems.

Cronoamperometria deriva dalla bioreattore I risultati cronoamperometria, calcolata secondo l&#39;equazione 1, mostrano un grafico tipico per un reattore continuo (figura 4). All&#39;inizio dell&#39;esperimento, l&#39;anodo e il catodo sono gestiti in modalità ricircolo. Questo permette un biofilm di sviluppare e l&#39;inizio della produzione corrente. Dopo 5 giorni di funzionamento, la densità di corrente ha raggiunto un massimo, seguito da una diminuzion...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery at JoVE.com

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

We demonstrate the extraction of ammonium from an ammonium-rich stream using an electrochemical and a bioelectrochemical system. The reactor setup, operation and data analysis are discussed.

Elettrochimica e Bioelectrochemically indotta recupero di ammonio

Streams such as urine and manure can contain high levels of ammonium, which could be recovered for reuse in agriculture or chemistry. The extraction of ...

electrochemically-and-bioelectrochemically-induced-ammonium-recovery

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12.6K Views.  Ghent University. We demonstrate the extraction of ammonium from an ammonium-rich stream using an electrochemical and a bioelectrochemical system. The reactor setup, operation and data analysis are discussed. 