The authors thank Dr. Wen Yi and other medical staff of the Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine for their help.

All procedures of this study were conducted in accordance with clinical trial registration and have been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Filing No. 2021KL-004). All patients in this study provided informed consent to the investigators&#39; use of data, images, and related video filming during the trial.
1. Preparation before operation
<ol>
	<li>Set the inclusion criteria as follows: include pa...

Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Chronic Pelvic Pain Management

<ol>
	<li>Lamvu, G., Carrillo, J., Ouyang, C., Rapkin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+pelvic+pain+in+women:+a+review.">Chronic pelvic pain in women: a review.</a> JAMA. 325 (23), 2381-2391 (2021).</li><li>Li, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+causes+and+incidence+of+CPP+[J].">Analysis of the causes and incidence of CPP [J].</a> China Medical Herald. 9 (35), 142 (2012).</li><li>Chao, M. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analgesic+efficacy+of+acupuncture+on+chronic+pelvic+pain:+a+systemic+review+and+meta-analysis+study.">Analgesic efficacy of acupuncture on chronic pelvic pain: a systemic review and meta-analysis study.</a> Healthcare (Basel). 11 (6), 830 (2023).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+the+role+of+mast+cells+in+cystitis-associated+lower+urinary+tract+dysfunction:+a+multidisciplinary+approach+to+the+study+of+chronic+pelvic+pain+research+network+animal+model+study+[J]).">Evidence for the role of mast cells in cystitis-associated lower urinary tract dysfunction: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain research network animal model study [J]).</a> PLoS One. 11 (12), e0168772 (2016).</li><li>Supajatura, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+responses+of+mast+cell+Toll-like+receptors+2+and+4+in+allergy+and+innate+immunity+[J].">Differential responses of mast cell Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in allergy and innate immunity [J].</a> J Clin Invest. 109 (10), 1351-1359 (2002).</li><li>Zhang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+multi-omics+analysis+presents+the+landscape+of+peripheral+blood+T-cell+subsets+in+human+chronic+prostatitis/chronic+pelvic+pain+syndrome+[J].">Single-cell multi-omics analysis presents the landscape of peripheral blood T-cell subsets in human chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome [J].</a> J Cell Mol Med. 24 (23), 14099-14109 (2020).</li><li>Vickers, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acupuncture+for+chronic+pain:+update+of+an+individual+patient+data+meta-analysis.">Acupuncture for chronic pain: update of an individual patient data meta-analysis.</a> J Pain. 19 (5), 455-474 (2018).</li><li>Hu, J., Li, J. B., Sheng, Y., Xu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Professor+SHENG+Can-ruo's+experience+of+acupuncture+for+chronic+pelvic+pain+of+sequelae+of+pelvic+inflammatory+diseases.">Professor SHENG Can-ruo's experience of acupuncture for chronic pelvic pain of sequelae of pelvic inflammatory diseases.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 42 (10), 1155-1158 (2022).</li><li>Lee, I. S., Cheon, S., Park, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+and+peripheral+mechanism+of+acupuncture+analgesia+on+visceral+pain:+a+systematic+review.">Central and peripheral mechanism of acupuncture analgesia on visceral pain: a systematic review.</a> Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019, 1304152 (2019).</li><li>Du, K., Wang, X., Chi, L., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+sigma-1+receptor/p38+MAPK+inhibition+in+acupoint+catgut+embedding-mediated+analgesic+effects+in+complete+Freund's+adjuvant-induced+inflammatory+pain.">Role of sigma-1 receptor/p38 MAPK inhibition in acupoint catgut embedding-mediated analgesic effects in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain.</a> Anesth Analg. 125 (2), 662-669 (2017).</li><li>Yang, F. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+efficacy+of+acupuncture+at+Bahui+point+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+fatigue+syndrome+and+its+impact+on+the+immune+function+of+patients+[J].">The efficacy of acupuncture at Bahui point in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and its impact on the immune function of patients [J].</a> Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 28 (09), 1904-1905 (2010).</li><li>Wang, Q. C., Chen, Y. M., Jia, M. J., Zhai, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+observation+of+chronic+pelvic+inflammation+of+different+differentiated+patterns/syndromes+treated+with+acupoint+embedding+therapy.">Efficacy observation of chronic pelvic inflammation of different differentiated patterns/syndromes treated with acupoint embedding therapy.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 32 (12), 1081-1083 (2012).</li><li>Huang, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+of+the+cost+of+chronic+pelvic+pain+in+women.">A systematic review of the cost of chronic pelvic pain in women.</a> J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 44 (3), 286-293 (2022).</li><li>Wang, X. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+adverse+reactions+of+acupoint+catgut+embedding+therapy.">Analysis of adverse reactions of acupoint catgut embedding therapy.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 40 (2), 193-196 (2020).</li><li>Xue, H. Q., Ma, L., Zhang, Y. Q., Shi, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+selection+pattern+of+acupuncture+points+for+chronic+pelvic+pain+in+the+sequelae+of+pelvic+inflammatory+diseases+[J].">Analysis of the selection pattern of acupuncture points for chronic pelvic pain in the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory diseases [J].</a> Guangming Traditional Chinese Medicine. 38 (15), 2950-2953 (2023).</li><li>Wu, X. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+electroacupuncture+on+pain+threshold+and+expression+of+pain-related+factors+cyclooxygenase-2,+prostaglandin+E2+and+&#946;-endorphin+in+rats+with+chronic+pelvic+pain+syndrome.">Effect of electroacupuncture on pain threshold and expression of pain-related factors cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and &#946;-endorphin in rats with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.</a> Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 47 (6), 531-536 (2022).</li><li>Liu, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acupuncture+combined+with+western+medication+on+chronic+pelvic+pain+after+pelvic+inflammatory+disease:+a+multi-center+randomized+controlled+trial.">Acupuncture combined with western medication on chronic pelvic pain after pelvic inflammatory disease: a multi-center randomized controlled trial.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 41 (1), 31-35 (2021).</li><li>Xiang, D. F., Sun, Q. Z., Liang, X. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+abdominal+acupuncture+on+pain+of+pelvic+cavity+in+patients+with+endometriosis.">Effect of abdominal acupuncture on pain of pelvic cavity in patients with endometriosis.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 31 (2), 113-116 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

There is no record of chronic pelvic pain in ancient Chinese medicine books, and according to its symptom characteristics, it can be mutually referenced with diseases such as &#34;abdominal pain,&#34; &#34;women&#39;s abdominal pain,&#34; and &#34;menstrual abdominal pain.&#34; According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, when the blood vessels are open, improper care may lead to the invasion of pathogenic factors, such as dampness and evil heat, which can stagnate in the uterus and its channels, leading to a strugg...

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) refers to pelvic pain that persists for over 6 months, is non-periodic, and is unresponsive to non-opioid drugs. The latest research shows that the global incidence rate of CPP is ~5%-26%1. Sequential pelvic inflammatory disease (SPID) is one of the main conditions causing CPP, accounting for 23%-30% of all cases of chronic pelvic pain in females2. Due to the limited efficacy of existing analgesics in alleviating this pain, over 50% of CPP patients may seek non-pharmacological treatment3. Currently, the main non-pharmacological treatments include pelvic floor physical therapy, psychological therapy, neuroregulation, and dietotherapy. However, they also have limitations, such as suboptimal pain relief and difficulties in achieving long-term control. Most SPID women with CPP experience anxiety, depression, and decreased quality of life due to recurrent pain4. Therefore, finding an effective treatment method that can alleviate patients' pain symptoms has become a pressing clinical concern.
Acupuncture and moxibustion, two of the main external therapeutic methods in traditional Chinese medicine, have shown good efficacy in treating pain-related conditions and have been widely used in clinical practice, especially in the relief of chronic pain, where their effectiveness surpasses other non-pharmacological treatments for CPP5,6. In a cross-sectional study on the treatment of CPP with traditional Chinese medicine, 7.63% of chronic pain patients were chosen to receive acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, resulting in excellent therapeutic outcomes7. The acupoint catgut embedding introduced in this article is an extension and development of acupuncture and moxibustion. It refers to a traditional Chinese medicine external treatment technique that uses specially designed disposable medical devices to implant absorbable catgut into corresponding acupoints, providing prolonged and continuous acupoint stimulation to achieve analgesic effect. The author's team has employed this technology to treat recurrent and incurable pelvic pain in women caused by SPID, yielding positive outcomes. It can be utilized either as a standalone treatment or as an important component of a comprehensive traditional Chinese medicine treatment plan or a combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. This article takes the most common traditional Chinese medicine syndrome (dampness heat stasis type) patients with SPID as an example to provide a detailed demonstration of the procedures for acupoint catgut embedding.

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			<td>disposable catgut embedding needles</td>
			<td>Yangzhou Junbang Technology Development Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>20212200112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disposable thread embedding kit</td>
			<td>Shangdong Weigao Ruixin Medical Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>20182140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS26.0&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>statistical analysis software&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile gloves</td>
			<td>Fitone Latex Products Co.,Ltd Guangdong.</td>
			<td>20172140158</td>
			<td></td>
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acupoint catgut embedding for treatment of chronic pelvic pain due to the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease

Chronic pelvic pain caused by the sequelae of inflammatory pelvic disease is a common clinical condition of pelvic pain in women. At present, the main challenges in its treatment are the limited effectiveness of pain relief and the frequent recurrence of symptoms, which significantly impact patients' quality of life and impose a considerable psychological burden on them. It is a clinically challenging disease. After summarizing years of treatment experience, the author's team discovered that acupoint catgut embedding demonstrated notable clinical efficacy in managing chronic pelvic pain stemming from pelvic inflammatory disease sequelae. Compared to existing Western medicine treatment methods, acupoint catgut embedding offers advantages such as a good analgesic effect, lower recurrence rate, economic benefits, and a relatively straightforward procedure. This article provides a comprehensive guide on embedding absorbable catgut into patients' acupoints for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in females resulting from the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Women&#039;s Chronic Pelvic Pain Management Through Acupoint Catgut Embedding

Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain Due to the Sequelae of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Our research focuses on developing effective treatments for chronic pelvic pain due to the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease. Our study found that acupuncture point can improve patients'clinical symptoms and quality of life. Compared to existing Western medicine treatment methods, acupoint catgut embedding offers advantages such as a good analgesic effect, lower recurrence rate, economic benefits, and a relatively straightforward procedure.We will focus on the efficacy of external Chinese medicine for the relief of chronic pelvic pain in women and the developments of treatments protocols.

In this clinical study, a total of 88 participants were initially enrolled, with 8 cases dropping out (4 from the treatment group and 4 from the other one). The remaining 80 participants were divided using a random number table into the treatment and control groups, with 40 participants in each group. The course of treatment included catgut embedding once every 10 days, avoiding menstrual periods, for a continuous duration of 3 months. The patients in the treatment group also took a dose of Traditional Chinese Medicine d...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain due to the Sequelae of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease at JoVE.com

This article outlines acupoint catgut embedding therapy for chronic pelvic pain caused by the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory diseases.

Chronic pelvic pain caused by the sequelae of inflammatory pelvic disease is a common clinical condition of pelvic pain in women. At present, the main ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

281 Views.  Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. La nostra ricerca si concentra sullo sviluppo di trattamenti efficaci per il dolore pelvico cronico dovuto alle sequele della malattia infiammatoria pelvica. Il nostro studio ha scoperto che il punto di agopuntura può migliorare i sintomi clinici e la qualità della vita dei pazienti. Rispetto ai metodi di trattamento esistenti della medicina occidentale, l'incorporamento del catgut dei punti di agopuntura offre vantaggi come un buon effetto analgesico, un tasso di recidiva inferiore, benefi...