Lawrence Steinman

Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis.

Therapeutic considerations for disease progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence, experience, and future expectations.

A suppressive oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the efficacy of myelin cocktail/IL-4-tolerizing DNA vaccination and treats autoimmune disease.

Treatment of autoimmune neuroinflammation with a synthetic tryptophan metabolite.

Antigen-specific therapies in multiple sclerosis: going beyond proteins and peptides.

Lipid microarrays identify key mediators of autoimmune brain inflammation.

A key regulatory role for histamine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: disease exacerbation in histidine decarboxylase-deficient mice.

Controlling autoimmunity in sporadic inclusion-body myositis.

Isoprenoids determine Th1/Th2 fate in pathogenic T cells, providing a mechanism of modulation of autoimmunity by atorvastatin.

What went wrong in the natalizumab trials?

A neuropeptide in immune-mediated inflammation, Y?

Immunomodulatory synergy by combination of atorvastatin and glatiramer acetate in treatment of CNS autoimmunity.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and multiple sclerosis: lessons from natalizumab.

Statin therapy and autoimmune disease: from protein prenylation to immunomodulation.

Nogo in multiple sclerosis: growing roles of a growth inhibitor.

Emerging therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis.

How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis.

Statins in the treatment of central nervous system autoimmune disease.

State of the art. Four easy pieces: interconnections between tissue injury, intermediary metabolism, autoimmunity, and chronic degeneration.

At once harmful and beneficial: the dual properties of NF-kappaB.

Drug Insight: using statins to treat neuroinflammatory disease.

Selective tyrosine kinase inhibition by imatinib mesylate for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis.

Osteopontin-induced relapse and progression of autoimmune brain disease through enhanced survival of activated T cells.

Tolerizing DNA vaccines for autoimmune arthritis.

Photogenerated glycan arrays identify immunogenic sugar moieties of Bacillus anthracis exosporium.

Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein.

Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha expression in T cells mediates gender differences in development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity.

A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage.

Protective and therapeutic role for alphaB-crystallin in autoimmune demyelination.

Inhibition of HMGcoA reductase by atorvastatin prevents and reverses MYC-induced lymphomagenesis.

Type II monocytes modulate T cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease.

Induction of antigen-specific tolerance in multiple sclerosis after immunization with DNA encoding myelin basic protein in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial.

Preemptive HMG-CoA reductase inhibition provides graft-versus-host disease protection by Th-2 polarization while sparing graft-versus-leukemia activity.

Nanosensor detection of an immunoregulatory tryptophan influx/kynurenine efflux cycle.

Antigen-specific therapy of multiple sclerosis: the long-sought magic bullet.

Statins--treatment option for central nervous system autoimmune disease?

Glia-dependent TGF-beta signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Bioluminescence in vivo imaging of autoimmune encephalomyelitis predicts disease.

Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells specific for a thymus-expressed antigen prevent the development of anaphylaxis to self.

Extensive fusion of haematopoietic cells with Purkinje neurons in response to chronic inflammation.

Phase 2 trial of a DNA vaccine encoding myelin basic protein for multiple sclerosis.

Type 1 interferons cool the inflamed brain.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a regulator of Th17 and Treg cell development in disease.

Failure of oral atorvastatin to modulate a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Thymic selection determines gammadelta T cell effector fate: antigen-naive cells make interleukin-17 and antigen-experienced cells make interferon gamma.

A rush to judgment on Th17.

New targets for treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Epitope spreading to citrullinated antigens in mouse models of autoimmune arthritis and demyelination.

Differential regulation of chemokines by IL-17 in colonic epithelial cells.

Nuanced roles of cytokines in three major human brain disorders.

Improved efficacy of a tolerizing DNA vaccine for reversal of hyperglycemia through enhancement of gene expression and localization to intracellular sites.

Anaphylaxis to a self-peptide in the absence of mast cells or histamine.

Regulation of different inflammatory diseases by impacting the mevalonate pathway.

Enhanced immune recognition of cryptic glycan markers in human tumors.

Systems biology and its application to the understanding of neurological diseases.

Gaining entry to an uninflamed brain.

A molecular trio in relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis.

The gray aspects of white matter disease in multiple sclerosis.

Activation of kinin receptor B1 limits encephalitogenic T lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system.

Shifting therapeutic attention in MS to osteopontin, type 1 and type 2 IFN.

Blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme induces potent regulatory T cells and modulates TH1- and TH17-mediated autoimmunity.

PPAR-delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance.

Innate and adaptive autoimmunity directed to the central nervous system.

Treatment with a toll-like receptor inhibitory GpG oligonucleotide delays and attenuates lupus nephritis in NZB/W mice.

Mouse mesenchymal stem cells suppress antigen-specific TH cell immunity independent of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1).

Autoimmunity against fibrinogen mediates inflammatory arthritis in mice.

Mixed results with modulation of TH-17 cells in human autoimmune diseases.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibition causes increased necrosis and apoptosis in an in vivo mouse glioblastoma multiforme model.

Interferon-gamma-producing T cells, pregnancy, and postpartum relapses of multiple sclerosis.

IL-17 contributes to the development of chronic rejection in a murine heart transplant model.

Inhibitory role for GABA in autoimmune inflammation.

T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis.

Smad7 in T cells drives T helper 1 responses in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Alphab-crystallin is a target for adaptive immune responses and a trigger of innate responses in preactive multiple sclerosis lesions.

Socioeconomic trends in hospitalization for multiple sclerosis.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta limits the expansion of pathogenic Th cells during central nervous system autoimmunity.

Angiotensin II sustains brain inflammation in mice via TGF-beta.

Delivery of myelin peptides through the first line of defense, skin, to counter autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis.

Vitamin D, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and postpartum multiple sclerosis relapses.

Histamine regulates autoreactive T cell activation and adhesiveness in inflamed brain microcirculation.

Modulation of postoperative cognitive decline via blockade of inflammatory cytokines outside the brain.

Common variants in P2RY11 are associated with narcolepsy.

Inverse vaccination to silence immunity to myelin in multiple sclerosis.

Chaperone activity of α B-crystallin is responsible for its incorrect assignment as an autoantigen in multiple sclerosis.

Interferon-β exacerbates Th17-mediated inflammatory disease.

αB-crystallin improves murine cardiac function and attenuates apoptosis in human endothelial cells exposed to ischemia-reperfusion.

Human peptidome display.

Combining statins with interferon β in multiple sclerosis: think twice, it might not be all right.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) ameliorates Th17 autoimmunity via transcriptional modulation of interleukin-17A.

IL-7 promotes T(H)1 development and serum IL-7 predicts clinical response to interferon-β in multiple sclerosis.

Systemic augmentation of alphaB-crystallin provides therapeutic benefit twelve hours post-stroke onset via immune modulation.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors ameliorate autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Impaired neurosteroid synthesis in multiple sclerosis.

Interleukin-17 accelerates allograft rejection by suppressing regulatory T cell expansion.

Treatment of brain inflammatory diseases by delivering exosome encapsulated anti-inflammatory drugs from the nasal region to the brain.

Evolution of MS lesions to black holes under DNA vaccine treatment.

Optimization of current and future therapy for autoimmune diseases.

Type I interferons: beneficial in Th1 and detrimental in Th17 autoimmunity.

Therapeutic effects of systemic administration of chaperone αB-crystallin associated with binding proinflammatory plasma proteins.

Protective effect of an elastase inhibitor in a neuromyelitis optica-like disease driven by a peptide of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein.

Re-engineering of pathogenic aquaporin 4-specific antibodies as molecular decoys to treat neuromyelitis optica.

Lessons learned at the intersection of immunology and neuroscience.

Platelets provide a bounty of potential targets for therapy in multiple sclerosis.

The protective and therapeutic function of small heat shock proteins in neurological diseases.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and -γ regulate IFNγ and IL-17A production by human T cells in a sex-specific way.

Identification of naturally occurring fatty acids of the myelin sheath that resolve neuroinflammation.

Nostalgia: the similarities between immunological and neurological memory.

Janus-like opposing roles of CD47 in autoimmune brain inflammation in humans and mice.

Human aquaporin 4281-300 is the immunodominant linear determinant in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01: relevance for diagnosing and monitoring patients with neuromyelitis optica.

Reversal of paralysis and reduced inflammation from peripheral administration of β-amyloid in TH1 and TH17 versions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Chaperone activity of small heat shock proteins underlies therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The discovery of natalizumab, a potent therapeutic for multiple sclerosis.

Natalizumab: bench to bedside and beyond.

Piet Mondrian's trees and the evolution in understanding multiple sclerosis, Charcot Prize Lecture 2011.

Inflammatory cytokines at the summits of pathological signal cascades in brain diseases.

Weighing in on autoimmune disease: 'Hub-and-spoke' T cell traffic in autoimmunity.

Transient B-cell depletion with anti-CD20 in combination with proinsulin DNA vaccine or oral insulin: immunologic effects and efficacy in NOD mice.

A Tip leads cytotoxic T cells to the crime scene in neuroinflammation.

The gender gap in multiple sclerosis: intersection of science and society.

A writing-intensive course improves biology undergraduates' perception and confidence of their abilities to read scientific literature and communicate science.

Progression in multiple sclerosis is associated with low endogenous NCAM.

Interferon beta use and disability prevention in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Amyloid fibrils composed of hexameric peptides attenuate neuroinflammation.

Serum autoantibodies to myelin peptides distinguish acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis.

Expansion of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells following SIRT1 inactivation in the adult brain.

Depleting tumor-specific Tregs at a single site eradicates disseminated tumors.

Interleukin 17F level and interferon β response in patients with multiple sclerosis.

CRYAB modulates the activation of CD4+ T cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients.

Th17 cells induce Th1-polarizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Plasmid-encoded proinsulin preserves C-peptide while specifically reducing proinsulin-specific CD8⁺ T cells in type 1 diabetes.

The road not taken: antigen-specific therapy and neuroinflammatory disease.

Therapeutic decisions in multiple sclerosis: moving beyond efficacy.

The interdependent, overlapping, and differential roles of type I and II IFNs in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Pathogenic T helper 1 cells reach the brain before T helper 17 cells, and T regulatory cells suppress them albeit incompletely.

Defective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) phosphorylation exacerbates TH17-mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Clinical optimization of antigen specific modulation of type 1 diabetes with the plasmid DNA platform.

Science Communication to the General Public: Why We Need to Teach Undergraduate and Graduate Students this Skill as Part of Their Formal Scientific Training.

Immunology of relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis.

Mechanism of metabolic stroke and spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage in glutaric aciduria type I.

Antiviral drug ganciclovir is a potent inhibitor of microglial proliferation and neuroinflammation.

Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are necessary for therapeutic benefit of atorvastatin in treatment of central nervous system autoimmunity.

Narcolepsy, 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic influenza, and pandemic influenza vaccinations: what is known and unknown about the neurological disorder, the role for autoimmunity, and vaccine adjuvants.

Uncovering cryptic glycan markers in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Janus faces of amyloid proteins in neuroinflammation.

Development of therapies for autoimmune disease at Stanford: a tale of multiple shots and one goal.

Cerebrospinal fluid aquaporin-4 antibody levels in neuromyelitis optica attacks.

Mechanisms of action of therapeutic amyloidogenic hexapeptides in amelioration of inflammatory brain disease.

Thymic epithelium determines a spontaneous chronic neuritis in Icam1(tm1Jcgr)NOD mice.

Gene expression analysis of histamine receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with clinically-isolated syndrome and different stages of multiple sclerosis.

From defining antigens to new therapies in multiple sclerosis: honoring the contributions of Ruth Arnon and Michael Sela.

Conflicting consequences of immunity to cancer versus autoimmunity to neurons: insights from paraneoplastic disease.

Going viral and the fatal vulnerability of neurons from immunity, not from infection.

A century of pavlovian experiments forming a circuit from the elucidation of neural reflexes to pharmaceuticals and electroceuticals to treat diseases.

Prolactin: a versatile regulator of inflammation and autoimmune pathology.

Role reversal: infiltrating T cells protect the brain.

IFN-β treatment requires B cells for efficacy in neuroautoimmunity.

B-lymphocyte-mediated delayed cognitive impairment following stroke.

No quiet surrender: molecular guardians in multiple sclerosis brain.

Critical role for prokineticin 2 in CNS autoimmunity.

The re-emergence of antigen-specific tolerance as a potential therapy for MS.

Startups on the menu: Atreca.

Self-Assembling Peptides Form Immune Suppressive Amyloid Fibrils Effective in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

CD4 cell response to interval therapy with natalizumab.

Gaps in knowledge and prospects for research of adjuvanted vaccines.

HDL-bound sphingosine-1-phosphate restrains lymphopoiesis and neuroinflammation.

Tissue Transglutaminase contributes to experimental multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and clinical outcome by promoting macrophage migration.

Antibodies to influenza nucleoprotein cross-react with human hypocretin receptor 2.

mir-181a-1/b-1 Modulates Tolerance through Opposing Activities in Selection and Peripheral T Cell Function.

Parsing Physiological Functions of Erythropoietin One Domain at a Time.

Erratum to: Parsing Physiological Functions of Erythropoietin One Domain at a Time.

Response to comment on "Antibodies to influenza nucleoprotein cross-react with human hypocretin receptor 2".

Amyloid fibrils activate B-1a lymphocytes to ameliorate inflammatory brain disease.

Safety and immunologic effects of high- vs low-dose cholecalciferol in multiple sclerosis.

Hyaluronan synthesis is necessary for autoreactive T-cell trafficking, activation, and Th1 polarization.

Obeticholic acid, a synthetic bile acid agonist of the farnesoid X receptor, attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Multiplexed autoantigen microarrays identify HLA as a key driver of anti-desmoglein and -non-desmoglein reactivities in pemphigus.

Cytokine profiles show heterogeneity of interferon-β response in multiple sclerosis patients.

Beginning of the end of two-stage theory purporting that inflammation then degeneration explains pathogenesis of progressive multiple sclerosis.

Anti-Insulin Immune Responses Are Detectable in Dogs with Spontaneous Diabetes.

Mechanistic insights into influenza vaccine-associated narcolepsy.

Identification of Candidate Tolerogenic CD8(+) T Cell Epitopes for Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse Model.

Dimethyl fumarate treatment induces adaptive and innate immune modulation independent of Nrf2.

The Safety of Adjuvanted Vaccines Revisited: Vaccine-Induced Narcolepsy.

CEACAM1 mediates B cell aggregation in central nervous system autoimmunity.

Genetic background modulates outcome of therapeutic amyloid peptides in treatment of neuroinflammation.

A Journey in Science: The Privilege of Exploring the Brain and the Immune System.

The emergence of neuroepidemiology, neurovirology and neuroimmunology: the legacies of John F. Kurtzke and Richard 'Dick' T. Johnson.

An interferon-β-resistant and NLRP3 inflammasome-independent subtype of EAE with neuronal damage.

Tolerance checkpoint bypass permits emergence of pathogenic T cells to neuromyelitis optica autoantigen aquaporin-4.

Narcolepsy and influenza vaccination-induced autoimmunity.

Phosphorylation of αB-crystallin supports reactive astrogliosis in demyelination.

Time correlation between mononucleosis and initial symptoms of MS.

PH20 is not expressed in murine CNS and oligodendrocyte precursor cells.

T Cell-Transfer Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Pillar of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone versus methylprednisolone added to interferon β in patients with multiple sclerosis experiencing breakthrough disease: a randomized, rater-blinded trial.

Induction of New Autoimmune Diseases After Alemtuzumab Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Learning From Adversity.

Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody exacerbates EAE and T-cell immunity against myelin.

Iron-sulfur glutaredoxin 2 protects oligodendrocytes against damage induced by nitric oxide release from activated microglia.