isolation-characterization-cardiac-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-from

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The ...

Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS

Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) has a low sensitivity. Electroanatomic voltage mapping (EVM) is effective in guiding EMB thanks to its ability in identifying and locating low-voltage regions. The analysis of unipolar EVM can correlate with epicardial pathological involvement. We evaluated the unipolar EVM in EMB areas to determine whether it can increase EMB sensitivity in diagnosing epicardial diseases.

Feasibility of combined unipolar and bipolar voltage maps to improve sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic disorder mainly due to mutations in desmosomal genes, characterized by progressive fibro-adipose replacement of the myocardium, arrhythmias, and sudden death. It is still unclear which cell type is responsible for fibro-adipose substitution and which molecular mechanisms lead to this structural change. Cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (C-MSC) are the most abundant cells in the heart, with propensity to differentiate into several cell types, including adipocytes, and their role in ACM is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether C-MSC contributed to excess adipocytes in patients with ACM.

Cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells are a source of adipocytes in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.

During the past years, endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) has gradually spread into clinical practice. However, the role of EMB in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases remains a controversial issue, especially in the setting of unexplained ventricular arrhythmias. Areas covered: This review describes the methodology of EMB guided by combined use of three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping systems and intracardiac echo and summarizes the classical, fluoroscopy-guided EMB technique. Finally, the personal experience acquired with the 'electrophysiologist-made' integration methodology has been reported. Expert commentary: Since EMB has been considered in the setting of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, cardiac sarcoidosis, drug toxicity, and/or other diseases causing malignant ventricular arrhythmias, the electrophysiologists have started to perform firsthand biopsy. The electrophysiologists introduced the use of electroanatomical mapping systems and intracardiac echo. This new methodology improved significantly biopsy diagnostic yield and allowed to reduce complications.

Electroanatomical mapping systems and intracardiac echo integration for guided endomyocardial biopsy.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a rare genetic disease that is mostly inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It is associated predominantly with mutations in desmosomal genes and is characterized by the replacement of the ventricular myocardium with fibrous fatty deposits, arrhythmias and a high risk of sudden death.studies have contributed to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disease, including its genetic determinants, as well as its cellular, signaling and molecular defects. Here, we review what is currently known about the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and focus on themodels that have advanced our understanding of the disease. Finally, we assess the potential of established and innovative cell platforms for elucidating unknown aspects of this disease, and for screening new potential therapeutic agents. This appraisal ofmodels of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy highlights the discoveries made about this disease and the uses of these models for future basic and therapeutic research.

Cell models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: advances and opportunities.

Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic CardioMyopathy (ACM) is challenging and often late after disease onset. No circulating biomarkers are available to date. Given their involvement in several cardiovascular diseases, plasma microRNAs warranted investigation as potential non-invasive diagnostic tools in ACM. We sought to identify circulating microRNAs differentially expressed in ACM with respect to Healthy Controls (HC) and Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia patients (IVT), often in differential diagnosis. ACM and HC subjects were screened for plasmatic expression of 377 microRNAs and validation was performed in 36 ACM, 53 HC, 21 IVT. Variable importance in data partition was estimated through Random Forest analysis and accuracy by Receiver Operating Curves. Plasmatic miR-320a showed 0.53 ± 0.04 fold expression difference in ACM vs. HC (p < 0.01). A similar trend was observed when comparing ACM (n = 13) and HC (n = 17) with athletic lifestyle, a ACM precipitating factor. Importantly, ACM patients miR-320a showed 0.78 ± 0.05 fold expression change vs. IVT (p = 0.03). When compared to non-invasive ACM diagnostic parameters, miR-320a ranked highly in discriminating ACM vs. IVT and it increased their accuracy. Finally, miR-320a expression did not correlate with ACM severity. Our data suggest that miR-320a may be considered a novel potential biomarker of ACM, specifically useful in ACM vs. IVT differentiation.

MiR-320a as a Potential Novel Circulating Biomarker of Arrhythmogenic CardioMyopathy.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major health burden worldwide. Extracellular High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) regulates tissue healing after injuries. The reduced form of HMGB1 (fr-HMGB1) exerts chemotactic activity by binding CXCL12 through CXCR4, while the disulfide form, (ds-HMGB1), induces cytokines expression by TLR4. Here, we assessed the role of HMGB1 redox forms and the non-oxidizable mutant (3S) on human cardiac fibroblast (hcFbs) functions and cardiac remodeling after infarction. Among HMGB1 receptors, hcFbs express CXCR4. Fr-HMGB1 and 3S, but not ds-HMGB1, promote hcFbs migration through Src activation, while none of HMGB1 redox forms induces proliferation or inflammatory mediators. 3S is more effective than fr-HMGB1 in stimulating hcFbs migration and Src phosphorylation being active at lower concentrations and in oxidizing conditions. Notably, chemotaxis toward both proteins is CXCR4-dependent but, in contrast to fr-HMGB1, 3S does not require CXCL12 since hcFbs migration persists in the presence of the CXCL12/CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 or an anti-CXCL12 antibody. Interestingly, 3S interacts with CXCR4 and induces a different receptor conformation than CXCL12. Mice undergoing MI and receiving 3S exhibit adverse LV remodeling owing to an excessive collagen deposition promoted by a higher number of myofibroblasts. On the contrary, fr-HMGB1 ameliorates cardiac performance enhancing neoangiogenesis and reducing the infarcted area and fibrosis. Altogether, our results demonstrate that non-oxidizable HMGB1 induce a sustained cardiac fibroblasts migration despite the redox state of the environment and by altering CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. This affects proper cardiac remodeling after an infarction.

Non-oxidizable HMGB1 induces cardiac fibroblasts migration via CXCR4 in a CXCL12-independent manner and worsens tissue remodeling after myocardial infarction.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic cardiac condition characterized by the replacement of the ventricular myocardium with fibro-fatty tissue, by arrhythmias and sudden death. Adipogenesis in ACM is considered an aberrant remodeling following myocardial loss. Which cell type(s) is (are) responsible for the adipose replacement is still matter of debate. A systematic overview of the different cells that have been, over time, considered as main players in adipose replacement is provided. The comprehension of the cellular component giving rise to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy substrate defects may represent both an essential tool for mechanistic studies of disease pathogenesis and a novel possible therapeutic target.

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: the Guilty Party in Adipogenesis.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited genetic disorder, characterized by the substitution of heart muscle with fibro-fatty tissue and severe ventricular arrhythmias, often leading to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. ACM is considered a monogenic disorder, but the low penetrance of mutations identified in patients suggests the involvement of additional genetic or environmental factors.

Elena Sommariva

Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit

Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients