Erol Fikrig

Interleukin (IL)-6 directs the differentiation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells.

Heat shock protein 70 of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis binds to Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies.

Cloning of the gene encoding the 44-kilodalton antigen of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and characterization of the humoral response.

Influence of outer surface protein A antibody on Borrelia burgdorferi within feeding ticks.

Serodiagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by a recombinant HGE-44-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression in vivo and spirochete pathogenicity.

Gamma interferon dominates the murine cytokine response to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and helps to control the degree of early rickettsemia.

Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in mice deficient in phagocyte oxidase or inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Attachment of Borrelia burgdorferi within Ixodes scapularis mediated by outer surface protein A.

Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis DNA in Amblyomma americanum ticks in Connecticut and Rhode Island.

Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis.

Dissociation of infectivity and pathogenicity in Borrelia burgdorferi.

Exploitation of interleukin-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation facilitates spirochete adaptation and variable major protein-like sequence locus recombination.

Examination of the Borrelia burgdorferi transcriptome in Ixodes scapularis during feeding.

Murine Lyme arthritis development mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity.

Hyporesponsiveness to vaccination with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in humans and in TLR1- and TLR2-deficient mice.

Salp15, an ixodes scapularis salivary protein, inhibits CD4(+) T cell activation.

Superoxide anion production during Anaplasma phagocytophila infection.

Differential expression of the p44 gene family in the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Cyclooxygenase 2 activity modulates the severity of murine Lyme arthritis.

Repression of rac2 mRNA expression by Anaplasma phagocytophila is essential to the inhibition of superoxide production and bacterial proliferation.

STAT3 deletion during hematopoiesis causes Crohn's disease-like pathogenesis and lethality: a critical role of STAT3 in innate immunity.

An open-label, nonrandomized, single-center, prospective extension, clinical trial of booster dose schedules to assess the safety profile and immunogenicity of recombinant outer-surface protein A (OspA) Lyme disease vaccine.

A recombinant envelope protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for West Nile virus serodiagnosis.

Adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the vector and vertebrate host.

The Lyme disease vaccine takes its toll.

Murine neutrophils require alpha1,3-fucosylation but not PSGL-1 for productive infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

IFN-gamma-producing gamma delta T cells help control murine West Nile virus infection.

Immunoassay targeting nonstructural protein 5 to differentiate West Nile virus infection from dengue and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections and from flavivirus vaccination.

Invasion and survival strategies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Borrelia burgdorferi transcriptome in the central nervous system of non-human primates.

OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands.

Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference.

OspB antibody prevents Borrelia burgdorferi colonization of Ixodes scapularis.

Essential role for OspA/B in the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete.

Preferential presence of decorin-binding protein B (BBA25) and BBA50 antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurologic Lyme disease.

West Nile virus: a growing concern?

Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein (osp) B expression independent of ospA.

Immunity to West Nile virus.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum utilizes multiple host evasion mechanisms to thwart NADPH oxidase-mediated killing during neutrophil infection.

Protective niche for Borrelia burgdorferi to evade humoral immunity.

CXCR2 blockade influences Anaplasma phagocytophilum propagation but not histopathology in the mouse model of human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

A comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle.

Borrelia burgdorferi changes its surface antigenic expression in response to host immune responses.

TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi.

Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum modulates gp91phox gene expression through altered interferon regulatory factor 1 and PU.1 levels and binding of CCAAT displacement protein.

Use of RNA interference to prevent lethal murine west nile virus infection.

Modulation of NB4 promyelocytic leukemic cell machinery by Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host.

Association of linear plasmid 28-1 with an arthritic phenotype of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Effects of Anaplasma phagocytophilum on host cell ferritin mRNA and protein levels.

Protective and therapeutic capacity of human single-chain Fv-Fc fusion proteins against West Nile virus.

Early transcriptional response of human neutrophils to Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.

Borrelia burgdorferi--traveling incognito?

Gamma interferon plays a crucial early antiviral role in protection against West Nile virus infection.

Borrelia burgdorferi lacking BBK32, a fibronectin-binding protein, retains full pathogenicity.

An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands.

Disruption of the salivary protein 14 in Ixodes scapularis nymphs and impact on pathogen acquisition.

Cutting edge: CD4 is the receptor for the tick saliva immunosuppressor, Salp15.

Antiviral peptides targeting the west nile virus envelope protein.

The Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi requires BB0690, a Dps homologue, to persist within ticks.

Age-associated defect in human TLR-1/2 function.

Rab 5 is required for the cellular entry of dengue and West Nile viruses.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum specifically induces tyrosine phosphorylation of ROCK1 during infection.

Outer surface protein B is critical for Borrelia burgdorferi adherence and survival within Ixodes ticks.

Immunity against Ixodes scapularis salivary proteins expressed within 24 hours of attachment thwarts tick feeding and impairs Borrelia transmission.

IL-12/23p40-dependent clearance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the murine model of human anaplasmosis.

Role of outer surface protein D in the Borrelia burgdorferi life cycle.

ASC/PYCARD and caspase-1 regulate the IL-18/IFN-gamma axis during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.

Abrogation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor decreases West Nile virus lethality by limiting viral neuroinvasion.

c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 2 inhibits gamma interferon production during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.

A tick antioxidant facilitates the Lyme disease agent's successful migration from the mammalian host to the arthropod vector.

West Nile virus envelope protein inhibits dsRNA-induced innate immune responses.

Borrelia burgdorferi basic membrane proteins A and B participate in the genesis of Lyme arthritis.

Icam-1 participates in the entry of west nile virus into the central nervous system.

Salp15 binding to DC-SIGN inhibits cytokine expression by impairing both nucleosome remodeling and mRNA stabilization.

West nile virus attenuates activation of primary human macrophages.

The tick salivary protein Salp15 inhibits the killing of serum-sensitive Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates.

Dysregulation of TLR3 impairs the innate immune response to West Nile virus in the elderly.

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates West Nile virus entry into the brain.

Drak2 contributes to West Nile virus entry into the brain and lethal encephalitis.

RNA interference screen for human genes associated with West Nile virus infection.

Borrelia burgdorferi lipoprotein BmpA activates pro-inflammatory responses in human synovial cells through a protein moiety.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases cathepsin L activity, thereby globally influencing neutrophil function.

Toll-like receptor 7 mitigates lethal West Nile encephalitis via interleukin 23-dependent immune cell infiltration and homing.

Inhibition of neutrophil function by two tick salivary proteins.

Fusion loop peptide of the West Nile virus envelope protein is essential for pathogenesis and is recognized by a therapeutic cross-reactive human monoclonal antibody.

Human innate immunosenescence: causes and consequences for immunity in old age.

Toll-like receptors 1 and 2 heterodimers alter Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression in mice and ticks.

IL-10 signaling blockade controls murine West Nile virus infection.

Passage through Ixodes scapularis ticks enhances the virulence of a weakly pathogenic isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Antibodies against a tick protein, Salp15, protect mice from the Lyme disease agent.

The IFITM proteins mediate cellular resistance to influenza A H1N1 virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus.

Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response.

Fucosylation enhances colonization of ticks by Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Increased TLR4 expression and downstream cytokine production in immunosuppressed adults compared to non-immunosuppressed adults.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum induces actin phosphorylation to selectively regulate gene transcription in Ixodes scapularis ticks.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum AptA modulates Erk1/2 signalling.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum induces Ixodes scapularis ticks to express an antifreeze glycoprotein gene that enhances their survival in the cold.

A C-type lectin collaborates with a CD45 phosphatase homolog to facilitate West Nile virus infection of mosquitoes.

Caspase-12 controls West Nile virus infection via the viral RNA receptor RIG-I.

A paradoxical role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus.

Tick histamine release factor is critical for Ixodes scapularis engorgement and transmission of the lyme disease agent.

Identification and characterization of Ixodes scapularis antigens that elicit tick immunity using yeast surface display.

Impaired interferon signaling in dendritic cells from older donors infected in vitro with West Nile virus.

Molecular interactions that enable movement of the Lyme disease agent from the tick gut into the hemolymph.

prM-antibody renders immature West Nile virus infectious in vivo.

Use of a tandem affinity purification assay to detect interactions between West Nile and dengue viral proteins and proteins of the mosquito vector.

Innate immune control of West Nile virus infection.

An in vivo transfection approach elucidates a role for Aedes aegypti thioester-containing proteins in flaviviral infection.

A tick mannose-binding lectin inhibitor interferes with the vertebrate complement cascade to enhance transmission of the lyme disease agent.

Alterations in the Aedes aegypti transcriptome during infection with West Nile, dengue and yellow fever viruses.

Dengue virus capsid protein binds core histones and inhibits nucleosome formation in human liver cells.

Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands.

Circadian expression of clock genes in mouse macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

Age-associated elevation in TLR5 leads to increased inflammatory responses in the elderly.

Horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus genotype NY99 by Culex salinarius and genotypes NY99 and WN02 by Culex tarsalis.

Serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi in cottontail rabbits.

The circadian clock controls toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate and adaptive immunity.

Expression of Ixodes scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein enhances cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster.

Activation of the RpoN-RpoS regulatory pathway during the enzootic life cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Receptor interacting protein-2 contributes to host defense against Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.

Enhanced survival of Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes during starvation.

Ixodes scapularis JAK-STAT pathway regulates tick antimicrobial peptides, thereby controlling the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Semaphorin 7A contributes to West Nile virus pathogenesis through TGF-β1/Smad6 signaling.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum outer membrane protein A interacts with sialylated glycoproteins to promote infection of mammalian host cells.

IL-22 signaling contributes to West Nile encephalitis pathogenesis.

Immunity's fourth dimension: approaching the circadian-immune connection.

West Nile Virus: biology, transmission, and human infection.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Asp14 is an invasin that interacts with mammalian host cells via its C terminus to facilitate infection.

Impaired toll-like receptor 3-mediated immune responses from macrophages of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

UBXN1 interferes with Rig-I-like receptor-mediated antiviral immune response by targeting MAVS.

The lipoprotein La7 contributes to Borrelia burgdorferi persistence in ticks and their transmission to naïve hosts.

Anopheles gambiae circumsporozoite protein-binding protein facilitates plasmodium infection of mosquito salivary glands.

Factor Xa activation of factor V is of paramount importance in initiating the coagulation system: lessons from a tick salivary protein.

Characterization of Ixophilin, a thrombin inhibitor from the gut of Ixodes scapularis.

Identification of genes critical for resistance to infection by West Nile virus using RNA-Seq analysis.

MyD88 deficiency markedly worsens tissue inflammation and bacterial clearance in mice infected with Treponema pallidum, the agent of syphilis.

Mosquito saliva serine protease enhances dissemination of dengue virus into the mammalian host.

Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase is essential for malaria transmission.

ELF4 is critical for induction of type I interferon and the host antiviral response.

Gut microbiota of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis modulate colonization of the Lyme disease spirochete.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum surface protein AipA mediates invasion of mammalian host cells.

Innexin AGAP001476 is critical for mediating anti-Plasmodium responses in Anopheles mosquitoes.

A tick gut protein with fibronectin III domains aids Borrelia burgdorferi congregation to the gut during transmission.

Antivirulence properties of an antifreeze protein.

Frostbite protection in mice expressing an antifreeze glycoprotein.

Increased Levels of Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Result in Resistance to R5-Tropic HIV-1 in a Subset of Elite Controllers.

Innate Immune Responses in the Neutrophils of Community Dwelling and Nursing Home Elders.

Tick microbiome: the force within.

Dengue Virus Infection of Aedes aegypti Requires a Putative Cysteine Rich Venom Protein.

Nlrp6 regulates intestinal antiviral innate immunity.

Ixodes scapularis dystroglycan-like protein promotes Borrelia burgdorferi migration from the gut.

Role of the Vector in Arbovirus Transmission.

Variable Major Proteins as Targets for Specific Antibodies against Borrelia miyamotoi.

Genetics of War and Truce between Mosquitos and Emerging Viruses.

A novel mosquito ubiquitin targets viral envelope protein for degradation and reduces virion production during dengue virus infection.

Zika virus productively infects primary human placenta-specific macrophages.

Aedes aegypti D7 Saliva Protein Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection.

Interleukin-17A Promotes CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxicity To Facilitate West Nile Virus Clearance.

TLR8 Couples SOCS-1 and Restrains TLR7-Mediated Antiviral Immunity, Exacerbating West Nile Virus Infection in Mice.

Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection.

Multiple UBXN family members inhibit retrovirus and lentivirus production and canonical NFκΒ signaling by stabilizing IκBα.

Infection-derived lipids elicit an immune deficiency circuit in arthropods.

Zika virus causes testicular atrophy.

Anti-Biofilm Activity of a Self-Aggregating Peptide against .

TAM Receptors Are Not Required for Zika Virus Infection in Mice.

A Tick Antivirulence Protein Potentiates Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus.

Fetal Growth Restriction Caused by Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus in Mice.

An essential role of PI3K in the control of West Nile virus infection.

Nlrp9b inflammasome restricts rotavirus infection in intestinal epithelial cells.

Zika Virus and Sexual Transmission: A New Route of Transmission for Mosquito-borne Flaviviruses
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Modulation of the tick gut milieu by a secreted tick protein favors Borrelia burgdorferi colonization.

Artificial Infection of Ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi Using a Microinjection Method and Their Detection In Vivo Using Quantitative PCR Targeting flaB RNA.

Advances in Serodiagnostic Testing for Lyme Disease Are at Hand.

Type I interferons instigate fetal demise after Zika virus infection.

Altered vector competence in an experimental mosquito-mouse transmission model of Zika infection.

Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Control of Virus Replication in the CNS Is Therapeutic and Enables Natural Immunity to West Nile Virus.

Immunization with AgTRIO, a Protein in Anopheles Saliva, Contributes to Protection against Plasmodium Infection in Mice.

Circadian Rhythms Influence the Severity of Sepsis in Mice via a TLR2-Dependent, Leukocyte-Intrinsic Mechanism.