scanning-probe-single-electron-capacitance-spectroscopy

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the ...

Michigan State University

Development of high throughput systems for purification and analysis of proteins is essential for the success of today's proteomic research. We have developed an affinity chromatography technology that allows the customization of high capacity/high throughput chromatographic separation of proteins. This technology utilizes selected chromatography media that are dehydrated to form uniform SwellGel discs. Unlike wet resin slurries, these discs are easily adaptable to a variety of custom formats, eliminating problems associated with resin dispensing, equilibration, or leakage. Discs can be made in assorted sizes (resin volume 15 microl-3 ml) dispensed in various formats (384-, 96-, 48-, and 24-well microplates or columns) and different ligands can be attached to the matrix. SwellGel discs rapidly hydrate upon addition of either water or the protein sample, providing dramatically increased capacity compared to coated plates. At the same time, the discs offer greater stability, reproducibility, and ease of handling than standard wet chromatography resins. We previously reported the development of SwellGel for the purification of 6x His- and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged fusion proteins [Prot. Exp. Purif. 22 (2001) 359-366]. In this paper, we discuss an expanded list of SwellGel stabilized chromatographic methods that have been adapted to high throughput formats for processing protein samples ranging from 10 microl to 10 ml (1 microg to 50 mg protein). Data are presented applying SwellGel discs to high throughput proteomic applications such as affinity tag purification, protein desalting, the removal of abundant proteins from serum including albumin and immunoglobulin, and the isolation of phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometry.

SwellGel: a sample preparation affinity chromatography technology for high throughput proteomic applications.

D&eacute;veloppement de syst&egrave;mes &agrave; haut d&eacute;bit pour la purification et l&#39;analyse des prot&eacute;ines sont essentiels pour le succ&egrave;s de la recherche prot&eacute;omique d&#39;aujourd&#39;hui. Nous avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; une technologie de chromatographie d&#39;affinit&eacute; qui permet la personnalisation de la s&eacute;paration chromatographique de haute capacit&eacute;/haut d&eacute;bit des prot&eacute;ines. Cette technologie utilise les m&eacute;dias s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;s par chromatographie qui sont d&eacute;shydrat&eacute;s &agrave; disques SwellGel uniformes de forme. Contrairement aux coulis de r&eacute;sine humide, ces disques sont facilement adaptables &agrave; une vari&eacute;t&eacute; de formats personnalis&eacute;s, &eacute;liminant les probl&egrave;mes li&eacute;s &agrave; la distribution de r&eacute;sine, &eacute;quilibration ou de fuite. Disques peuvent &ecirc;tre faits dans des tailles assorties (r&eacute;sine volume 15 microl-3 ml) dispens&eacute;s dans diff&eacute;rents formats (384-, 96, 48 et plaques de microtitration 24 puits ou colonnes) et les diff&eacute;rents ligands peuvent &ecirc;tre attach&eacute;s &agrave; la matrice. SwellGel disques hydratent rapidement lors de l&#39;addition de l&#39;eau ou l&#39;&eacute;chantillon de prot&eacute;ine, fournissant la capacit&eacute; consid&eacute;rablement accrue par rapport aux plaques de rev&ecirc;tement. Dans le m&ecirc;me temps, les disques offrent une plus grande stabilit&eacute;, la reproductibilit&eacute; et facilit&eacute; de manipulation que les r&eacute;sines standard de chromatographie en phase humide. Nous avons d&eacute;j&agrave; indiqu&eacute; que le d&eacute;veloppement de SwellGel pour la purification de 6 x sa - et glutathion-S-transf&eacute;rase (GST)-prot&eacute;ines de fusion le tag [prot. exp. Purif. 22 (2001) 359-366]. Dans cet article, nous discutons une liste &eacute;largie de SwellGel stabilis&eacute; m&eacute;thodes chromatographiques qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; adapt&eacute;s aux formats de haut d&eacute;bit pour le traitement des &eacute;chantillons de prot&eacute;ines allant de 10 microl &agrave; 10 ml (1 microg &agrave; 50 mg de prot&eacute;ine). Les donn&eacute;es sont pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;application SwellGel disques aux applications prot&eacute;omique haut d&eacute;bit telles que la purification d&#39;affinit&eacute; tag, prot&eacute;ine dessalage, l&#39;&eacute;limination des prot&eacute;ines abondantes de s&eacute;rum albumine et immunoglobuline et l&#39;isolement des peptides phosphoryl&eacute;s pour spectrom&eacute;trie de masse.

SwellGel : une &eacute;chantillon pr&eacute;paration affinit&eacute; chromatographie technologie pour des applications de prot&eacute;omique haut d&eacute;bit.

Sviluppo di sistemi ad alto rendimento per la purificazione e l&#39;analisi delle proteine &egrave; essenziale per il successo della ricerca proteomica di oggi. Abbiamo sviluppato una tecnologia di cromatografia di affinit&agrave; che consente la personalizzazione della separazione cromatografica ad alta capacit&agrave;/alta velocit&agrave; effettiva delle proteine. Questa tecnologia utilizza media selezionato cromatografia che &egrave; disidratati per dischi SwellGel uniforme di forma. A differenza dei fanghi di resina bagnata, questi dischi sono facilmente adattabili a una variet&agrave; di formati personalizzati, eliminando i problemi associati all&#39;erogazione della resina, equilibratura o perdite. Dischi possono essere realizzati in taglie assortite (resina volume 15 ml microl-3) erogati in vari formati (384-, 96, 48 e 24 pozzetti o colonne) e ligandi diversi possono essere associate alla matrice. Dischi SwellGel idratano rapidamente con l&#39;aggiunta di acqua o il campione di proteine, fornendo capacit&agrave; notevolmente maggiore rispetto alle piastre rivestite. Allo stesso tempo, i dischi offrono una maggiore stabilit&agrave;, riproducibilit&agrave; e facilit&agrave; di manipolazione di resine standard cromatografia bagnato. In precedenza abbiamo segnalato lo sviluppo di SwellGel per la purificazione di 6 x sua - e glutatione-S-transferasi (GST)-messo proteine di fusione [Prot. exp. Purif. 22 (2001) 359-366]. In questa carta, discutiamo un elenco esteso di metodi cromatografici SwellGel stabilizzati che sono state adattate per high throughput formati per l&#39;elaborazione di campioni della proteina che vanno da 10 microl a 10 ml (1 microg di proteina 50 mg). I dati sono presentati applicando SwellGel dischi per applicazioni proteomic high throughput come purificazione di affinit&agrave; tag, proteina di desalificazione, la rimozione delle abbondanti proteine da siero di albumina e immunoglobuline e l&#39;isolamento dei peptidi fosforilate per spettrometria di massa.

SwellGel: una campione preparazione affinit&agrave; cromatografia tecnologia per applicazioni proteomic high throughput.

We review the nature of conditioned reinforcement, including evidence that conditioned reinforcers maintain choice behavior in concurrent schedules and that they elevate responding in the terminal links of concurrent-chains schedules. A question has resurfaced recently: Do theories of choice in concurrent-chains schedules need to include a term reflecting greater preference for higher rates of conditioned reinforcement? The review of several studies addressing this point suggests that such a term is inappropriate. Elevated rates of conditioned reinforcement (and responding) in the terminal links of concurrent-chains schedules do not lead to greater preference in the initial link leading to the higher rate of conditioned reinforcement. If anything, the opposite preference is likely to occur. This result is not surprising, since the additional putative conditioned reinforcers in the terminal link are not correlated with a reduction in time to primary reinforcement nor with an increase in value.

The effect of conditioned reinforcement rate on choice: a review.

Nous passons en revue la nature du renforcement conditionn&eacute;, y compris la preuve que les motivations conditionn&eacute;es maintiennent comportement de choix dans les listes concurrentes et qu&#39;ils &eacute;l&egrave;vent r&eacute;pondant dans les liens terminales des listes de cha&icirc;nes concurrentes. Une question a refait surface r&eacute;cemment : th&eacute;ories de choix dans les listes de cha&icirc;nes concurrentes doivent-ils inclure un terme refl&eacute;tant une plus grande pr&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour des taux plus &eacute;lev&eacute;s de renforcement conditionn&eacute; ? L&#39;examen de plusieurs &eacute;tudes portant sur ce point sugg&egrave;re que ce terme est inappropri&eacute;. Des taux &eacute;lev&eacute;s de renforcement conditionn&eacute; (et r&eacute;ponse) dans les liens terminales des listes de cha&icirc;nes concurrentes ne conduisent pas &agrave; une plus grande pr&eacute;f&eacute;rence dans le premier lien menant au taux sup&eacute;rieur de renforcement conditionn&eacute;. Si quoi que ce soit, la pr&eacute;f&eacute;rence oppos&eacute;e est susceptible de se produire. Ce r&eacute;sultat n&#39;est pas surprenant, puisque les motivations conditionn&eacute;es putatives suppl&eacute;mentaires dans le lien terminal ne sont pas corr&eacute;l&eacute;es avec une r&eacute;duction des temps de renfort primaire ni avec une augmentation de valeur.

L&#39;effet du taux de renforcement conditionn&eacute; sur le choix : une revue.

Esaminiamo la natura di rinforzo condizionato, compresa la prova che rinforzi condizionati mantengano il comportamento di scelta in orari concomitanti e che essi elevare rispondendo nel link terminal di pianificazioni simultanea-catene. Una domanda &egrave; riemersa recentemente: teorie di scelta nelle pianificazioni simultanea-catene devono includere un termine che riflette una maggiore preferenza per i pi&ugrave; alti tassi di rinforzo condizionato? La revisione di diversi studi affrontare questo punto suggerisce che tale termine &egrave; inappropriato. Elevati tassi di rinforzo condizionato (e rispondere) nel link terminal di pianificazioni simultanea-catene non portano ad una maggiore preferenza nel link iniziale che conduce il pi&ugrave; alto tasso di rinforzo condizionato. Se non altro, la preferenza opposta &egrave; probabile che si verifichi. Questo risultato non &egrave; sorprendente, poich&eacute; gli ulteriori rinforzi condizionati putativi nel link terminal non sono correlate con una riduzione del tempo di rinforzo primario, n&eacute; con un aumento di valore.

L&#39;effetto del tasso di rinforzo condizionato a scelta: una revisione.

The matching law was used to analyze whether the proportion of shots taken from two- or three-point range would match the proportional reinforcement rates produced by those shots when the reinforcement rate of three-point shooting was changed. Rule changes in 1994 and 1997 altered the distance of the three-point line in the National Basketball Association, which created a quasiexperimental reversal design, thereby naturally changing three-point reinforcement rates. The present data partially confirmed predictions made by the matching law, in that increases in the relative rate of three-point shots attempted corresponded to increases in the relative rate of three-point shots made.

Further analysis of the matching law to describe two- and three-point shot allocation by professional basketball players.

La loi correspondante a &eacute;t&eacute; employ&eacute;e pour analyser si la proportion des coups de feu dans deux ou trois points plage de correspondrait &agrave; la taux de renforcement proportionnel produites par ces coups de feu lorsque le taux de renfort de tir &agrave; trois points a &eacute;t&eacute; chang&eacute;. Modification de la r&egrave;gle en 1994 et 1997 constituait une modification la distance de la ligne des trois points en NBA, qui a cr&eacute;&eacute; une conception quasi inversion, changeant ainsi naturellement des taux de renfort de trois points. Les pr&eacute;sentes donn&eacute;es partiellement confirment les pr&eacute;dictions faites par la loi correspondante, car augmentation de la vitesse relative de trois points de tirs a tent&eacute; correspondait &agrave; l&#39;augmentation de la vitesse relative de coups trois points faite.

Une analyse plus approfondie de la loi correspondante pour d&eacute;crire deux et trois points tir allocation par les joueurs de basket-ball.

La legge di corrispondenza &egrave; stata utilizzata per analizzare se la percentuale di foto scattate da due o tre punto gamma sarebbe partita le tariffe proporzionali rinforzo prodotte da quei colpi quando il tasso di rinforzo del tiro da tre punti &egrave; stato modificato. Modifiche alle regole nel 1994 e nel 1997 alterato la distanza della linea tre-punto nella National Basketball Association, che ha creato un design quasiexperimental inversione, quindi naturalmente cambiando tariffe di rinforzo di tre punti. I dati presenti parzialmente confermano le previsioni fatte dalla legge corrispondente, in quanto aumenta il relativo tasso di tre punti colpi ha tentato corrispondeva ad un aumento del relativo tasso di tre punti scatti realizzati.

Ulteriore analisi della legge corrispondente per descrivere allocazione colpo due e tre punti da giocatori di basket professionista.

Social--cognitive and behavioral theories of change disagree on what the relevant controlling variables for initiating behavior change are. Correlations between baseline smoking cessation self-efficacy and the changes in breath carbon monoxide (CO) and the reduction in breath CO and increases in smoking cessation self-efficacy from baseline were obtained from a contingency management smoking cessation procedure. A test of the difference between the cross-lag correlations suggested a nonspurious causal relationship between smoking cessation self-efficacy and changes in breath CO. Path analyses showed that decreases in breath CO (reductions in smoking) predicted later increases in smoking cessation self-efficacy. Baseline self-reports of smoking cessation self-efficacy were not significantly correlated with subsequent changes in breath CO. Rather, significant correlations were found between reductions in breath CO and later increases in smoking cessation self-efficacy. These results suggest that self-efficacy may be a cognitive response to one's own behavior, and are inconsistent with a social--cognitive view of self-efficacy's role in behavior change. Implications for the development of smoking cessation programs and health-promoting behavior changes in general are discussed.

The relationship between self-efficacy and reductions in smoking in a contingency management procedure.

Social &ndash; les th&eacute;ories cognitives et comportementales du changement sont en d&eacute;saccord sur ce que sont les variables de contr&ocirc;le pertinentes pour initier le changement de comportement. Corr&eacute;lations entre la base smoking cessation l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; et les changements dans le souffle du monoxyde de carbone (CO) et la r&eacute;duction du souffle CO et augmentations in smoking cessation l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; de base proviennent d&#39;une gestion d&#39;urgence, proc&eacute;dure de cessation de fumer. Un test de la diff&eacute;rence entre les corr&eacute;lations crois&eacute;es-gal a sugg&eacute;r&eacute; qu&#39;un lien causal entre smoking cessation l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; et les changements dans les analyses de chemin CO. souffle nonspurious a montr&eacute; que des diminutions souffle CO (r&eacute;duction du tabagisme) pr&eacute;dit augmentations ult&eacute;rieures dans l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; de cessation du tabac. R&eacute;f&eacute;rence l&#39;autod&eacute;claration du renoncement self-efficacy n&#39;&eacute;taient pas significativement corr&eacute;l&eacute;e avec les changements ult&eacute;rieurs souffle plut&ocirc;t CO., de corr&eacute;lation significative entre les r&eacute;ductions en haleine CO et des augmentations plus tard dans l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; de cessation du tabac. Ces r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent que l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; peut &ecirc;tre une r&eacute;ponse cognitive &agrave; son propre comportement et sont incompatible avec un social &ndash; vue cognitif du r&ocirc;le de l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; en changement de comportement. Implications pour le d&eacute;veloppement de programmes de renoncement au tabagisme et les changements de comportement de promotion de la sant&eacute; en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral sont discut&eacute;es.

La relation entre l&#39;auto-efficacit&eacute; et la r&eacute;duction du tabagisme dans une proc&eacute;dure de gestion des urgences.

Sociale - teorie cognitive e comportamentali del cambiamento non sono d&#39;accordo su che cosa sono le variabili di controllare rilevanti per l&#39;avvio di modifica del comportamento. Correlazioni tra baseline fumo cessazione auto-efficacia e i cambiamenti nel respiro di monossido di carbonio (CO) e la riduzione del respiro CO e aumenti nel fumare cessazione auto-efficacia dalla linea di base sono stati ottenuti da una gestione d&#39;emergenza procedura di smettere di fumare. Un test della differenza tra le correlazioni cross-GAL ha suggerito che una nonspurious relazione causale tra fumo cessazione auto-efficacia e modifiche nelle analisi di respiro co percorso ha mostrato che diminuisce nel respiro CO (riduzioni in fumatori) predetto successivi aumenti in auto-efficacia di smettere di fumare. Base auto di smettere di fumare auto-efficacia non sono state significativamente correlato con successive modifiche nel respiro piuttosto CO., sono state trovate correlazioni significative tra riduzioni nel respiro CO e successivi aumenti di auto-efficacia di smettere di fumare. Questi risultati suggeriscono che auto-efficacia pu&ograve; essere una risposta cognitiva al proprio comportamento e sono in contrasto con un social - cognitiva vista del ruolo di auto-efficacia nella modifica del comportamento. Implicazioni per lo sviluppo di programmi di cessazione del fumo e salute-promozione di cambiamenti di comportamento in generale sono discussi.

Il rapporto tra auto-efficacia e riduzioni in fumo in una procedura di gestione d&#39;emergenza.

Previous research has indicated that abstinence early in a smoking cessation program is predictive of successful posttreatment abstinence. However, it has not been established whether or not this effect is independent of other in-treatment abstinence patterns. In this paper the relationship between three potentially important aspects of in-treatment smoking abstinence and posttreatment smoking abstinence are examined: early abstinence, extended abstinence, and end-of-treatment abstinence. We examined the relationship between smoking behavior measured each weekday over 70 visits (approximately 14 weeks) of a contingency management smoking cessation program and at a follow-up visit 6 months after study entry (3 months after the scheduled end of treatment). Ninety-five of 102 participants were successfully followed-up. Seven of these 95 participants were confirmed abstinent. Early abstinence, defined as abstinence during the first 10 treatment visits, was significantly and independently related to follow-up abstinence (OR = 56.67 [7.29-440.63]). Extended abstinence and end-of-treatment abstinence were related to follow-up abstinence, but not independent of early abstinence based on multiple regression models. Inclusion of a variety of demographic and environmental characteristics did not significantly alter this relationship. Thus, consistent with the previous literature, the establishment of early abstinence appears to be crucial to establishing longer-term abstinence, independent of other in-treatment abstinence patterns.

The relationship between in-treatment abstinence and post-treatment abstinence in a smoking cessation treatment.

Des recherches ant&eacute;rieures a indiqu&eacute; que l&#39;abstinence au d&eacute;but dans un programme de cessation du tabagisme est pr&eacute;dictive d&#39;abstinence apr&egrave;s le traitement avec succ&egrave;s. Toutefois, il n&#39;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tabli si cet effet est ind&eacute;pendant des autres mod&egrave;les de l&#39;abstinence dans le traitement. Dans cet article on examine la relation entre les trois aspects potentiellement importants d&#39;abstinence de fumer dans le traitement et l&#39;abstinence de tabac apr&egrave;s le traitement : d&eacute;but abstinence, abstinence prolong&eacute;e et abstinence de fin de traitement. Nous avons examin&eacute; la relation entre le tabagisme comportement mesur&eacute; chaque semaine plus de 70 visites (environ 14 semaines) d&#39;un programme de cessation de tabagisme de gestion des urgences et &agrave; un suivi visite 6 mois apr&egrave;s le d&eacute;but de l&#39;&eacute;tude (3 mois apr&egrave;s la fin pr&eacute;vue du traitement). Quatre-vingt-quinze de 102 participants ont suivi avec succ&egrave;s. Sept de ces 95 participants ont &eacute;t&eacute; confirm&eacute;s abstinents. Abstinence au d&eacute;but, d&eacute;finie comme l&#39;abstinence pendant les 10 premiers traitement visites, a &eacute;t&eacute; significativement et ind&eacute;pendamment associ&eacute; &agrave; suivi abstinence (RC = 56,67 [7.29-440.63]). Abstinence prolong&eacute;e et l&#39;abstinence de la fin du traitement, ont &eacute;t&eacute; li&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;abstinence de suivi, mais pas ind&eacute;pendant d&#39;abstinence d&eacute;but bas&eacute;e sur des mod&egrave;les de r&eacute;gression multiple. Inclusion d&#39;une vari&eacute;t&eacute; de caract&eacute;ristiques d&eacute;mographiques et environnementales n&#39;alt&eacute;ra pas significativement cette relation. Ainsi, conform&eacute;ment &agrave; la litt&eacute;rature, la mise en place d&#39;abstinence au d&eacute;but semble &ecirc;tre indispensable &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tablissement d&#39;abstinence &agrave; long terme, ind&eacute;pendante des autres mod&egrave;les de l&#39;abstinence dans le traitement.

La relation entre l&#39;abstinence en traitement et post-traitement abstinence dans un traitement de cessation du tabagisme.

Precedenti ricerche hanno indicato che l&#39;astinenza all&#39;inizio di un programma di cessazione del fumo &egrave; predittivo di successo astinenza neoplastica. Tuttavia, essa non &egrave; stata stabilita o meno questo effetto &egrave; indipendente da altri modelli di astinenza nel trattamento. In questo articolo vengono esaminati il rapporto tra tre aspetti potenzialmente importanti di astinenza nel trattamento fumatori e fumatori neoplastica astinenza: astinenza precoce, esteso l&#39;astinenza e fine del trattamento l&#39;astinenza. Abbiamo esaminato la relazione tra fumo comportamento misurato ogni giorno della settimana oltre 70 visite (circa 14 settimane) di un programma di cessazione del fumo contingency management e al follow-up visita 6 mesi dopo l&#39;entrata di studio (3 mesi dopo la fine prevista del trattamento). Novantacinque di 102 partecipanti sono stati correttamente seguiti. Sette di questi 95 partecipanti sono stati confermati astinente. Astinenza precoce, definito come l&#39;astinenza durante il trattamento prime 10 visite, era significativamente e indipendentemente correlato all&#39;astinenza follow-up (o = 56.67 [7.29-440.63]). Esteso l&#39;astinenza e fine-del-trattamento astinenza erano correlate al follow-up all&#39;astinenza, ma non indipendente di astinenza precoce basato su modelli di regressione multipla. L&#39;inclusione di una variet&agrave; di caratteristiche demografiche e ambientali non alterano in modo significativo questo rapporto. Cos&igrave;, coerente con la letteratura precedente, l&#39;istituzione di astinenza precoce sembra essere cruciale per stabilire l&#39;astinenza a lungo termine, indipendente da altri modelli di astinenza nel trattamento.

Il rapporto tra l&#39;astinenza nel trattamento e post-trattamento astinenza in un trattamento di cessazione del fumo.

Contingent incentives can reduce substance abuse. Escalating payment schedules, which begin with a small incentive magnitude and progressively increase with meeting the contingency, increase smoking abstinence. Likewise, descending payment schedules can increase cocaine abstinence. The current experiment enrolled smokers without plans to quit in the next 6Â months and compared escalating and descending payments schedules over 15 visits. In the larger incentive condition (LI, n â€Š=â€Š 39), the largest possible incentive was $100, and in the smaller incentive condition (SI, n â€Š=â€Š 18), the largest possible incentive was $32. In both conditions, more participants in the descending groups initiated abstinence. A higher proportion of participants in both the escalating and descending groups initiated abstinence in the LI than in the SI. Although participants in the descending groups had more abstinent visits during the first five contingent visits than those in the escalating groups, these differences were not maintained.

Effects of escalating and descending schedules of incentives on cigarette smoking in smokers without plans to quit.

Incitations &eacute;ventuelles peuvent r&eacute;duire l&#39;abus de substances. Escalade &eacute;ch&eacute;anciers de paiement, qui commencent par une faible ampleur incitative et augmentent progressivement avec la contingence de la r&eacute;union, augmentent l&#39;abstinence de tabac. De m&ecirc;me, descendant des &eacute;ch&eacute;anciers de paiement peut augmenter l&#39;abstinence de coca&iuml;ne. L&#39;exp&eacute;rience en cours inscrits fumeurs sans intention de fumer au cours des six prochains mois et compar&eacute; l&#39;escalade et la descente des calendriers de paiements plus de 15 visites. Dans la plus grande condition incitative (LI, n = 39), la plus grande incitation possible &eacute;tait de $100 et dans le plus petit encouragement condition (SI, n = 18), la plus grande incitation possible &eacute;tait de 32 $. Dans les deux conditions, plus de participants dans les groupes descendantes amorc&eacute;e abstinence. Une proportion plus &eacute;lev&eacute;e des participants dans l&#39;escalade et descendant des groupes initi&eacute; l&#39;abstinence dans le LI que dans le SI. Bien que les participants aux groupes de descente avaient plus de visites abstinents au cours des cinq premiers contingents visites que ceux dans les groupes escalade, ces diff&eacute;rences n&#39;&eacute;taient pas maintenues.

Effets de l&#39;escalade et la descente des horaires des incitations &agrave; la consommation de cigarettes chez les fumeurs sans plans &agrave; cesser de fumer.

Incentivi contingenti possono ridurre abuso della sostanza. Escalation partitario, che inizia con una piccola incentivo grandezza e aumenta progressivamente con la contingenza di riunione, aumenta l&#39;astinenza di fumo. Similarmente, discendente di pianificazioni di pagamento pu&ograve; aumentare l&#39;astinenza cocaina. L&#39;esperimento corrente iscritti fumatori senza piani di smettere nei prossimi 6 mesi e rispetto crescente e decrescente gli orari pagamenti oltre 15 visite. Nella condizione di incentivazione maggiore (LI, n = 39), il pi&ugrave; grande incentivo possibile era $100 e nel pi&ugrave; piccolo incentivo condizione (SI, n = 18), il pi&ugrave; grande incentivo possibile era $32. In entrambe le condizioni, pi&ugrave; i partecipanti in gruppi di discendenti iniziarono l&#39;astinenza. Una proporzione maggiore di partecipanti sia la crescente e decrescente gruppi avviata l&#39;astinenza nella LI pi&ugrave; nella SI. Anche se i partecipanti in gruppi di discendenti avevano pi&ugrave; astinente visite durante le visite dei primi cinque contingente rispetto a quelli dei gruppi escalation, queste differenze non sono state effettuate.

Effetti della crescente e decrescente pianificazioni di incentivi sul fumo di sigaretta nei fumatori senza piani per uscire.

This study examined whether the home advantage varies for open-air, domed, or retractable-roof baseball stadia, and whether having the roof open or closed affects the home advantage in retractable-roof baseball stadia. Data from Major League Baseball (MLB) games played between 2001 and 2009 were analyzed for whether or not the presence of a home-advantage was dependent on the type of home stadium used. Home advantage was robust for all three types of stadia. A significant effect of stadium type on home advantage was found, with a greater home advantage for teams playing home games in domed stadia relative to open-air stadia, replicating a previous study. There was a greater home advantage for teams playing home games in domed stadia relative to retractable-roof stadia. No other differences in the home advantage were found; results are discussed in terms of familiarity with the facility.

Home advantage in retractable-roof baseball stadia.

Cette &eacute;tude a examin&eacute; l&#39;avantage maison varie selon les stades de baseball en plein air, bomb&eacute; ou toit r&eacute;tractable et si le toit ouvert ou ferm&eacute; affecte l&#39;avantage dans les stades de baseball toit r&eacute;tractable. Donn&eacute;es de Major League Baseball (MLB) matchs entre 2001 et 2009 ont &eacute;t&eacute; analys&eacute;es ou non la pr&eacute;sence d&#39;une maison-avantage &eacute;tait d&eacute;pendante du type de stade &agrave; domicile utilis&eacute;. Avantage &eacute;tait robuste pour les trois types de stades. Un effet significatif du type de stade sur l&#39;avantage a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;, avec un avantage de maison plus grand pour les &eacute;quipes qui jouent des matchs &agrave; domicile dans les stades bomb&eacute;es par rapport &agrave; des stades en plein air, reproduisant une &eacute;tude ant&eacute;rieure. Il y avait un avantage plus grand maison pour les &eacute;quipes qui jouent des matchs &agrave; domicile dans les stades bomb&eacute;es par rapport aux stades de toit r&eacute;tractable. Aucune autre diff&eacute;rence &agrave; l&#39;avantage de maison ont &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;es ; Nous discutons les r&eacute;sultats en fonction de la familiarit&eacute; avec la facilit&eacute;.

Avantage dans les stades de baseball toit r&eacute;tractable.

Questo studio ha esaminato se il vantaggio domestico varia per stadi di baseball all&#39;aperto, a cupola o tetto retrattile e se avendo il tetto aperto o chiuso colpisce il vantaggio domestico in stadi di baseball tetto retrattile. Dati dalla Major League Baseball (MLB) partite giocate tra il 2001 e il 2009 sono stati analizzati per o meno la presenza di un vantaggio di casa era dipendente dal tipo di casa stadio utilizzato. Vantaggio casa era robusta per tutti i tre tipi di stadi. &Egrave; stato trovato un effetto significativo di tipo stadio sul vantaggio per la casa, con un maggiore vantaggio domestico per squadre che giocano partite in stadi a cupola relativi stadi all&#39;aperto, replicando un precedente studio. C&#39;era un maggiore vantaggio domestico per squadre che giocano partite in stadi a cupola rispetto al tetto retrattile stadi. Trovano altre differenze nella casa vantaggio; risultati sono discussi in termini di familiarit&agrave; con la struttura.

Casa vantaggio in stadi di baseball tetto retrattile.

Cumulative prospect theory predicts that losses motivate behavior more than equal gains. Contingency management procedures effectively reduce drug use by placing incentives in direct competition with the drug taking behavior. Therefore, framing incentives as losses, rather than gains should decrease drug use to a greater extent, given equivalent incentives. We examined whether contingent vouchers described as either losses or gains differentially affected smoking abstinence rates. Over 5 consecutive days, participants could either gain $75 per day for verified abstinence or lose $75 per day (initial endowment=$375) for continuing to smoke. As a result, loss-framed participants were more likely to achieve at least one day of abstinence. There was a trend towards loss-framed participants reducing the amount smoked more than gain-framed participants. However, participants in the gain-framed group were more likely to maintain abstinence, once initiated. The results partially support cumulative prospect theory and suggest additional ways to initiate behavior change using incentives, outside of using larger magnitude incentives in contingency management procedures.

The effect of framing incentives as either losses or gains with contingency management for smoking cessation.

Cumulative perspective th&eacute;orie pr&eacute;dit que les pertes motivent comportement plus que les gains &eacute;gaux. Proc&eacute;dures de gestion des urgences r&eacute;duisent efficacement la consommation de drogue en pla&ccedil;ant des incitations en concurrence directe avec le comportement de dopage. Donc, incitations de cadrage comme pertes, plut&ocirc;t que de gains devraient diminuer la consommation de drogues &agrave; une plus large mesure, des incitations &eacute;quivalentes donn&eacute;es. Nous avons examin&eacute; si bons contingent d&eacute;crit comme taux d&#39;abstinence de fumer diff&eacute;remment touch&eacute;s soit des pertes ou des gains. Plus de 5 jours cons&eacute;cutifs, les participants pourraient soit gagner 75 $ par jour pour abstinence v&eacute;rifi&eacute;e ou perdre 75 $ par jour (initiale dotation = 375$) pour continuer &agrave; fumer. Ainsi, les participants ossature de perte sont plus susceptibles d&#39;atteindre au moins un jour d&#39;abstinence. Il y avait une tendance &agrave; la perte-encadr&eacute; participants, r&eacute;duisant le nombre de cigarettes fum&eacute;es plus que les pans de gain des participants. Toutefois, les participants au groupe de pans de gain &eacute;taient plus susceptibles de maintenir l&#39;abstinence, une fois amorc&eacute;. Les r&eacute;sultats partiellement soutiennent la th&eacute;orie des perspectives cumulative et sugg&egrave;rent des moyens suppl&eacute;mentaires d&#39;initier des changements de comportement &agrave; l&#39;aide de mesures incitatives, &agrave; l&#39;ext&eacute;rieur &agrave; l&#39;aide de plus grandes incitations d&#39;ampleur dans les proc&eacute;dures de gestion des urgences.

L&#39;effet d&#39;incitation de cadrage comme pertes ou gains de gestion d&#39;urgence pour arr&ecirc;ter de fumer.

Prospetto cumulativo teoria prevede che le perdite motivano il comportamento pi&ugrave; guadagni uguali. Procedure di gestione emergenza riducono efficacemente stupefacenti inserendo incentivi in concorrenza diretta con il farmaco prendendo il comportamento. Pertanto, incentivi inquadramento come perdite piuttosto che guadagni dovrebbero diminuire di stupefacenti in misura maggiore, incentivi dato equivalente. Abbiamo esaminato se i buoni contingente descritto come tassi di astinenza fumo differenzialmente colpite o perdite o guadagni. Oltre 5 giorni consecutivi, i partecipanti potrebbero guadagnare $75 al giorno per l&#39;astinenza verificato o perdere $75 al giorno (iniziale dotazione = 375 dollari) per continuare a fumare. Di conseguenza, perdita-incorniciato partecipanti erano pi&ugrave; probabili di ottenere almeno un giorno di astinenza. C&#39;era una tendenza verso la perdita-incorniciato partecipanti riducendo l&#39;importo fumato pi&ugrave; di guadagno-incorniciato partecipanti. Tuttavia, i partecipanti al gruppo di guadagno-incorniciato erano pi&ugrave; propensi a mantenere l&#39;astinenza, una volta avviato. I risultati parzialmente supportano la teoria del prospetto cumulativa e suggeriscono ulteriori modi per avviare la modifica del comportamento mediante incentivi, all&#39;esterno mediante incentivi di grandezza pi&ugrave; grandi nelle procedure di gestione d&#39;emergenza.

L&#39;effetto degli incentivi inquadramento come perdite o guadagni con contingency management per smettere di fumare.

Multiple schedules have been used in behavioral pharmacology research to show that a drug's effect on behavior can be a function of the schedule of reinforcement that supports that behavior. However, less research has examined whether the context of the schedule of reinforcement in a multiple schedule can change the drug's effect on behavior. We examined the effects of acute chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine injections on the behavior of two groups of pigeons trained on a three-component multiple schedule with identical schedules of reinforcement in the first and last components. For one group of pigeons reinforcement was unavailable during the middle component (decreased-middle-component). For the second group reinforcement rate was higher during the middle component than during the first or third components (increased-middle-component). In the decreased-middle-component group, chlordiazepoxide (3.2-32â€‰mg/kg) decreased third-component response rates less than it decreased responding in the first component. Conversely, in the increased-middle-component group, chlordiazepoxide (3.2-10â€‰mg/kg) decreased third-component response rates more than in the first component. In both groups, d-amphetamine did not differentially affect response rates across components. These results are consistent with previous research showing that drugs can differentially affect responding to two different schedules of reinforcement during the same session, and suggest that pharmacological preparations may be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms that control multiple schedule interactions.

The effects of chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine during a three-component multiple schedule.

Planifications multiples ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;es dans la recherche de la pharmacologie comportementale pour montrer que l&#39;effet du m&eacute;dicament sur le comportement peut &ecirc;tre une fonction de l&#39;horaire de l&#39;armature qui prend en charge ce comportement. Toutefois, moins de recherches a examin&eacute; si le contexte de l&#39;annexe de l&#39;armature dans un calendrier de multiples peut changer l&#39;effet du m&eacute;dicament sur le comportement. Nous avons examin&eacute; les effets de chlordiaz&eacute;poxide aigu&euml; et des injections de d-amph&eacute;tamine sur le comportement de deux groupes de pigeons form&eacute;s sur un trois composantes multiples calendrier avec horaires identiques de renfort dans les premiers et derniers &eacute;l&eacute;ments. Pour un groupe de pigeons renfort n&#39;&eacute;tait pas disponible pendant le composant interm&eacute;diaire (diminu&eacute;-middle-composant). Pour le deuxi&egrave;me groupe renfort taux &eacute;tait plus &eacute;lev&eacute; au cours de la composante milieu que durant les premiers ou le troisi&egrave;me composants (augment&eacute;-middle-composant). Dans le groupe a diminu&eacute;-middle-composant, chlordiaz&eacute;poxide (3.2-32 mg/kg) a diminu&eacute; les taux de r&eacute;ponse des composants tiers inf&eacute;rieur il a diminu&eacute; en r&eacute;ponse &agrave; la premi&egrave;re composante. &Agrave; l&#39;inverse, dans le groupe a augment&eacute;-middle-composant, chlordiaz&eacute;poxide (3.2-10 mg/kg) a diminu&eacute; les taux de r&eacute;ponse des composants tiers plus que dans le premier volet. Dans les deux groupes, d-amph&eacute;tamine n&#39;affecta pas diff&eacute;remment les taux de r&eacute;ponse entre les composants. Ces r&eacute;sultats sont en accord avec les &eacute;tudes ant&eacute;rieures montrant que les m&eacute;dicaments peuvent diff&eacute;rentiellement affectent r&eacute;pondant &agrave; deux horaires diff&eacute;rents de renforcement au cours de la m&ecirc;me session et sugg&egrave;rent que les pr&eacute;parations pharmacologiques peuvent &ecirc;tre utiles pour &eacute;lucider les m&eacute;canismes qui r&eacute;gissent les interactions multiples de calendrier.

Megan E. Romanowich

Department of Physics and Astronomy

Michigan State University

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

Megan E. Romanowich

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Department of Physics and Astronomy

Michigan State University

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

Department of Physics and Astronomy