Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are symmetrically organized and are categorized based on the region of the spine from which they emerge — 8 cervical (C1-C8), 12 thoracic (T1-T12), 5 lumbar (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and 1 coccygeal (Co1).
Structure of Spinal Nerve
Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of two distinct roots — the dorsal (posterior) root and the ventral (anterior) root.
These two roots combine to form a mixed spinal nerve carrying both sensory and motor fibers. Shortly after emerging from the spinal column, each spinal nerve splits into two primary branches — the dorsal ramus and the ventral ramus.
Additionally, each spinal nerve has a small meningeal branch that reenters the vertebral column to innervate the vertebrae, ligaments, blood vessels, and meninges of the spinal cord. Spinal nerves also feature communicating rami that connect with the sympathetic trunk of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These rami consist of:
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