Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.

The progression of dementia is generally gradual. Early signs include memory loss, difficulty performing familiar tasks, and confusion about time or place. As the condition advances, individuals may struggle with language, problem-solving, and recognizing loved ones. Daily activities like eating and dressing may become impossible in severe stages without assistance.

Dementia occurs due to damage to brain cells, impairing communication among them. Different types of dementia are linked to damage in various brain regions. For example, Alzheimer's is associated with the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, while vascular dementia results from reduced blood flow, often following strokes.

There is no cure for dementia, but treatments can manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, can help with memory and cognition in the early stages. Lifestyle changes, including physical exercise, a healthy diet, and mental stimulation, may slow its progression.

Risk factors for dementia include age, genetics, cardiovascular health, and lifestyle. Early detection and intervention can delay symptoms, making regular cognitive assessments important, especially for those at higher risk. As populations age globally, the prevalence of dementia is rising, posing significant challenges for healthcare systems and caregivers. Understanding the condition is critical to developing future treatments and providing better care.