Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.

Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by difficulties with reading fluency and comprehension despite normal intelligence. Individuals with dyslexia often struggle to decode and interpret written text. They may require additional time for reading and have difficulty associating letters with their corresponding sounds. Research has shown that dyslexia is independent of general cognitive ability, occurring across a broad spectrum of IQ levels.

Dysgraphia

Dysgraphia is marked by difficulty in writing legibly and coherently, making the physical act of writing a significant challenge. This impairment often contrasts with the individual's overall intellectual potential. Children with dysgraphia may struggle to translate their thoughts into written words and face spatial organization challenges, affecting handwriting consistency. These difficulties often require academic accommodations, such as assistive technologies or alternative assessment methods, to ensure success in educational settings.

Dyscalculia

Dyscalculia affects a child's ability to learn and understand arithmetic. Early signs include difficulty recognizing the quantity of small groups of objects without counting. Other challenges involve memorizing basic math facts, organizing numerical information, and distinguishing between numerical symbols and their verbal equivalents.