Source: Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez, Hussam Hikmat Jabbar and Mahmoud N. Abdullatif, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

Owing to the non-linear nature of its governing laws, fluid motion induces complicated flow patterns. Understanding the nature of these patterns has been the subject of intense scrutiny for centuries. Although personal computers and supercomputers are extensively used to deduce fluid flow patterns, their capabilities are still insufficient to determine the exact flow behavior for complex geometries or highly inertial flows (e.g. when momentum dominates over viscous resistance). With this in mind, a multitude of experimental techniques to make flow patterns evident have been developed that can reach flow regimes and geometries inaccessible to theoretical and computational tools.

This demonstration will investigate fluid flow around a bluff body. A bluff body is an object that, due to its shape, causes separated flow over most of its surface. This is in contrast to a streamlined body, like an airfoil, which is aligned in the stream and causes less flow separation. The purpose of this study is to use hydrogen bubbles as a method of visualizing flow patterns. The hydrogen bubbles are produced via electrolysis using a DC power source by submerging its electrodes in the water. Hydrogen bubbles are formed in the negative electrode, which needs to be a very fine wire to ensure that the bubbles remain small and track fluid motion more effectively. This method is suitable for steady and unsteady laminar flows, and is based on the basic flow lines that describe the nature of the flow around objects. [1-3]

This paper focuses on describing the implementation of the technique, including details about the equipment and its installation. Then, the technique is used to demonstrate the use of two of the basics flow lines to characterize the flow around a circular cylinder. These flow lines are used to estimate some important flow parameters like flow velocity and the Reynolds number, and to determine flow patterns.

1. To produce a continuous sheet of bubbles:

1. Set the equipment according to the electrical diagram shown in Figure 3.
2. Fix the positive electrode in the water at the downstream end of the test section (see Figure 4 for reference).
3. Fix the negative electrode upstream and near the point of interest to release the bubbles into the stream before the flow reaches the object of study (see Figure 4 for refere

Figure 2 shows two representative results of hydrogen bubble visualization of a Von Kármàn vortex street. Figure 2(A) shows an example of a field of streaklines as evidenced by disturbances in the hydrogen bubble sheet. This image is used to extract the diameter of the rod in machine units. Figure 2(B) shows an example of a field of timelines. This image is used to estimate the approaching

In this study, the usage of hydrogen bubbles was demonstrated to extract qualitative and quantitative information from images of flow around a circular cylinder. The quantitative information extracted from these experiments included the free-stream velocity (), vortex-shedding frequency (), Reynolds number (Re), and the Strouhal number (St). In particular, the results for St vs Re exhibited very good agreement with pre

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