K.ピーターソンは、米国空軍研究所からバイオと資金の部から博士課程学生の身分によってサポートされていました。 N. Ejazは、米空軍研究ラボから高等教育委員会、パキスタンと資金調達から博士課程の学生の身分によってサポートされていました。

<ol>
	<li>Chiappe, E. M., Seelig, J. D., Reiser, M. B., Jayaraman, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+modulates+speed+sensitivity+in+Drosophila+motion+vision.">Walking modulates speed sensitivity in Drosophila motion vision.</a> Curr. Biol. 20, 1470-1475 (2010).</li><li>Franceschini, N., Snyder, A. W., Menzel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sampling+of+the+visual+environment+by+the+compound+eye+of+the+fly:+fundamentals+and+applications.">Sampling of the visual environment by the compound eye of the fly: fundamentals and applications.</a> Photoreceptor optics. , 98-125 (1975).</li><li>Karmeier, K., Tabor, R., Egelhaaf, M., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+visual+experience+and+the+receptive-field+organization+of+optic+flow+processing+interneurons+in+the+fly+motion+pathway.">Early visual experience and the receptive-field organization of optic flow processing interneurons in the fly motion pathway.</a> Vis. Neurosci. 18, 1-8 (2001).</li><li>Krapp, H. G., Hengstenberg, B., Hengstenberg, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+structure+and+receptive-field+organization+of+optic+flow+processing+interneurons+in+the+fly.">Dendritic structure and receptive-field organization of optic flow processing interneurons in the fly.</a> Jour. of Neurophys. 79, 1902-1917 (1998).</li><li>Krapp, H. G., Hengstenberg, R., Egelhaaf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+contributions+to+optic+flow+processing+in+the+fly+visual+system.">Binocular contributions to optic flow processing in the fly visual system.</a> Jour. of Neurophys. 85, 724-734 (2001).</li><li>Longden, K. D., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Octopaminergic+modulation+of+temporal+frequency+coding+in+an+identified+optic-flow+processing+interneuron.">Octopaminergic modulation of temporal frequency coding in an identified optic-flow processing interneuron.</a> Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 4, 153-153 (2010).</li><li>Bender, J. A., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+visual+and+haltere-mediated+feedback+in+the+control+of+body+saccades+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A comparison of visual and haltere-mediated feedback in the control of body saccades in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Exp. Bio. 209, 4597-4606 (2006).</li><li>Longden, K. D., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-dependent+performance+of+optic+flow-processing+interneurons.">State-dependent performance of optic flow-processing interneurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3606-3618 (2009).</li><li>Maimon, G., Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+flight+increases+the+gain+of+visual+motion+processing+in.">Active flight increases the gain of visual motion processing in.</a> 13, 393-399 (2010).</li><li>Petrovitz, R., Dahmen, H., Egelhaaf, M., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arrangement+of+optical+axes+and+spatial+resolution+in+the+compound+eye+of+the+female+blowfly+Calliphora.">Arrangement of optical axes and spatial resolution in the compound eye of the female blowfly Calliphora.</a> J Comp Physiol A. 186, 737-746 (2000).</li><li>Warzecha, A. K., Horstmann, W., Egelhaaf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-dependence+of+neuronal+performance+in+the+motion+pathway+of+the+blowfly+Calliphora+Erythrocephala.">Temperature-dependence of neuronal performance in the motion pathway of the blowfly Calliphora Erythrocephala.</a> J Exp Biology. 202, 3161-3170 (1999).</li></ol>

<ol><li>解剖は慎重に我々が正しくオリエントコンピュータのモニタに関してフライをその確実に実施する必要が飛ぶ。 </li><li>その後、確実にロボットを制御するために使用できるSN比に優れた信号を取得するために、すべての他のニューロンからのスパイクからH1のニューロンからのスパイクを分離する。 </li><li>ケアは、実験の過程で乾燥からどんな神経組織をしないように考慮してください。 </li><li>カメラはイーサネットケーブルを使用してコンピュータに接続されています。ケアは、彼らはロボットの回転に影響を与えるとして、実験中に過剰に巻かれないように注意してください。 </li><li>現在我々は、ヨー回転の一方向のみで安定化のタスクをセットアップ一つH1のスパイク活動を使用しています。我々は左と右の両方のH1からの信号を得るために第二の電極を追加することができます我々はヨーの回転の両方向に安定化制御アルゴリズムを学ぶことができるようです。 </li><li>我々は、垂直方向の黒と白のストライプを含むアリーナを削除し、その場のための視覚刺激としてのラボ環境を使用することができます。これは、私たちは自然画像と閉ループ性能を検討することができます。 </li><li>ロボットは、ターンテーブルから削除され、クローズドループ制御の間、ラボ環境での移動を許可することができます。これにより、衝突の回避に関与して制御アルゴリズムを調査することができます。 </li><li>コンピュータにカメラを接続する配線は、私たちに完全に気ままなロボットの設定を与えて、無線伝送システムを実装することによって除去することができます。 </li><li>別の制御アルゴリズムの性能指標は、私たちに異なる戦略が非定常と変数神経信号に対処することができる方法の理解を与える。この知識は、異なる臨床および非臨床ブレインマシンインターフェイスに適用できます。 </li><li>この実験は、動物の行動をから神経信号を記録するための第一歩です。私たちの目標は、ロボットにその場を配置し、閉ループ制御のための神経活動を使用することです。このようなセットアップでは、我々は、それがロボットの動きの結果として、多感覚刺激を受信して​​いる間その場から神経活動を記録することができるだろう。 </li><li>一つの細胞からの信号のみを記録します。私たちはあなたされるコンフィギュレーションでは、最適な細胞は、H1セルになります。同様の受容野を持つ他のニューロンからH1のニューロンの応答を分離する、などのH2、神経録音のSN比に優れた信号を維持することが重要です。 H1とH2のニューロンの応答は、H2が特徴的に低い自発持っているとH1のニューロンよりもスパイク率を意味することに注意することによって識別することができます。ニューロンは、その形態の基礎（クラップら、2001）に区別することができる。 </li><li>我々のシステムは、私たちは画像の安定化のタスクで私たちのフライロボットのインタフェースによって達成閉ループ利得を比較することができます、とハエ（ベンダー＆ディッキンソン2006 Warzecha らの以前の実験で観察された閉ループ微細運動の向上とその性能を比較する1996年、ハイゼンベルク＆ウルフ、1990）。さらに、それは私たちが閉ループ条件下での視覚情報処理における状態依存の変化を調査することができます（Chiappeら、2010年、マイモンら、2010年、ロングデン＆クラップ2009ロングデン＆クラップ2010）。 </li></ol>

<ol><li> 1）高速CRTディスプレイ（LG STUDIOWORKS 221U） </li><li>高速カメラ（Prosilicaは、GC640） </li><li>ロボットプラットフォーム（カスタム修正をASURO） </li><li>シリアルBluetoothモデム（Bluesmirf） </li><li>マイクロステップ駆動（応用モーションシステム、ST5 - SI） </li><li>ステッピングモーター（山洋電気、103H6704 - 0140） </li><li>タングステン電極（FH - co.com - 商品コード - UEW SHG SE 3P1M） </li><li>細胞外アンプ（NPI EXT 10 - 2F） </li><li>電動マニピュレーター（Scientifica、PS - 700 - Z） </li><li>ステレオ顕微鏡（ライカ、MZ95） </li></ol>

an experimental platform to study the closed-loop performance of brain-machine interfaces

神経信号の非定常な性質や変動は、ブレインマシンインタフェースの基本的な問題です。我々は、閉ループ画像安定化のタスクに適用される別の制御法の頑健性を評価するブレインマシンインターフェースを開発しました。よく特徴フライ視覚運動経路を活用して我々は二輪ロボットのヨー回転を制御するための識別、動きに敏感なニューロン、H1、から電気的活動を記録する。ロボットは2 CRTのコンピュータのモニタの前に配置されたフライに視覚的な運動の入力を提供する2つの高速ビデオカメラが装備されている。 H1ニューロンの活動は、ロボットの回転の方向と相対速度を示しています。神経活動をろ過し、比例と適応/比例制御によってロボットの操舵系にフィードバックされます。私たちの目標はまた、脳の他のマシンインターフェースにおけるより広範なアプリケーションのための閉ループ条件下での各種制御法の性能をテストし、最適化することです。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces at JoVE.com

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

我々は、神経のコントロールで一般的な原則を調査するために閉ループフライマシンインタフェースを使用してください。

ブレインマシンインタフェースの閉ループ性能を研究する実験プラットフォーム

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

an-experimental-platform-to-study-closed-loop-performance-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.6K ビュー.  Imperial College London. 我々は、神経のコントロールで一般的な原則を調査するために閉ループフライマシンインタフェースを使用してください。

ビデオ: An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible vision loss. Examples of such diseases in human include traumatic optic neuropathy and optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. It is characterized by typical changes in the optic nerve head, progressive optic nerve degeneration, and loss of retinal ganglion cells, if uncontrolled, leading to vision loss and blindness.
The optic nerve crush (ONC) injury mouse model is an important experimental disease model for traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, etc. In this model, the crush injury to the optic nerve leads to gradual retinal ganglion cells apoptosis. This disease model can be used to study the general processes and mechanisms of neuronal death and survival, which is essential for the development of therapeutic measures. In addition, pharmacological and molecular approaches can be used in this model to identify and test potential therapeutic reagents to treat different types of optic neuropathy.
Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of (I) Baseline retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at day 1, (II) Optic nerve crush injury at day 4, (III) Harvest the retinae and analyze RGC survival at day 11, and (IV) Representative result.

This protocol shows how to retrogradely label retinal ganglion cells, and how to subsequently make an optic nerve crush injury in order to analyze retinal ganglion cell survival and apoptosis. It is an experimental disease model for different types of optic neuropathy, including glaucoma.

網膜神経節細胞の生存を研究するために視神経挫滅モデルマウス

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

神経科学

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

小脳顆粒ニューロンの遺伝子操作<em&gt;体外</em&gt;と<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;ニューロンの形態と移行を研究するために、

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where the stimulus applied depends in real-time on the response of the system. Recent applications range from the implementation of virtual reality systems for studying motor responses both in mice1 and in zebrafish2, to control of seizures following cortical stroke using optogenetics3. A key advantage of closed-loop techniques resides in the capability of probing higher dimensional properties that are not directly accessible or that depend on multiple variables, such as neuronal excitability4 and reliability, while at the same time maximizing the experimental throughput. In this contribution and in the context of cellular electrophysiology, we describe how to apply a variety of closed-loop protocols to the study of the response properties of pyramidal cortical neurons, recorded intracellularly with the patch clamp technique in acute brain slices from the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats. As no commercially available or open source software provides all the features required for efficiently performing the experiments described here, a new software toolbox called LCG5 was developed, whose modular structure maximizes reuse of computer code and facilitates the implementation of novel experimental paradigms. Stimulation waveforms are specified using a compact meta-description and full experimental protocols are described in text-based configuration files. Additionally, LCG has a command-line interface that is suited for repetition of trials and automation of experimental protocols.

Closed-loop protocols are becoming increasingly widespread in modern day electrophysiology. We present a simple, versatile and inexpensive way to perform complex electrophysiological protocols in cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro, using a desktop computer and a digital acquisition board.

リアルタイム電気生理学：プローブ神経ダイナミクスとその先にクローズド·ループ·プロトコルの使用

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where ...

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Information coding in the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains unexplored. There is mounting evidence that, even at a very low level, the representation of a given stimulus might be dependent on context and history. If this is actually the case, bi-directional interactions between the brain (or if need be a reduced model of it) and sensory-motor system can shed a light on how encoding and decoding of information is performed. Here an experimental system is introduced and described in which the activity of a neuronal element (i.e., a network of neurons extracted from embryonic mammalian hippocampi) is given context and used to control the movement of an artificial agent, while environmental information is fed back to the culture as a sequence of electrical stimuli. This architecture allows a quick selection of diverse encoding, decoding, and learning algorithms to test different hypotheses on the computational properties of neuronal networks.

In this paper, an experimental framework to perform closed-loop experiments is presented, in which information processing (i.e., coding and decoding) and learning of neuronal assemblies are studied during the continuous interaction with a robotic body.

閉ループ神経のロボット実験は、神経回路網の計算特性を試験すること

Information coding in the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains unexplored. There is mounting evidence that, even at a very low level, the representation ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

の記録細胞内の電圧応答のための電気生理学的手法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;光刺激に感光体と介在ニューロン<em&gt;インビボ</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor sources is an essential task for organism survival. Insects are well-studied organisms with regard to odor tracking, and their behavioral strategies have been applied to mobile robots for evaluation. This "bottom-up" approach is a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots; however, the biological analyses and the modeling of behavioral mechanisms are still ongoing. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as the controller of a robotic platform. To answer this question, we have developed an insect-controlled robot in which a male adult silkmoth (Bombyx mori) drives a robot car in response to odor stimuli; this can be regarded as a prototype of a future insect-mimetic robot. In the cockpit of the robot, a tethered silkmoth walked on an air-supported ball and an optical sensor measured the ball rotations. These rotations were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can manipulate any parameter of the robot, which enables the evaluation of the odor-tracking capability of insects and provides useful suggestions for robotic odor-tracking. Furthermore, these manipulations are non-invasive ways to alter the sensory-motor relationship of a pilot insect and will be a useful technique for understanding adaptive behaviors.

The capability to localize an odor source is necessary for insect survival and is expected to be applicable to artificial odor-tracking. The insect-controlled robot is driven by an actual silkmoth and enables us to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of insects through a robotic platform.

昆虫制御のロボット：移動ロボットプラットフォーム昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価します

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor ...

Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for neuroprotection, postconditioning treatments have proven to be promising therapies against cerebral ischemia. However, complicated procedures and potential safety issues limit their clinical application. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed acidic postconditioning (APC) as a therapy for experimental focal cerebral ischemia. APC refers to the mild acidosis treatment by inhaling CO2 during reperfusion following ischemia. Here we present two models to execute APC in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment of mice and the corticostriatal occlusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of mice were employed to mimic cerebral ischemia. APC can be simply achieved by transferring brain slices to acidic buffer bubbled with 20% CO2, or by mice inhaling 20% CO2. APC showed significant protective effects against cerebral ischemia, as reflected by tissue viability and brain infarct volume.

Acidic postconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia. Here we present two models to execute APC. They are achieved respectively by transferring corticostriatal slices to acidic buffer after oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro and by inhaling 20% CO2 after middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo.

脳虚血に対する酸性ポストコンディショニングの神経保護を研究するための実験モデル

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for ...

Using Zebrafish Larvae to Study the Pathological Consequences of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Despite being the most severe subtype of stroke with high global mortality, there is no specific treatment for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Modelling ICH pre-clinically has proven difficult, and current rodent models poorly recapitulate the spontaneous nature of human ICH. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for alternative pre-clinical methodologies for study of disease mechanisms in ICH and for potential drug discovery.
The use of zebrafish represents an increasingly popular approach for translational research, primarily due to a number of advantages they possess over mammalian models of disease, including prolific reproduction rates and larval transparency allowing for live imaging. Other groups have established that zebrafish larvae can exhibit spontaneous ICH following genetic or chemical disruption of cerebrovascular development. The aim of this methodology is to utilize such models to study the pathological consequences of brain hemorrhage, in the context of pre-clinical ICH research. By using live imaging and motility assays, brain damage, neuroinflammation and locomotor function following ICH can be assessed and quantified.
This study shows that key pathological consequences of brain hemorrhage in humans are conserved in zebrafish larvae highlighting the model organism as a valuable in vivo&#160;system for pre-clinical investigation of ICH. The aim of this methodology is to enable the pre-clinical stroke community to employ the zebrafish larval model as an alternative complementary model system to rodents.

Here we present a protocol to quantify brain injury, locomotor deficits and neuroinflammation following bleeding in the brain in zebrafish larvae, in the context of human intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

ゼブラフィッシュの幼虫を用いて出血性脳卒中の病理学的結果を研究する

Despite being the most severe subtype of stroke with high global mortality, there is no specific treatment for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage ...

Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments

Closed-loop neurophysiological systems use patterns of neuronal activity to trigger stimuli, which in turn affect brain activity. Such closed-loop systems are already found in clinical applications, and are important tools for basic brain research. A particularly interesting recent development is the integration of closed-loop approaches with optogenetics, such that specific patterns of neuronal activity can trigger optical stimulation of selected neuronal groups. However, setting up an electrophysiological system for closed-loop experiments can be difficult. Here, a ready-to-apply Matlab code is provided for triggering stimuli based on the activity of single or multiple neurons. This sample code can be easily modified based on individual needs. For instance, it shows how to trigger sound stimuli and how to change it to trigger an external device connected to a PC serial port. The presented protocol is designed to work with a popular neuronal recording system for animal studies (Neuralynx). The implementation of closed-loop stimulation is demonstrated in an awake rat.

This protocol demonstrates how to use an electrophysiological system for closed-loop stimulation triggered by neuronal activity patterns. Sample Matlab code that can be easily modified for different stimulation devices is also provided.

ニューロンスパイク活性を利用して神経生理学実験における閉ループ刺激を引き起こす

Closed-loop neurophysiological systems use patterns of neuronal activity to trigger stimuli, which in turn affect brain activity. Such closed-loop systems ...

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBEM) for the Study of Dendritic Spines

Three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D EM) gives a possibility to analyze morphological parameters of dendritic spines with nanoscale resolution. In addition, some features of dendritic spines, such as volume of the spine and post-synaptic density (PSD) (representing post-synaptic part of the synapse), presence of presynaptic terminal, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum or atypical form of PSD (e.g., multi-innervated spines), can be observed only with 3D EM. By employing serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) it is possible to obtain 3D EM data easier and in a more reproducible manner than when performing traditional serial sectioning. Here we show how to prepare mouse hippocampal samples for SBEM analysis and how this protocol can be combined with immunofluorescence study of dendritic spines. Mild fixation perfusion allows us to perform immunofluorescence studies with light microscopy on one half of the brain, while the other half was prepared for SBEM. This approach reduces the number of animals to be used for the study.

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy SBEM for the Study of Dendritic Spines

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBEM) is applied to image and analyze dendritic spines in the murine hippocampus.

樹状脊椎研究のためのシリアルブロック顔走査電子顕微鏡(SBEM)

Three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D EM) gives a possibility to analyze morphological parameters of dendritic spines with nanoscale resolution. In ...