1。右後頭葉への刺激と閃光を誘発<ol class="lalpha"><li>薄暗い部屋で、座席の快適なポジションで参加。 、参加者は、水泳のキャップに入れている聴力保護とそれらを提供し、快適さのためにキャップや耳栓を調整する。検索し、刺激の初期点をマークするには、まず吻方〜2センチメートルと横方向に〜2センチメートル（図1）に移動しイニオンを識別する、と。また、フレームレス定位システムは、標的の皮質領域でのTMSコイルを配置するために使用することができます。 </li><li>標準的な8の字（ダブル）TMSコイル（70ミリメートル）を使用して、直接前の手順で決定した場所の上コイルの中心を置く。コイルは、正中線（図2）から遠ざけて、ハンドルを持つ横方向へ内側に頭皮の表面に接線方向と指向保持する必要があります。 </li><li>参加者の準備が整うと、60％の強度の出力で単一パルスを適用する。彼らは認識している可能性のある視覚的な感覚を記述するために参加者に依頼してください。閃光のナイーブな参加者が目隠しを着ての恩恵を受ける可能性があります。ない閃光が報告されていない場合は、コイルの位置を変更し、パルスを再配信。参加者はまだ閃光を報告しない場合、100％の強度に達するまで、毎5回試行した後、5％の強度を増加させる、7日毎〜10秒（〜0.1 Hzの）パルスを提供し続ける。 </li><li>参加者は、閃光が彼に尋ねるか、彼女は彼らは色、形状と位置を含む感知したものを詳細に記述するために報告したとき。注：閃光が刺激されている半球に対側視野に表示する。 TMSは、右の視覚皮質上に塗布されている場合例えば、閃光は左視野で認識されるべきである。 </li><li>閃光が確実に報告された場合、スイムキャップのコイルの位置をマーク。 </li></ol> 2。右後頭葉のための閃光しきい値の取得<ol class="lalpha"><li>上記と同じコイルの位置と向きに一連のパルスを実現。誘導閃光の存在を確認するために参加者に依頼してください。 </li><li>パルスごとに7〜10秒（〜0.1 Hz）を実現。閃光は、以下の基準を用いて知覚されたかどうか、各パルスの後、報告するよう参加者に指示します：&quot;はい&quot;明確に知覚される閃光で、&quot;いいえ&quot;いずれかの視覚認識の欠如、&quot;かもしれない&quot;彼らがわからない場合。しきい値を決定する際に&quot;多分&quot;の応答が肯定的な反応としてカウントすべきではない 。 </li><li>閃光閾値が決定されるまで、各強度レベルで10パルスを提供する刺激強度を、調整する。しきい値は、 参加者が納入パルスの少なくとも50パーセントのための一義的な閃光をレポートされる刺激の最も低い強度として定義されています。 </li></ol> 3。様々な固定点での閃光のサイズと場所を決定するLTaPシステム（図3）を使用して<ol class="lalpha"><li>座席ナジオンが（両目の間の領域）の投影画面の中心から約30cmになるように参加者を。 </li><li> LTaPシステムへの参加者を慣らして、それらにレーザーポインターを与えると知覚される閃光に似た図形をトレースする練習するように指示。参加者がより多くの練習が必要な場合には、投影画面上に指定された場所にレーザーポイントを指示するために参加者に依頼することがあります。参加者は、LTaPシステムに精通されており、正確に可視閃光を誘導するのに十分な前のステップでマークされた場所にTMS一連のパルスを提供する、画面上の図形を描画できます。ときはレーザーポインターを使用して投影画面上で認識閃光をトレースまたはアウトラインに参加を求める。 </li><li> 3つのテスト条件では刺激の強度が決定されたしきい値の120％でなければなりません。決定したしきい値は65％である場合例えば、、刺激強度の値は78％に設定する必要があります。コイルの位置と向きは、上記の手順で決定したと説明したのと同じです。 </li><li> 3つのテスト条件の最初に、参加者が中央の注視点に向かって彼らの視線を向ける必要があります。パルスを配信したあとで、レーザーポインターを使用して知覚される閃光をトレースまたはアウトラインに参加者に指示する。 ten閃光を誘導するのに十分な一連のパルスを実現。 </li><li>二回目の試験条件では、参加者が中央の注視点から45 °に上昇している固定点に向かって彼らの視線を向ける必要があります。最初の条件で説明したようにプロトコルを繰り返します。 </li><li> 3つ目のテスト条件では、参加者が中央の凝視点の右側に45 °を置かれている固定点に向かって彼らの視線を向ける必要があります。最初の条件で説明したようにプロトコルを繰り返します。 </li></ol> 4。データalysis <ol class="lalpha"><li> LTaPシステムから得られた試​​験データの終了を分析することができます後。 LTAPのシステムの出力は、トレースレコードごとにタイムスタンプ付きのXY座標をカラーコードを含む。xmlファイルで構成されています。視線のシフトへの参照の閃光位置のずれを検出するためにデータを分析する。 </li></ol> 5。代表的な結果 TMSコイルは、すべての閃光は、左視野で観察する必要がある右半球の上に配置されている場合。参加者はまっすぐに見えると指示されている場合、閃光は、典型的には左下視野に配置されています。閃光は、視覚的な視線のシフト（どちらか45 °、垂直方向または水平方向に中央固定から）（図4）にしたがって移動する必要があります。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。初期刺激部位の位置特定とマーキング。後頭部視覚野では、最初の刺激部位（）は通常、〜2センチメートル背側に位置しており、イニオン（B）から2cm横方向に〜です。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig2.jpg" alt="図2" /> 図2。刺激用コイルを配置します。コイルの中心は刺激部位の頭皮への接線方向に保持される。離れて正中線から東洋、コイルのハンドルを刺激の意図しない拡散を最小限に。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig3.jpg" alt="図3" /> 図3。 LTaP（レーザートラッキングと絵画）システム。参加者は（）リアプロジェクションスクリーン（B）の前に座っている。 TMSコイル（C）で刺激した後、参加者は、画面（D）で認識されている閃光を描画するためにレーザーポインター（d）を使用しています。後ろ向きウェブカメラ（e）は、レーザーを記録し、LTaPのソフトウェアを実行しているコンピュータ（F）に供給する。その後、データは後ろ向きプロジェクター（g）を経由して画面上に投影される。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig4.jpg" alt="図4" /> 図4。 LTaPデータの後処理 。知覚閃光（白形）の位置とサイズは十字で示される、固定の場所を基準とした相対表示されます。

<ol>
	<li>Kammer, T., Puls, K., Strasburger, H., Hill, N. J., Wichmann, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+in+the+Visual+System.+I.+the+Psychophysics+of+Visual+Suppression.">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Visual System. I. the Psychophysics of Visual Suppression.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 160, 118-128 (2005).</li><li>Afra, J., Mascia, A., G&#233;rard, P., Maertens de Noordhout, A., Schoenen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interictal+cortical+excitability+in+migraine:+a+study+using+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+of+motor+and+visual+cortices.">Interictal cortical excitability in migraine: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor and visual cortices.</a> Ann. Neurol. 44, 209-215 (1998).</li><li>Aurora, S. K., Ahmad, B. K., Welch, K. M., Bhardhwaj, P., Ramadan, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+confirms+hyperexcitability+of+occipital+cortex+in+migraine.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine.</a> Neurology. 50, 1111-1114 (1998).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topography. 21, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+adaptation+reveals+state-dependent+effects+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 25, (2007).</li><li>Kammer, T., Beck, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphene+thresholds+evoked+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+are+insensitive+to+short-lasting+variations+in+ambient+light.">Phosphene thresholds evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation are insensitive to short-lasting variations in ambient light.</a> Exp Brain Res. 145, 407-4010 (2002).</li><li>Bjoertomt, O., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+neglect+in+near+and+far+space+investigated+by+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Spatial neglect in near and far space investigated by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 2012-2022 (2002).</li><li>Gothe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+visual+cortex+excitability+in+blind+subjects+as+demonstrated+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Changes in visual cortex excitability in blind subjects as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 479-490 (2002).</li><li>Hotson, J. R., Anand, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+selectivity+and+timing+of+motion+processing+in+human+temporo-parieto-occipital+and+occipital+cortex:+a+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+study.">The selectivity and timing of motion processing in human temporo-parieto-occipital and occipital cortex: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 169-179 (1999).</li><li>Kammer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphenes+and+transient+scotomas+induced+by+magnetic+stimulation+of+the+occipital+lobe:+their+topographic+relationship.">Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 191-198 (1998).</li><li>Stewart, L., Ellison, A., Walsh, V., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(TMS)+in+studies+of+vision,+attention+and+cognition.">The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in studies of vision, attention and cognition.</a> Acta Psychol (Amst). , 107-275 (2001).</li></ol>

このビデオでは、我々は閃光のしきい値を取得するための標準プロトコルを示し、閃光sizeと視野の位置を記録するための新しい方法を導入している。閃光は後頭極に隣接して右後頭葉皮質にTMSの個々のパルスを提供することによって誘発された。閃光のしきい値は、相対的な皮質興奮性の貴重な指標を提供する、とアウトカム指標として、また人間の視覚8-12様々な研究で、TMSの適切...

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a novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation

人間の視覚野の刺激は、閃光と呼ばれる光の一時的な知覚を生成します。閃光は、後頭部皮質の侵襲的な電気刺激によって、だけでなく、非侵襲的な経頭蓋磁気刺激（TMS）により誘発される<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;同じ皮質領域の。閃光が誘導される強度（閃光閾値）は視覚野興奮性の十分に確立された指標であり、皮質 - 皮質の相互作用、機能的な組織を研究するために使用されます<sup&gt; 2</sup病理へ&gt;、感受性<sup&gt; 3,4</sup&gt;と視覚処理<sup&gt; 5月7日</sup&gt;。被験者の目が開いているか閉じているときに彼らが誘導され、視線の方向との空間的位置の変更は、それらが刺激に対側半側視野で観察されています：閃光は、通常、次の3つの特性によって定義されます。<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。様々な方法が閃光を文書化するために使用されているが、標準化された方法論が欠如している。我々は閃光閾値の値を取得し、閃光のドキュメントと分析のための新しいシステムを導入する信頼性の高い手順を示しています。我々は、簡単にリアルタイムで認識閃光の位置とサイズを記録するシステムを構築運用システムを追跡し、絵画レーザー（LTaP）、低コストを、開発した。 LTaPシステムは、閃光の定量化と分析のための安定的かつカスタマイズ可能な環境を提供しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE.com

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

閃光は、大脳皮質の視覚的に敏感な領域に経頭蓋磁気刺激（TMS）を適用することによって誘導することができる光の一時的な知覚です。我々は、閃光のしきい値を決定するための標準プロトコルを示し、知覚閃光を定量化し、分析するための新規な方法を紹介。

経頭蓋磁気刺激による閃光を文書化するための斬新なアプローチ

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

a-novel-approach-for-documenting-phosphenes-induced-transcranial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K ビュー.  Boston University School of Medicine. 閃光は、大脳皮質の視覚的に敏感な領域に経頭蓋磁気刺激（TMS）を適用することによって誘導することができる光の一時的な知覚です。我々は、閃光のしきい値を決定するための標準プロトコルを示し、知覚閃光を定量化し、分析するための新規な方法を紹介。

ビデオ: A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

デフォルトモードのネットワークを検査する経頭蓋磁気刺激とfMRIを組み合わせ

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

神経科学

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

TMSの状態 - 依存性の効果：動機の閃光の挙動を見

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

一次運動野代謝に及ぼすバイ半球経頭蓋電気刺激効果の測定のためのツールと​​しての磁気共鳴分光法の利用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

経頭蓋交流電流刺激オンライン結合による一次運動野の経頭蓋磁気刺激の効果

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) characterization of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition. Motor response inhibition prevents unwanted actions and is abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions. TMS is a non-invasive technology that can quantify M1 excitability and inhibition using single- and paired-pulse protocols and can be precisely timed to study cortical physiology with high temporal resolution. We modified the original Slater-Hammel (S-H) stop signal task to create a &#34;racecar&#34; version with TMS pulses time-locked to intra-trial events. This task is self-paced, with each trial initiating after a button push to move the racecar towards the 800 ms target. GO trials require a finger-lift to stop the racecar just before this target. Interspersed randomly are STOP trials (25%) during which the dynamically adjusted stop signal prompts subjects to prevent finger-lift. For GO trials, TMS pulses were delivered at 650 ms after trial onset; whereas, for STOP trials, the TMS pulses occurred 150 ms after the stop signal. The timings of the TMS pulses were decided based on electroencephalography (EEG) studies showing event-related changes in these time ranges during stop signal tasks. This task was studied in 3 blocks at two study sites (n=38) and we recorded behavioral performance and event-related motor-evoked potentials (MEP). Regression modelling was used to analyze MEP amplitudes using age as a covariate with multiple independent variables (sex, study site, block, TMS pulse condition [single- vs. paired-pulse], trial condition [GO, successful STOP, failed STOP]). The analysis showed that TMS pulse condition (p&#60;0.0001) and its interaction with trial condition (p=0.009) were significant. Future applications for this online S-H/TMS paradigm include the addition of simultaneous EEG acquisition to measure TMS-evoked EEG potentials. A potential limitation is that in children, the TMS pulse sound could&#160;affect behavioral task performance.

We describe an experimental procedure to quantify excitability and inhibition of primary motor cortex during a motor response inhibition task by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation throughout the course of a Stop Signal Task.

反応抑制に関連する皮質の生理学を測定するためのオンラインの経頭蓋磁気刺激プロトコル

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

結合された経頭蓋磁気刺激と背外側前頭前野の脳波

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans and can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Given the role of distal leg muscles in upright postural and dynamic tasks, such as walking, a growing research interest in the assessment and modulation of the corticospinal tracts relative to the function of these muscles has emerged in the last decade. However, methodological parameters used in previous work have varied across studies making the interpretation of results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies less robust. Therefore, use of a standardized TMS protocol specific to the assessment of leg muscles&#39; corticomotor response (CMR) will allow for direct comparison of results across studies and cohorts. The objective of this paper is to present a protocol that provides the flexibility to simultaneously assess the bilateral CMR of two main ankle antagonistic muscles, the tibialis anterior and soleus, using single pulse TMS with a neuronavigation system. The present protocol is applicable while the examined muscle is either fully relaxed or isometrically contracted at a defined percentage of maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Using each subject&#39;s structural MRI with the neuronavigation system ensures accurate and precise positioning of the coil over the leg cortical representations during assessment. Given the inconsistency in CMR derived measures, this protocol also describes a standardized calculation of these measures using automated algorithms. Though this protocol is not conducted during upright postural or dynamic tasks, it&#160;can be used to assess bilaterally any pair of leg muscles, either antagonistic or synergistic, in both neurologically intact and impaired subjects.

The present protocol describes the simultaneous, bilateral assessment of the corticomotor response of the tibialis anterior and soleus during rest and tonic voluntary activation using a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuronavigation system.

経頭蓋磁気刺激の移動による足首の筋の皮質脊髄路の経路の二国間の評価

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.

資源の限られた環境における経頭蓋磁気刺激の活用による脳と行動の関係の確立

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited ...

Conventional and Threshold-Tracking Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tests for Single-handed Operation

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used to examine corticospinal excitability. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms (e.g., short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), and short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI/LAI)) provide information about intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory networks. This has long been done by the conventional TMS method of measuring changes in the size of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to stimuli of constant intensity. An alternative threshold-tracking approach has recently been introduced whereby the stimulus intensity for a target amplitude is tracked. The diagnostic utility of threshold-tracking SICI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been shown in previous studies. However, threshold-tracking TMS has only been used in a few centers, in part due to the lack of readily available software but also perhaps due to uncertainty over its relationship to conventional single- and paired-pulse TMS measurements.
A menu-driven suite of semi-automatic programs has been developed to facilitate the broader use of threshold-tracking TMS techniques and to enable direct comparisons with conventional amplitude measurements. These have been designed to control three types of magnetic stimulators and allow recording by a single operator of the common single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols.
This paper shows how to record a number of single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols on healthy subjects and analyze the recordings. These TMS protocols are fast and easy to perform and can provide useful biomarkers in different neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS.

We present a suite of standardized single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recording protocols, with options for conventional amplitude measurements and threshold-tracking. This program can control three different types of magnetic stimulators and is designed to enable all tests to be performed conveniently by a single operator.

単独操作のための従来型および閾値追跡経頭蓋磁気刺激試験

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used ...

Measuring Contralateral Silent Period Induced by Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Investigate M1 Corticospinal Inhibition

Contralateral silent period (cSP) is a period of suppression in the background electrical muscle activity captured by electromyography (EMG) after a motor evoked potential (MEP). To obtain this, an MEP is elicited by a suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the target muscle selected, while the participant provides a standardized voluntary target muscle contraction. The cSP is a result of inhibitory mechanisms that occur after the MEP; it provides a broad temporal assessment of spinal inhibition in its initial ~50 ms, and cortical inhibition after. Researchers have tried to better understand the neurobiological mechanism behind the cSP to validate it as a potential diagnostic, surrogate, and predictive biomarker for different neuropsychiatric diseases. Therefore, this article describes a method to measure M1 cSP of lower and upper limbs, including a selection of target muscle, electrode placement, coil positioning, method of measuring voluntary contraction stimulation, intensity setup, and data analysis to obtain a representative result. It has the educational objective of giving a visual guideline in performing a feasible, reliable, and reproducible cSP protocol for lower and upper limbs and discussing practical challenges of this technique.

Contralateral silent period (cSP) assessment is a promising biomarker to index cortical excitability and treatment response. We demonstrate a protocol to assess cSP intended for studying M1 corticospinal inhibition of upper and lower limbs.

M1皮質脊髄抑制の検討のための単一パルス経頭蓋磁気刺激による対側沈黙期間の測定

Contralateral silent period (cSP) is a period of suppression in the background electrical muscle activity captured by electromyography (EMG) after a motor ...