1. 오른쪽 후두엽을 자극과 Phosphene을 유도 <ol class="lalpha"><li> dimly 점등 방, 의자 편안한 위치에 참가자. 수영 모자를 입고 참가자가 편안 모자와 귀 플러그를 보호 청각을 제공하고 조정합니다. 찾아 자극의 초기 시점을 표시하려면 먼저 ~ 2cm rostrally하고 옆으로 ~ 2cm (그림 1) 이동 후 inion를 식별합니다. 또는 frameless stereotaxic 시스템은 대상 피​​질 영역을 통해 TMS 코일을 위치로 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 표준 그림 - 에이트 (더블) TMS 코일 (70mm)를 사용하여 직접 이전 단계에서 결정된 위치 위에 코일의 중심을 놓습니다. 코일은 정중선 (그림 2)에서 멀리 직면하고있는 핸들 측면 방향으로 중간에있는 두피의 표면에 접선과 지향 개최한다. </li><li> 참가자가 준비되면, 60 % 농도 출력의 단일 펄스를 적용합니다. 그들이 인식이 수있는 시각적인 감각을 설명하기 위해 참가자를 부탁드립니다. phosphenes에 순진 참가자는 눈가리개를 쓰고 혜택을 수도 있습니다. 더 phosphene가보고되지 않은 경우, 코일을 조정하고 펄스를 redeliver. 참가자 아직 phosphene를보고하지 않는 경우, 100 %의 강도에 도달할 때까지 매 5 시도 후 5 %의 강도를 증가 펄스마다 7~10초 (~ 0.1 Hz에서)을 제공 계속합니다. </li><li> 참가자가 phosphene 물어 자녀들이 색깔, 모양 및 위치를 포함하여 인식 무엇 상세 설명보고 때. 참고 : Phosphenes이 자극되는 뇌를 contralateral 시야에 나타납니다. TMS는 올바른 시각 피질을 통해 적용하는 경우 예를 들어, phosphenes는 왼쪽 시각 분야에서 인식되어야합니다. </li><li> phosphenes가 안정적으로보고되면, 수영 모자를 코일의 위치를​​ 표시합니다. </li></ol> 2. 오른쪽 후두엽에 대한 Phosphene 임계값을 구하기 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 상기와 같은 코일 위치와 방향의 펄스 일련의를 제공합니다. 유도 phosphene의 존재를 확인하는 참가자에게 물어보십시오. </li><li> 펄스마다 7-10초를 (~ 0.1 Hz에서) 제공합니다. phosphene는 다음 기준을 사용하여 인식 여부, 각 펄스 후에보고 참가자 지시 : &quot;예&quot;unambiguously 인식 phosphene로, &quot;아니오&quot;모든 영상 인식의 부재, &#39;어쩌면&#39;그들이 확실하지 않은 경우. 임계값을 결정할 때 &#39;미정&#39;으로 응답이 긍정적인 반응으로 계산해서는 안됩니다. </li><li> phosphene 임계값이 결정 때까지 각각의 강도 레벨 10 펄스를 전달하는 자극의 강도를 조정합니다. 임계값은 참가자가 전달 펄스의 최소 주행 %를 모호하지 phosphenes보고되는 자극의 가장 낮은 농도로 정의됩니다. </li></ol> 3. 각종 고정 포인트의 크기와 Phosphenes의 위치를​​ 결정하기 위해 LTaP 시스템 (그림 3)를 사용 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 좌석 nasion이 (눈 사이 영역) 투영 화면의 중앙에서 약 30cm가되도록 참가자. </li><li> LTaP 시스템에 참가자를 적응하기 위해 그들에게 레이저 포인터를주고 인식 phosphenes 유사 추적 수치를 연습하도록 지시합니다. 참가자 연습이 더 필요하면 투영 화면에 표시된 위치에 레이저 지점을 직접하기 위해 참가자를 요청할 수 있습니다. 참가자는 LTaP 시스템과 안면이있다 고하고 정확하게 볼 수 phosphene을 유발하기에 충분한 이전 단계에서 표시된 위치로 TMS의 펄스 일련의를 제공, 화면에 도형을 그릴 수 있습니다.되면 레이저 포인터를 사용하여 투영 화면의 인식 phosphene를 추적하거나 윤곽을 참가자에게 물어보십시오. </li><li> 세 시험 조건에서 자극 강도가 결정 임계값의 120 %되어야합니다. 결정 임계값 65 %입니다 예를 들어, 자극 강도 값은 78%로 설정되어야합니다. 결정하고 위의 단계에서 설명한대로 코일 위치와 방향은 동일합니다. </li><li> 세 시험 조건의 첫번째에서는, 참가자가 중앙 고정 포인트를 향해 시선을 직접했습니다. 전달 후 펄스 추적 또는 레이저 포인터를 사용하여 인식 phosphene를 대​​략적으로 참가자를 지시합니다. 열 phosphenes을 유발하기에 충분한 펄스의 일련을 제공합니다. </li><li> 두 번째 테스트 조건에서 참가자가 중앙 고정 지점에서 45 °를 상승하는 고정 포인트를 향해 시선을 직접했습니다. 첫 번째 조건에 대해 설명한 프로토콜을 반복합니다. </li><li> 세 번째 테스트 조건에서 참가자가 중앙 고정 지점의 오른쪽에 45 °를 위치하는 고정 포인트를 향해 시선을 직접했습니다. 첫 번째 조건에 대해 설명한 프로토콜을 반복합니다. </li></ol> 4. 데이터alysis <ol class="lalpha"><li> LTaP 시스템에서 얻은 연구 데이터의 완성을 분석할 수 후에. LTAP 시스템의 출력은 추적 각 레코드에 대한 타임 스탬프와 함께 XY 좌표를 코드 색상을 포함하여. xml 파일로 구성되어 있습니다. 시선의 이동에 대한 언급 phosphene 위치에 변화를 감지하기 위해 데이터를 분석할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 5. 대표 결과 TMS 코일 모든 phosphenes는 왼쪽 시야에서 관찰되어야하는 오른쪽 뇌를 위에 배치하는 것입니다. 참가자가 고개를 들고 갈 지시하는 경우, phosphenes은 일반적으로 왼쪽 하단 시야에 있습니다. Phosphenes은 (그림 4) (중 45 ° 수직 또는 수평 중앙 고정에서) 영상 시선의 변화에​​ 따라 이동한다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 초기 자극 사이트 찾기 및 마킹. 후두 시각 영역에 대한, 초기 자극 사이트 (하기) 일반적으로 ~ 2cm dorsally 위치하고 ~ 2cm 옆으로 inion (B)에서 있습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. 자극에 대한 코일을 위치. 코일의 중심 자극의 사이트에있는 두피에 접선 개최됩니다. 자극 방향 멀리 정중선에서 코일의 핸들의 의도 확산을 최소화합니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3" /> 그림 3. LTaP (레이저 추적 및 회화) 시스템입니다. 참가자 ()는 후면 프로젝션 스크린 (B) 앞에 앉아있다. TMS 코일 (C)에 의해 자극 후, 참가자는 화면 (D)에 대한 인식 phosphenes을 그릴 수있는 레이저 포인터 (D)를 사용합니다. 후면 방향 웹캠 (E)는 레이저를 기록하고 LTaP 소프트웨어를 실행하는 컴퓨터 (F)로 피드. 데이터는 다음 후면 방향 프로젝터 (G)를 통해 화면에 다시 예상된다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig4.jpg" alt="그림 4" /> 그림 4. LTaP 데이터의 후처리. 인식 phosphenes (흰색 모양)의 위치와 크기가 주목로 표시, 고정의 위치를​​ 상대적으로 표시됩니다.

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	<li>Kammer, T., Puls, K., Strasburger, H., Hill, N. J., Wichmann, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+in+the+Visual+System.+I.+the+Psychophysics+of+Visual+Suppression.">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Visual System. I. the Psychophysics of Visual Suppression.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 160, 118-128 (2005).</li><li>Afra, J., Mascia, A., G&#233;rard, P., Maertens de Noordhout, A., Schoenen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interictal+cortical+excitability+in+migraine:+a+study+using+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+of+motor+and+visual+cortices.">Interictal cortical excitability in migraine: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor and visual cortices.</a> Ann. Neurol. 44, 209-215 (1998).</li><li>Aurora, S. K., Ahmad, B. K., Welch, K. M., Bhardhwaj, P., Ramadan, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+confirms+hyperexcitability+of+occipital+cortex+in+migraine.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine.</a> Neurology. 50, 1111-1114 (1998).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topography. 21, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+adaptation+reveals+state-dependent+effects+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 25, (2007).</li><li>Kammer, T., Beck, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphene+thresholds+evoked+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+are+insensitive+to+short-lasting+variations+in+ambient+light.">Phosphene thresholds evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation are insensitive to short-lasting variations in ambient light.</a> Exp Brain Res. 145, 407-4010 (2002).</li><li>Bjoertomt, O., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+neglect+in+near+and+far+space+investigated+by+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Spatial neglect in near and far space investigated by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 2012-2022 (2002).</li><li>Gothe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+visual+cortex+excitability+in+blind+subjects+as+demonstrated+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Changes in visual cortex excitability in blind subjects as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 479-490 (2002).</li><li>Hotson, J. R., Anand, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+selectivity+and+timing+of+motion+processing+in+human+temporo-parieto-occipital+and+occipital+cortex:+a+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+study.">The selectivity and timing of motion processing in human temporo-parieto-occipital and occipital cortex: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 169-179 (1999).</li><li>Kammer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphenes+and+transient+scotomas+induced+by+magnetic+stimulation+of+the+occipital+lobe:+their+topographic+relationship.">Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 191-198 (1998).</li><li>Stewart, L., Ellison, A., Walsh, V., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(TMS)+in+studies+of+vision,+attention+and+cognition.">The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in studies of vision, attention and cognition.</a> Acta Psychol (Amst). , 107-275 (2001).</li></ol>

이 비디오에서는, 우리는 phosphene 임계값을 얻기위한 표준 프로토콜을 시연하고 phosphene 크기와 시야 위치를 녹음 소설 방법을 도입했습니다. Phosphenes은 후두 극에 인접한 권리 후두 피질로 TMS의 개별 펄스를 제공함으로써 elicited되었습니다. Phosphene 임계값 값은 상대적으로 대뇌 피질의 흥분의 가치 표시를 제공하며, 결과 조치로서 인간의 시각 인식 8-12의 연구 다양한 TMS의 적절한 강도를 ...

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a novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation

인간의 시각 피질의 자극은 phosphene로 알려진 빛의 과도 인식을 생산하고 있습니다. Phosphenes은 후두 피질의 침입 전기적 자극에 의​​해 유도뿐만 아니라 비침습 Transcranial 자석 자극 (TMS)에서 아르<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; 같은 대뇌 피질의 영역. phosphene가 유도하는에있는 강도 (phosphene 임계값) 시각 피질 흥분의 잘 설립 측정하고 cortico - 대뇌 피질의 상호 작용, 기능 조직을 연구하는 데 사용됩니다<sup&gt; 2</sup병리학에&gt;, 자화율<sup&gt; 3,4</sup&gt; 및 영상 처리<sup&gt; 5-7</sup&gt;. 제목의 눈을 뜨고거나 닫힐 때 그들은 유도하며, 시선의 방향과 자신의 공간적 위치 변화, 그들은 자극에 contralateral 시각 hemifield에서 관찰됩니다 Phosphenes는 일반적으로 세 특성에 의해 정의됩니다<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;. 다양한 방법 phosphenes을 문서화하는 데 사용되고 있지만, 표준화된 방법론이 부족합니다. 우리는 phosphene 문턱 값을 구하여 phosphenes의 문서 및 분석을위한 소설 시스템을 도입하기 위해 신뢰할 수있는 절차를 보여줍니다. 우리가 쉽게 실시간으로 인식 phosphenes의 위치와 크기를 기록 시스템을 구축하고 운영 체제를 추적 및 회화 레이저 (LTaP), 낮은 비용을 개발했습니다. LTaP 시스템 phosphenes의 부량 및 분석을위한 안정적이고 사용자 정의 환경을 제공합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE.com

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Phosphenes은 피질의 시각에 민감한 지역에 Transcranial 자석 자극 (TMS)을 적용하여 유도 수있는 빛의 과도 percepts 있습니다. 우리는 phosphene 임계값을 결정하기위한 표준 프로토콜을 설명하고 인식 phosphenes을 quantifying 분석을위한 새로운 방법을 소개합니다.

Transcranial 자석 자극에 의​​해 유도된 Phosphenes을 문서화에 대한 새로운 접근 방식

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

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12.0K 조회수.  Boston University School of Medicine. Phosphenes은 피질의 시각에 민감한 지역에 Transcranial 자석 자극 (TMS)을 적용하여 유도 수있는 빛의 과도 percepts 있습니다. 우리는 phosphene 임계값을 결정하기위한 표준 프로토콜을 설명하고 인식 phosphenes을 quantifying 분석을위한 새로운 방법을 소개합니다.

비디오: A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

기본 모드 네트워크를 검사하기 위해 Transcranial 자석 자극과 fMRI를 결합

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

연구

신경과학

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

TMS의 국가 종속성 효과 : 동기 Phosphene 동작 좀보세요

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

일차 운동 피질 대사에 양성 반구 경 두개 전기 자극 효과의 측정을위한 도구로 자기 공명 분광학의 사용

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) characterization of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition. Motor response inhibition prevents unwanted actions and is abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions. TMS is a non-invasive technology that can quantify M1 excitability and inhibition using single- and paired-pulse protocols and can be precisely timed to study cortical physiology with high temporal resolution. We modified the original Slater-Hammel (S-H) stop signal task to create a &#34;racecar&#34; version with TMS pulses time-locked to intra-trial events. This task is self-paced, with each trial initiating after a button push to move the racecar towards the 800 ms target. GO trials require a finger-lift to stop the racecar just before this target. Interspersed randomly are STOP trials (25%) during which the dynamically adjusted stop signal prompts subjects to prevent finger-lift. For GO trials, TMS pulses were delivered at 650 ms after trial onset; whereas, for STOP trials, the TMS pulses occurred 150 ms after the stop signal. The timings of the TMS pulses were decided based on electroencephalography (EEG) studies showing event-related changes in these time ranges during stop signal tasks. This task was studied in 3 blocks at two study sites (n=38) and we recorded behavioral performance and event-related motor-evoked potentials (MEP). Regression modelling was used to analyze MEP amplitudes using age as a covariate with multiple independent variables (sex, study site, block, TMS pulse condition [single- vs. paired-pulse], trial condition [GO, successful STOP, failed STOP]). The analysis showed that TMS pulse condition (p&#60;0.0001) and its interaction with trial condition (p=0.009) were significant. Future applications for this online S-H/TMS paradigm include the addition of simultaneous EEG acquisition to measure TMS-evoked EEG potentials. A potential limitation is that in children, the TMS pulse sound could&#160;affect behavioral task performance.

We describe an experimental procedure to quantify excitability and inhibition of primary motor cortex during a motor response inhibition task by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation throughout the course of a Stop Signal Task.

대뇌 생리학 응답 억제와 관련 된 측정을 위한 온라인 Transcranial 자석 자극 프로토콜

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans and can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Given the role of distal leg muscles in upright postural and dynamic tasks, such as walking, a growing research interest in the assessment and modulation of the corticospinal tracts relative to the function of these muscles has emerged in the last decade. However, methodological parameters used in previous work have varied across studies making the interpretation of results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies less robust. Therefore, use of a standardized TMS protocol specific to the assessment of leg muscles&#39; corticomotor response (CMR) will allow for direct comparison of results across studies and cohorts. The objective of this paper is to present a protocol that provides the flexibility to simultaneously assess the bilateral CMR of two main ankle antagonistic muscles, the tibialis anterior and soleus, using single pulse TMS with a neuronavigation system. The present protocol is applicable while the examined muscle is either fully relaxed or isometrically contracted at a defined percentage of maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Using each subject&#39;s structural MRI with the neuronavigation system ensures accurate and precise positioning of the coil over the leg cortical representations during assessment. Given the inconsistency in CMR derived measures, this protocol also describes a standardized calculation of these measures using automated algorithms. Though this protocol is not conducted during upright postural or dynamic tasks, it&#160;can be used to assess bilaterally any pair of leg muscles, either antagonistic or synergistic, in both neurologically intact and impaired subjects.

The present protocol describes the simultaneous, bilateral assessment of the corticomotor response of the tibialis anterior and soleus during rest and tonic voluntary activation using a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuronavigation system.

사용 하 여 발목 근육의 Corticospinal 통로의 양측 평가 Transcranial 자석 자극 탐색

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.

자원이 제한된 환경에서 경두개 자기 자극을 사용하여 뇌 - 행동 관계를 수립합니다.

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited ...

Conventional and Threshold-Tracking Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tests for Single-handed Operation

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used to examine corticospinal excitability. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms (e.g., short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), and short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI/LAI)) provide information about intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory networks. This has long been done by the conventional TMS method of measuring changes in the size of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to stimuli of constant intensity. An alternative threshold-tracking approach has recently been introduced whereby the stimulus intensity for a target amplitude is tracked. The diagnostic utility of threshold-tracking SICI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been shown in previous studies. However, threshold-tracking TMS has only been used in a few centers, in part due to the lack of readily available software but also perhaps due to uncertainty over its relationship to conventional single- and paired-pulse TMS measurements.
A menu-driven suite of semi-automatic programs has been developed to facilitate the broader use of threshold-tracking TMS techniques and to enable direct comparisons with conventional amplitude measurements. These have been designed to control three types of magnetic stimulators and allow recording by a single operator of the common single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols.
This paper shows how to record a number of single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols on healthy subjects and analyze the recordings. These TMS protocols are fast and easy to perform and can provide useful biomarkers in different neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS.

We present a suite of standardized single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recording protocols, with options for conventional amplitude measurements and threshold-tracking. This program can control three different types of magnetic stimulators and is designed to enable all tests to be performed conveniently by a single operator.

한 손 작업에 대한 종래및 임계값 추적 경두개 자기 자극 테스트

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used ...

Measuring Contralateral Silent Period Induced by Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Investigate M1 Corticospinal Inhibition

Contralateral silent period (cSP) is a period of suppression in the background electrical muscle activity captured by electromyography (EMG) after a motor evoked potential (MEP). To obtain this, an MEP is elicited by a suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the target muscle selected, while the participant provides a standardized voluntary target muscle contraction. The cSP is a result of inhibitory mechanisms that occur after the MEP; it provides a broad temporal assessment of spinal inhibition in its initial ~50 ms, and cortical inhibition after. Researchers have tried to better understand the neurobiological mechanism behind the cSP to validate it as a potential diagnostic, surrogate, and predictive biomarker for different neuropsychiatric diseases. Therefore, this article describes a method to measure M1 cSP of lower and upper limbs, including a selection of target muscle, electrode placement, coil positioning, method of measuring voluntary contraction stimulation, intensity setup, and data analysis to obtain a representative result. It has the educational objective of giving a visual guideline in performing a feasible, reliable, and reproducible cSP protocol for lower and upper limbs and discussing practical challenges of this technique.

Contralateral silent period (cSP) assessment is a promising biomarker to index cortical excitability and treatment response. We demonstrate a protocol to assess cSP intended for studying M1 corticospinal inhibition of upper and lower limbs.

M1 피질 척수 억제를 조사하기 위해 단일 펄스 경두개 자기 자극에 의해 유도된 반대쪽 침묵 기간 측정

Contralateral silent period (cSP) is a period of suppression in the background electrical muscle activity captured by electromyography (EMG) after a motor ...

Transcranial 자석 자극에 의​​해 유도된 Phosphenes을 문서화에 대한 새로운 접근 방식

Transcranial 자석 자극에 의해 유도된 Phosphenes을 문서화에 대한 새로운 접근 방식