Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of attention, misunderstanding of the procedure, or misjudgment. 

Mistakes include recording incorrect values, misreading instruments, or improperly marking survey points. Both errors and mistakes can significantly impact the accuracy and reliability of surveying data, making it crucial to implement rigorous quality control measures.

Personal errors occur when estimating fractions of a scale, as surveyors cannot read scales perfectly and will always be slightly off. Instrumental errors arise from the inherent imperfections and misalignments in survey instruments, which worsen with wear and tear. Natural errors result from environmental factors such as temperature changes, wind, moisture, and magnetic variations. For instance, a 30-meter steel tape can expand by a few hundredths of a meter on a hot day, introducing a temperature error each time it measures 30 meters. 

It's important to realize that these errors and mistakes, if not properly identified and corrected for, can lead to significant inaccuracies in your surveying results. This emphasizes the urgency and importance of understanding and addressing these issues.