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All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of solutions and culture media
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare all culture media and buffer according to the&#160;Table of Materials.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of instruments
	<ol>
		<li>Set up a water bath (&#62;10 L) at 42 &#176;C, a peristaltic pump with variable speed, and clamps for holding flasks. Prepare curved scissors and forceps (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>On or adjacent to the water bath, set up a baking sheet (about 38 x 26 cm) with a Styrofoam pad (50 mL conical rack), overlaid with an absorbent underpad cut into a 20 x 20 cm piece (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Place a piece of masking tape (5&#8211;8 cm) nearby. Place a 20 cm polyester sewing thread nearby that is cut and ready to use. Obtain a plastic catheter with a retractable needle (7 mm x 19 mm,&#160;Figure 1).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of glassware
	<ol>
		<li>Using clamps, place and immobilize a 1 L flask in the water bath containing 200 mL of 1x PBS with a stopper that has two 1 mL pipettes going into the solution. The rubber cork is notched to allow recirculation of fluid in a closed circuit.</li>
		<li>With another clamp, place a 125 mL flask containing 45 mL of Buffer 2 along with a stopper that has two 1 mL pipettes, one of which is in the liquid near the bottom of the flask and the other which stays above the liquid and blows oxygen into the flask. 
		NOTE: Each pipette in the stoppers will have a quick disconnect adaptor attached to the end for easy switching of the tubing. Oxygen will be gently flowing into both flasks via the pipette in the stopper that is not immersed in the liquid.</li>
		<li>Set aside two sterile crystallizing dishes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Animal Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Warm up the PBS and Buffer 2 solutions to 42 &#176;C in the water bath and circulate PBS for at least 20 mL/min in the tubing in a closed circuit to keep the liquid lines warm. Immerse any excess tubing in the water bath to remain as close as possible to 42 &#176;C. Drain the male end of the tubing into the 1 L flask containing PBS.</li>
	<li>Place a cotton ball on the absorbent underpad and add about 2 mL of 30% isoflurane&#160;(made up in polyethylene glycol 200 which decreases the evaporation rate of isoflurane)&#160;on the cotton ball using a transfer pipette.</li>
	<li>Pick up the mouse by the tail, place it in one of the crystallizing dishes, and then quickly overturn the dish onto the cotton ball so that the mouse has a small space in which to inhale the anesthesia. Observe the breathing rate of the mouse and ensure the mouse is effectively under anesthesia. 
	NOTE: The breathing rate should be slower and deeper,&#160;the tail flaccid, and the paws nonresponsive to the pinch test under anesthesia; see IACUC guidelines for additional details.</li>
	<li>While the mouse is going under anesthesia (this takes 1&#8211;2 min), prepare the barrel of a 10 mL syringe by pulling out the plunger and inserting a small cotton ball. Add 1&#8211;2 mL of 30% isoflurane with a transfer pipette to the cotton ball inside the barrel and place the barrel open-end down on a table while waiting for the mouse to become unconscious.</li>
	<li>Quickly take off the crystallizing dish, flip the mouse on its back and place the syringe barrel over its nose. Double-check the breathing rate, toe pinch, and flaccid tail. Any responses to the toe pinch and flaccid tail indicate that the mouse is not fully under anesthesia. Keep the syringe barrel over the snout to maintain unconsciousness.</li>
	<li>Place thumb tacks through the paws of the mouse, with the limbs outstretched in supine position. Wet the abdomen and rib cage with 70% isopropanol or ethanol.</li>
	<li>With the straight forceps in one hand, lift up the skin near the base of the abdomen. With scissors in the other hand, cut the tented skin and peritoneum. The incision should be horizontal or across the base of the tented skin. Be sure to cut through all layers of skin and peritoneum in order to gain access to the gut. Cut laterally around the abdomen up to the rib cage on both sides without nicking any of the organs.</li>
	<li>Cut off the flap of skin by cutting across the lower rib cage. Move the intestines to the right with the back of the forceps to expose the portal vein. 
	NOTE: Bleeding from the animal should be minimal; the animal should still be breathing and under deep anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Place the closed curved forceps underneath the portal vein between the liver and superior pancreaticoduodenal vein (Figure 2&#160;arrow).</li>
	<li>Open the forceps while underneath the portal vein. Grasp the thread and carefully pull it through so that it is centered underneath the portal vein. Tie an overhand knot around the portal vein without cinching it down.</li>
	<li>Place the curved forceps under the portal vein and gently pull it towards the tail of the mouse to straighten out the vein (Figure 3A).</li>
	<li>With the catheter in the other hand, place the bevel of the needle face-up and parallel with the lower part of the portal vein near the forceps (Figure 3B).</li>
	<li>Gently puncture the vein with the needle (Figure 3C). Ensure the bevel of the needle is in the lumen of the vein. Retract the spring-loaded needle and continue to push the polymer catheter through the vein until the bevel is near the venous branched area. This is within the liver. If the catheter is placed correctly, a back-flow of blood will be visible. (Figure 3D).</li>
	<li>Tighten the overhand knot and pull it down on the catheter to help stabilize it. Immediately turn down the pump rate from 20 mL/min to 4 mL/min and cut another major blood vessel for drainage. Cut the aorta abdominalis for optimal results.</li>
	<li>Place the male end of the tubing to the female end of the catheter (Figure 4A). Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the line. Be careful that the catheter is not either pushed into the liver or out of the vein. Placement of the thread is not essential, though it helps prevent back-flow out of the vein and helps keep the catheter in the correct position (Figure 4B, C).</li>
	<li>Use masking tape to immobilize the tubing onto the underpad. Use the straight forceps to squeeze the effluent blood vessel to inflate the liver a few times to ensure all the blood has drained out (Figure 4D). 
	NOTE: Standard laboratory tape may&#160;not work; however, masking tape will remain stuck to the underpad, even in wet conditions.</li>
</ol>
3. Liver Perfusion
<ol>
	<li>While the liver is flushing with PBS, measure out about 24 mg of Collagenase Type IV and place it in the flask containing 45 mL of Buffer 2 in the water bath. Be sure to swirl the liquid in the flask so that the collagenase is fully dissolved and place the flask back in the clamp so that the liquid containing portion of the flask is fully submerged in the water.</li>
	<li>Observe the change in color of the liver as it is flushed with PBS. Change the outflow tubing from the 1 L flask to the 125 mL flask. Do not allow air bubbles to flow into the liver.</li>
	<li>Once the perfusion buffer reaches the liver, briefly squeeze tight the effluent blood vessel to build up some pressure within the vessel and allow this liquid to fill all lobes of the liver. Be sure not to cut off drainage too long, as that may burst the thin connective tissue surrounding the liver (Glisson&#39;s capsule) and destroy the perfusion or flow of liquid within the capillary bed of the liver.</li>
	<li>Allow Buffer 2 with collagenase to perfuse through the liver until all 45 mL have flowed through the tissue. 
	NOTE: If successful, the Glisson&#39;s capsule should be separated from the parenchyma or the liver tissue and the liver itself should appear amorphous.</li>
	<li>Add about 10 mL of Buffer 1 to the other crystallizing dish and place it next to the mouse.</li>
	<li>Remove the catheter and turn the pump off.</li>
	<li>With the straight forceps and scissors, cut the liver from the mouse. If the collagenase digestion was very efficient, it may be necessary to have a clean, sterile spoon on hand to scoop the liver from the mouse and place it in Buffer 1.</li>
</ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>1 L Erlenmeyer flask</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S63274</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 mL Erlenmeyer flask</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S63271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone tubing&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>96400-14</td><td>This tubing runs from the flasks through the pump to the T connector and then to the 1.0 mL syringe that is connected to the catheter.</td></tr><tr><td>Tygon tubing</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R3603</td><td>Used as an adaptor between 96400-14 and pipettes and T connector.&amp;nbsp; This may also be used for the oxygen tubing.</td></tr><tr><td>T-connectors</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>EW-06294-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quick dissconnects</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>6150-0010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pinch Clamps</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>6165-0002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Masterflex L/S Variable speed Pump; model 7553-70</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>EW-07559-00</td><td>Periplastic pump with variable speed</td></tr><tr><td>Pump head; model 7014-20</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>EW-07014-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass graduated 1.0 mL pipettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-678</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curved non-serrated scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14069-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curved forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>13009-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 mL syringe</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>03-377-23</td><td>Only barrel of syringe will be needed</td></tr><tr><td>Sterlized spoon</td><td>Home supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton ball(s)</td><td>Home supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyester sewing thread</td><td>Home supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Masking tape</td><td>Home supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thumb tacks</td><td>Home supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Styrofoam pad&amp;nbsp;</td><td>50 mL conical rack</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cookie/baking sheet</td><td>Home supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Absorbant underpads</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-206-64</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19 L water bath</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>TSCOL19</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Insyte Autogaurd Shielded IV Catheter 24 guage</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>381412</td><td>Plastic cathetar with retractable needle</td></tr><tr><td>Crystallizing dishes 100x50</td><td>VWR&amp;nbsp;</td><td>89000-290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene petri dishes</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5481-500EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL conical tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-565-270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graduated pipettes (5 mL)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>170355</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graduated pipettes (25 mL)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>170357</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EasyStrainer 100 &amp;micro;M</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>542000</td><td>100 &amp;micro;m filter</td></tr><tr><td>EasyStrainer 40 &amp;micro;M</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>542040</td><td>40 &amp;micro;m filter</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;REAGENTS&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Compound&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Grams (g/L)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Millimolar (mM)&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer 1; pH 7.4</td><td>NaCl</td><td>8.3</td><td>142</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>KCl</td><td>0.5</td><td>6.7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>HEPES</td><td>2.4</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>BSA</td><td>15</td><td>0.226</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer 2; pH 7.4</td><td>NaCl</td><td>3.9</td><td>66.74</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>KCl</td><td>0.5</td><td>6.71</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>CaCl2</td><td>0.7</td><td>6.31</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>HEPES</td><td>24</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>BSA</td><td>15</td><td>0.226</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Phenol Red</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><td>PBS; pH 7.4</td><td>NaCl</td><td>8</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>0.2</td><td>2.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na2HPO4-7H2O</td><td>1.15</td><td>4.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH2PO4</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;OTHER REAGENTS&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type IV</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C5138</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab144581</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vivo murine liver perfusion: a method to infuse the rodent liver with solution via the portal vein

Source: Cabral, F., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56993/" target="_blank">Purification of Hepatocytes and Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells from Mouse Liver Perfusion</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video describes a procedure for mouse liver perfusion through the portal vein using collagenase solution prior to isolating liver cells.

<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/20084/20084_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the perfusion suite. The flasks are held in place by clamps (not shown); the tubing containing fluid is swapped from the 1L flask to the 125 mL flask during the procedure is represented by the red dotted line. Note, that the oxygen feed does not bubble directly into the solutions in the flasks. The corks should also be notched to allow a close...

In Vivo Murine Liver Perfusion: A Method to Infuse the Rodent Liver with Solution via the Portal Vein

Source: Cabral, F., et al. Purification of Hepatocytes and Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells from Mouse Liver Perfusion. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video ...

After anesthetizing and preparing the rodent, locate the portal vein and slide a thread under it. Tie a loose knot around the portal vein without pulling it taut. This will stabilize an IV catheter later during the protocol.
Holding the needle of an IV catheter bevel-up and parallel to the portal vein, insert it into the lumen - the space inside of the vein. Retract the needle and push the catheter through the vein all the way to the venous branched area within the liver.
After stabilizing the catheter, increase the peristaltic pump rate. Immediately, the liver should blanch as blood is replaced by perfusion liquid. Cut a major blood vessel to drain even more blood and perfusion liquid from the liver.
Squeeze the severed vessel a few times to inflate the liver and ensure it is completely devoid of blood. Switch the pump so that it perfuses buffer into the liver. Finally, repeat liver inflation briefly, taking care not to burst the liver from its connective tissue.

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Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biology

Rodent Models

Adult

2.3K ビュー. 出典:Cabral, F., et al. マウス肝灌流からの肝細胞および正弦波内皮細胞の精製。J. Vis. Exp.(2018年)。 このビデオでは、肝細胞を単離する前にコラゲナーゼ溶液を使用して門脈をマウスの肝臓灌流する手順について説明しています。 

ビデオ: In vivoマウス肝灌流:門脈を介してげっ歯類の肝臓に溶液を注入する方法 - 概念

A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 &#956;l, &#8805; 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of &#8804; 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and &#62; 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

A surgical procedure was developed to deliver mammary tumor cells to the murine liver via portal vein injection. This model permits investigation of late stages of liver metastasis in a fully immune competent host, including tumor cell extravasation, seeding, survival, and metastatic outgrowth in the liver.

乳癌の肝転移を研究するためのポータル静脈注射モデル

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast ...

JoVE Journal

がん研究

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been introduced as a method to evaluate and modify organ function. NEVLP has many advantages in comparison to hypothermic and subnormothermic perfusion including reduced preservation injury, restoration of normal organ function under physiologic conditions, assessment of organ performance, and as a platform for organ repair, remodeling, and modification. Both murine and porcine NEVLP models have been described. We demonstrate a rat model of NEVLP and use this model to show one of its important applications &#8212; the use of a therapeutic molecule added to liver perfusate. Catalase is an endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and has been demonstrated to decrease ischemia-reperfusion in the eye, brain, and lung. Pegylation has been shown to target catalase to the endothelium. Here, we added pegylated-catalase (PEG-CAT) to the base perfusate and demonstrated its ability to mitigate liver preservation injury. An advantage of our rodent NEVLP model is that it is inexpensive in comparison to larger animal models. A limitation of this study is that it does not currently include post-perfusion liver transplantation. Therefore, prediction of the function of the organ post-transplantation cannot be made with certainty. However, the rat liver transplant model is well established and certainly could be used in conjunction with this model. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an inexpensive, simple, easily replicable NEVLP model using rats. Applications of this model can include testing novel perfusates and perfusate additives, testing software designed for organ evaluation, and experiments designed to repair organs.

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant liver donor shortage, and criteria for liver donors have been expanded. Normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been developed to evaluate and modify organ function. This study demonstrates a rat model of NEVLP and tests the ability of pegylated-catalase, to mitigate liver preservation injury.

Ex Vivo常温肝灌流の小さな動物モデル

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, ...

医学

Minimizing Post-Infusion Portal Vein Bleeding during Intrahepatic Islet Transplantation in Mice

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the kidney capsule in most rodent preclinical islet transplantation studies. This model is commonly used because murine intrahepatic islet transplantation is technically challenging, and a high percentage of mice could die from surgical complications, especially bleeding from the injection site post-transplantation. In this study, two procedures that can minimize the incidence of post-infusion portal vein bleeding are demonstrated. The first method applies an absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge to the injection site, and the second method involves penetrating the islet injection needle through the fat tissue first and then into the portal vein by using the fat tissue as a physical barrier to stop bleeding. Both methods could effectively prevent bleeding-induced mouse death. The whole liver section showing islet distribution and evidence of islet thrombosis post-transplantation, a typical feature for intrahepatic islet transplantation, were presented. These improved protocols refine the intrahepatic islet transplantation procedures and may help laboratories set up the procedure to study islet survival and function in pre-clinical settings.

Here we present refined surgical procedures on successfully performing intraportal islet transplantation, a clinically relevant but technically challenging surgical procedure, in mice.

マウスの肝内膵島移植中の注入後門脈静脈出血の最小化

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the ...

In Vivo Murine Liver Perfusion: A Method to Infuse the Rodent Liver with Solution via the Portal Vein

記録

In Vivo Murine Liver Perfusion: A Method to Infuse the Rodent Liver with Solution via the Portal Vein