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The following protocols will describe methods for culturing and studying the invasion by the anaerobic species, P. gingivalis; however, these protocols may be used for a number of anaerobic pathogens. Although HUVECs are used, this protocol may be used for other eukaryotic cells both immune and non-immune.
1. Anaerobic Chamber Use and Maintenance
Note: P. gingivalis is an anaerobe sensitive to normal levels of oxygen encountered in ambient air. A controlled anaerobic environment is vital for the cultivation of P. gingivalis.
<ol>
	<li>Here, maintain an artificial atmosphere designated as mixed anaerobic gas (80% N2, 10% H2, 10% CO2) in a vinyl anaerobic chamber (Figure 1A). Use an airlock (Figure 1B) for transferring items from the laboratory environment to the anaerobic chamber. The airlock operates manually, twice purging with N2 gas before introducing the mixed anaerobic gas.</li>
	<li>Use a hydrogen sulfide removal column (Figure 1C) for maintenance-free removal of the undesirable hydrogen sulfide. Place a dehumidifier within the chamber to remove H2O created by the catalyst and to avoid aerosols that facilitate the spread of contamination. 
	Note: Hydrogen sulfide is a natural metabolic byproduct of many anaerobic bacteria and its accumulation is toxic to bacteria and can result in damage to electronics and decrease the lifetime of a catalyst.</li>
	<li>Use a fan box to circulate the chamber&#39;s atmosphere through a palladium catalyst, which removes oxygen in the presence of hydrogen (Figure 1D). 
	Note: A recirculating atmospheric (high-efficiency particulate air or HEPA) filter removes airborne contaminants with a size of 0.22 &#181;m or larger.</li>
	<li>Culture anaerobic bacteria in a 37 &#176;C incubator that is located inside the anaerobic chamber. Use standard aseptic techniques when working inside the anaerobic chamber.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Anaerobic Bacteria
Note: P. gingivalis is aerotolerant and can be stored in aerobic conditions but it will not grow in the presence of oxygen at levels higher than 6%. An anaerobic chamber is necessary for the proper cultivation of P. gingivalis and other anaerobic species (Figure 1). Proper training and education on anaerobic chamber use are required before working with micro anaerobes.
<ol>
	<li>Equilibrate all liquid media and plates to anaerobic conditions for at least 12 hr prior to experimentation to remove residual oxygen.</li>
	<li>Transfer P. gingivalis from a -80 &#176;C freezer to an anaerobic chamber, and let thaw.</li>
	<li>Streak P. gingivalis on trypticase soy blood agar plates (TSA II with 5% sheep blood). Wrap plates in parafilm and store at 37 &#176;C in an anaerobic incubator for 4-7 days.</li>
	<li>Inoculate P. gingivalis into 3 ml brain heart infusion (BHI) broth supplemented with hemin and menadione, an enriched non-selective liquid media for the isolation and culture of anaerobic and fastidious microorganisms, using sterile loops. 
	Note: For long-term storage, mix bacterial cultures prepared in BHI with glycerol or DMSO (10-20% final concentration) and place in a -80 &#176;C freezer.</li>
	<li>Prepare a starter culture of P. gingivalis by making a 1:10 dilution and allowing bacteria to grow until the mid-log phase.</li>
</ol>
Note: The optical density of the bacterial suspension is determined and the bacterial concentration for each strain to be examined is adjusted. For P. gingivalis a suspension at OD660 of 0.7 corresponds to mid-log phase and ~7 x 108 cells/ml. Growth conditions described in the protocol above are specific for P. gingivalis and may need to be adapted for other bacterial strains.
3. Endothelial Cell Culture
Note: Purchase pooled primary HUVECs and culture in basal medium containing vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) at 37 &#176;C in 5% CO2 according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions.
<ol>
	<li>Seed HUVECs in T-75 flasks at 2.5 x 105 cells/flask in 15 ml VEGF media. 
	Note: Check viability via a 1:1 dilution with 4.0% trypan blue. Cells with a compromised membrane will retain trypan blue, and healthy cells with intact membranes will appear white when viewed under a binocular light microscope. Count 100 cells, and ensure that over 80% of the cells are viable.</li>
	<li>Replace media every 2 days with pre-warmed fresh VEGF media until cells reach ~80% confluency.</li>
	<li>Wash cells once with pre-warmed phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Liberate cells from the T75 flask by incubating with 2 ml trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) for 5 min followed by 2 ml trypsin neutralizing solution.</li>
	<li>Collect suspended HUVECs in a 50 ml conical tube. Wash out any extra cells from T-75 flasks with PBS and transfer to 50 ml conical tubes.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge cells at 200 x g for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Remove supernatant, and suspend cell pellet in 10 ml pre-warmed VEGF media.</li>
	<li>Determine cell concentration using a hemocytometer or similar cell counting device.</li>
	<li>Calculate the amount of cell suspension to add to either a 6-well plate (400,000/well) or a 12-well plate with coverslips (50,000/well). HUVECs will be ready for experimentation the next day.</li>
</ol>
4. Survival Assay Invasion/Interaction (Plating)
Note: When performing this assay, prepare two 6-well plates of endothelial cells seeded at 400,000 cells/well. One plate will be used to assess bacteria attached to and internalized by host cells. The other plate will account for intracellular bacteria. The 6-well plate allows for triplicates of two samples to be performed in one experiment. For an outline of this protocol please refer to the survival assay flowchart (Figure 2).
<ol>
	<li>Prepare anaerobic bacteria as described above (see section 1) until they reach mid-log growth (OD660 0.5-0.7).</li>
	<li>Centrifuge bacteria at 5,000 x g for 10 min. 
	Note: If the centrifuge is outside an anaerobic chamber, carry bacterial samples in a tightly sealed 15 ml tube, and wrap the cap with parafilm to prevent oxygen leakage.</li>
	<li>Place pelleted P. gingivalis back in the chamber, and discard supernatant. Wash with PBS, and pellet bacteria again before resuspending in VEGF media. Prepare suspensions for all bacterial strains to be tested at OD660 of 0.7 which corresponds to the mid-log phase (~7 x 108 cells/ml). The bacteria are now ready for infection.</li>
	<li>Transfer 6-well plates containing HUVECs from the tissue culture incubator into the anaerobic chamber. Remove media and wash three times with anaerobic PBS. Add 2 ml of anaerobic VEGF media to each well and place the plates at 37 &#176;C in the anaerobic incubator for 20 min to equilibrate the temperature for infection. 
	Note: Plate bacteria on blood agar plates to ensure the ones used for infection are homogenous and not contaminated upon infection.</li>
	<li>Infect host cells with bacteria at a multiplicity of infection (MOI bacteria: host) of 100:1. 
	Note: HUVEC cell number is determined by performing a trypan exclusion test on a single well before infection. Bacterial cell number is determined via optical density (e.g., OD of 0.5 = 5 x 108 cells/ml). Bacterial concentration is adjusted to proper MOI based on HUVEC&#39;s concentration.</li>
	<li>Place 6-well plates with infected HUVECs into the anaerobic incubator and allow bacteria to interact with host cells for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Prepare saponin in BHI (1.0% w/v) inside the anaerobic chamber and filter through a 0.2 &#181;m filter.</li>
	<li>Survival of both attached and internalized bacteria.
	<ol>
		<li>Remove plates from the incubator, aspirate media, wash three times with anaerobic PBS, and add 2 ml filtered 1.0% saponin (prepared as described in step 4.8). Incubate for 15 min to allow host cell lysis.</li>
		<li>Scrape the bottom of each well with a cell scraper. Collect the cell mixture from each well and make a 1:1 dilution in BHI.</li>
		<li>Proceed to make serial dilutions of the sample. Depending on bacterial species and concentration, adjust serial dilutions. Start with 1:100 or 1:1,000 dilutions.</li>
		<li>Plate 200 &#181;l of desired dilution on blood agar plates. Wrap the plates in parafilm and place them in the anaerobic incubator at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Following seven days of incubation at 37 &#176;C, remove the plates and count colony forming units (CFUs) using a lightbox to manually count colonies. 
		Note: CFUs are enumerated. For larger quantities of CFUs, images may be taken and computer software can be used to facilitate the enumeration of CFUs.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vinyl Anaerobic Chamber-Type B</td>
			<td>Coy Laboratory Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Model 2000 incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSA II Trypticase Soy Agar w/5% Sheep Blood</td>
			<td>BBL</td>
			<td>221261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells 10-donor Pool</td>
			<td>LifeLine Technology</td>
			<td>FC-0044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VascuLife VEGF Medium Complete Kit</td>
			<td>LifeLine Technology</td>
			<td>LL-0003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypKit</td>
			<td>LifeLine</td>
			<td>LL-0013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>Riedel-de Haen</td>
			<td>16109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a bacterial infection assay for studying anaerobic bacteria-host cell interactions

Source: Wunsch, C. M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53408">Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates a technique for assessing the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic pathogenic bacterium, to adhere to and invade human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). After infecting the host cells with the bacteria, the host cells are lysed to release both adhered and internalized bacteria. When the lysate is plated in an appropriate medium, the presence of colonies indicates successful bacteria-host cell interactions.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/21795/21795_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Anaerobic vinyl chamber and its components. (A) A vinyl anaerobic chamber sealed completely from atmospheric oxygen provides workspace for two individuals at a time (32 in x 78 in). It contains an incubator set at 37 &#176;C (back middle). (B) An airlock is used for the transfer of items from the lab environment to the anaerobic chamber. Pictured is an ...

A Bacterial Infection Assay for Studying Anaerobic Bacteria-Host Cell Interactions

The following protocols will describe methods for culturing and studying the invasion by the anaerobic species, P. gingivalis; however, these protocols ...

Begin with a culture of endothelial cells.
Replace the media with anaerobic media. Incubate in an anaerobic chamber for temperature equilibration.&#160;
Add Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogenic anaerobic bacterium, and incubate briefly.
The bacteria possess proteinaceous projections, known as fimbriae, which bind to specific adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells, facilitating bacterial adherence.
This binding triggers intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and bacterial internalization into phagosomes.
Post-incubation, remove media. Wash with an anaerobic buffer to remove non-adhered extracellular bacteria.
Add a mild detergent to permeabilize the host cell membranes and induce cell lysis, releasing internalized and surface-attached bacteria without causing damage.
Dilute the lysate-containing bacteria with media and prepare serial dilutions.
Plate these dilutions on blood agar plates. Incubate under anaerobic conditions to allow Porphyromonas gingivalis to proliferate and form colonies.
Post-incubation, count the colony-forming units (CFUs) on each plate to quantify surface-attached and internalized bacteria, indicating bacteria-host cell interactions.

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241 ビュー. 出典: Wunsch, C. M., et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2015) このビデオは、嫌気性病原性細菌であるPorphyromonas gingivalisがヒトの臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)に付着して侵入する能力を評価する技術を示しています。宿主細胞に細菌を感染させた後、宿主細胞を溶解して、付着した細菌と内在化した細菌の両方を放出し?...

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Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a pathogen classified by the United Nations (UN) as a dangerous category B biological substance. For the sake of the workers&#8217; safety, handling of all samples presumed to carry Mtb must be conducted in a containment level (CL) 3 laboratory. The TB molecular bacterial load assay (TB-MBLA) test is a reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test that quantifies Mtb bacillary load using primers and dual-labelled probes for 16S rRNA. We describe the use of heat inactivation to render TB samples noninfectious while preserving RNA for the TB-MBLA. A 1 mL aliquot of the sputum sample in tightly closed 15 mL centrifuge tubes is boiled for 20 min at either 80 &#176;C, 85 &#176;C, or 95 &#176;C to inactivate Mtb bacilli. Cultivation of the heat inactivated and control (live) samples for 42 days confirmed the death of TB. The inactivated sample is then spiked with 100 &#181;L of the extraction control and RNA is extracted following the standard RNA isolation procedure. No growth was observed in the cultures of heat treated samples. The isolated RNA is subjected to real-time RT-qPCR, which amplifies a specific target in the Mtb 16S rRNA gene, yielding results in the form of quantification cycles (Cq). A standard curve is used to translate Cq into bacterial load, or estimated colony forming units per mL (eCFU/mL). There is an inverse relationship between Cq and the bacterial load of a sample. The limitation is that heat inactivation lyses some cells, exposing the RNA to RNases that cause a loss of &#60;1 log10eCFU/mL (i.e., &#60;10 CFU/mL). Further studies will determine the proportion of very low burden patients that cause false negative results due to heat inactivation.

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Intraocular bacterial infections are a danger to the vision. Researchers use animal models to investigate the host and bacterial factors and immune response pathways associated with infection to identify viable therapeutic targets and to test drugs to prevent blindness. The intravitreal injection technique is used to inject organisms, drugs, or other substances directly into the vitreous cavity in the posterior segment of the eye. Here, we demonstrated this injection technique to initiate infection in the mouse eye and the technique of quantifying intraocular bacteria. Bacillus cereus was grown in brain heart infusion liquid media for 18 hours and resuspended to a concentration 100 colony forming units (CFU)/0.5 &#181;L. A C57BL/6J mouse was anesthetized using a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Using a picoliter microinjector and glass capillary needles, 0.5 &#181;L of the Bacillus suspension was injected into the mid vitreous of the mouse eye. The contralateral control eye was either injected with sterile media (surgical control) or was not injected (absolute control). At 10 hours post infection, mice were euthanized, and eyes were harvested using sterile surgical tweezers and placed into a tube containing 400 &#181;L sterile PBS and 1 mm sterile glass beads. For ELISAs or myeloperoxidase assays, proteinase inhibitor was added to the tubes. For RNA extraction, the appropriate lysis buffer was added. Eyes were homogenized in a tissue homogenizer for 1-2 minutes. Homogenates were serially diluted 10-fold in PBS and track diluted onto agar plates. The remainder of the homogenates were stored at -80 &#176;C for additional assays. Plates were incubated for 24 hours and CFU per eye was quantified. These techniques result in reproducible infections in mouse eyes and facilitate quantitation of viable bacteria, the host immune response, and omics of host and bacterial gene expression.

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細菌性内眼炎マウスモデルにおけるウイルス感染の注入と感染量の定量

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The mammalian vagina can be colonized by many bacterial taxa. The human vaginal microbiome is often dominated by Lactobacillus species, but one-in-four women experience bacterial vaginosis, in which a low level of lactobacilli is accompanied by an overgrowth of diverse anaerobic bacteria. This condition has been associated with many health complications, including risks to reproductive and sexual health. While there is growing evidence showing the complex nature of microbial interactions in human vaginal health, the individual roles of these different anaerobic bacteria are not fully understood. This is complicated by the lack of adequate models to study anaerobically grown vaginal bacteria. Mouse models allow us to investigate the biology and virulence of these organisms in vivo. Other mouse models of vaginal bacterial inoculation have previously been described. Here, we describe methods for the inoculation of anaerobically grown bacteria and their viable recovery in conventionally raised C57Bl/6 mice. A new, less stressful procedural method for vaginal inoculation and washing is also described. Inoculation and viable recovery of Gardnerella are outlined in detail, and strategies for additional anaerobes such as Prevotella bivia and Fusobacterium nucleatum are discussed.

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The mammalian vagina can be colonized by many bacterial taxa. The human vaginal microbiome is often dominated by Lactobacillus species, but one-in-four ...

A Bacterial Infection Assay for Studying Anaerobic Bacteria-Host Cell Interactions

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A Bacterial Infection Assay for Studying Anaerobic Bacteria-Host Cell Interactions