eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

1. Preparation of Liposomes
<ol>
	<li>Calculate the amount of chloroform-suspended stock solutions of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-cap biotinyl (Biotin-PE) to make diluted stocks at the desired final concentration. To make final concentrations of 400 &#956;M DOPC and 80 &#956;M Biotin-PE phospholipids at 10 ml each, start by placing 629 &#956;l of 10 mg/ml DOPC and 88 &#956;l 10 mg/ml Biotin-PE into separate glass chromatography tubes. 
	NOTE: it is important to clean glass Hamilton syringes and glass chromatography tubes by cleaning solution (1 L 95% ethanol to 120 ml water containing 60 g potassium hydroxide, KOH) while transferring chloroform-suspended stock solution of DOPC and Biotin-PE.</li>
	<li>Dry the chloroform with a stream of argon in the chemical hood. Seal the chromatography tube with parafilm.</li>
	<li>Subject the newly dried liposomes to a high vacuum in a lyophilizer overnight (O/N) to remove any residual chloroform. For same-day completion, dry for 60-90 min.</li>
	<li>While the lyophilizer runs, prepare some dilution buffer. For this protocol, prepare 25 ml consisting of 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 150 mM NaCl; and 2% (by weight) n-octyl-&#946;-D-glucopyranoside (OG) detergent. Mix the first two ingredients together first, then displace oxygen with argon before adding the dry OG powder. After preparation, filter the OG solution with 0.2 micron cellulose acetate membrane, and store at 4&#176;C.</li>
	<li>In addition, prepare two screw-top bottles of 1 L of Tris-saline buffer at the same concentrations, but without OG. Place a distilled water-cleaned magnetic stir bar in the bottom of each. Prepare 6 additional liters of the Tris-saline buffer. Remove oxygen from all the bottles with argon and place them at 4&#176; C as well.</li>
	<li>After lyophilization, dissolve the dried lipids in the Tris-saline OG buffer to make a 4 mM solution of each. Following the example volumes, add 2 ml to the DOPC tube, and 0.2 ml to the Biotin-PE tube.</li>
	<li>Mix together the biotin-PE lipids with the DOPC lipids. This improves the mobility of the SLB, as the coupled biotin can impair the fluidity of the phosphate head groups. To make a final concentration of 80 &#956;M Biotin-PE, mix 0.2 ml of 4 mM Biotin-PE and 1 ml of 4 mM DOPC. Then add 8.8 ml of the Tris-saline OG buffer.</li>
	<li>For a final concentration of 400 &#956;M DOPC, simply mix 1 ml of 4 mM DOPC with 9 ml of Tris-saline OG.</li>
	<li>Fill the sonicator with ice water. Put the glass tube containing the diluted phospholipid in the center of the sonicator by using a utility clamp. Sonicate the diluted phospholipid for 10 min until the solution becomes clear. 
	NOTE: Add ice into the sonicator water bath to keep the temperature low since sonication will generate heat.</li>
	<li>Fill in the tubes with argon to displace the oxygen in the air the liquid, and seal them with parafilm.</li>
</ol>
2. Dialysis of Liposomes
<ol>
	<li>Cut two sections of dry dialysis tubing (Molecular Weight cut-off: 12-14,000, diameter: 6.4 mm) of appropriate length (in this example, 40 cm), one for each phospholipid dilution, from the roll.</li>
	<li>Rehydrate the tubing sections by allowing them to soak in 200 ml of distilled water in a glass beaker for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Microwave this for 5 min at a high setting, or at least until the water comes to a boil.</li>
	<li>Tie a knot at one end of each tube and rinse out the interior with a few milliliters of Tris-saline-OG buffer. Thereafter, meticulously squeeze out as much of this wash buffer as possible to minimize the amount of buffer remaining inside.</li>
	<li>In a laminar flow hood, add the diluted phospholipids into each tube and clamp the open ends with a small dialysis tube closure so as to exclude all air. Complete air exclusion will require the sacrifice of a small volume of the sample by clamping below the &#34;water line&#34;.</li>
	<li>Immerse the samples in the prepared previously bottles of Tris-saline buffer without OG. Displace oxygen in the bottle with argon before re-sealing and place to stir O/N at 4&#176;C.</li>
	<li>Transfer the tubing into a new bottle of Tris-saline buffer without OG every 12 h for at least 3 times.</li>
	<li>Shortly before the removal of the dialyzed lipids, prepare a number of small tubes into which to aliquot the lipids by filling each with argon to displace the oxygen.</li>
	<li>After 36 h, take the dialysis bottles into the laminar flow hood and remove the dialysis tubes from the bottles. Have a bench diaper or beaker on hand to collect the wet runoff.</li>
	<li>Cut the dialysis tubing above the clip, then remove the clip and carefully transfer the dialyzed lipid solution via pipet into 1 ml aliquots in pre-prepared tubes filled with argon gas on ice.</li>
	<li>Aliquot the aqueous liposome solution, and use the argon stream to displace oxygen again in each tube.</li>
	<li>Store the liposomes at 4&#176;C. Do not freeze.</li>
</ol>
3. Isolating and Culturing Human NK Cells
<ol>
	<li>Aliquot 15 ml peripheral blood or buffy coat into a 50 ml conical tube. Dilute this blood with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at a ratio of 1:1.</li>
	<li>Add 13 ml of Ficoll gently to the bottom of the tube with a 10 ml serological pipette.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge this tube for 20 min at 1,200 x g with the accelerator and the break-off or at their lowest settings.</li>
	<li>After centrifugation, use a serological pipette to collect the floating cloudy white middle layer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which should sit and the intersection between a clear yellow upper layer and a more cloudy pale-colored lower layer, both of which sit above a lowermost layer of red blood cells (RBCs). NOTE Do not collect any RBCs in collecting the PBMCs.</li>
	<li>Place the collected PBMCs in a new 50 ml conical tube, and dilute to capacity with PBS containing 1% FBS. Centrifuge again, this time with the brake and accelerator on maximum, for 5 min at 300 x g.</li>
	<li>Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 10 ml of PBS containing 1% FBS.</li>
	<li>Count the cells while centrifuging once more at the same settings as in step 3.6.</li>
	<li>Discard the supernatant once more, and resuspend the cells in R10 medium at a density of 10 million cells/ml.</li>
	<li>Take 30 million cells in a 5 ml polystyrene tube, and isolate NK cells using a magnetic separation kit, following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Following isolation, count the cells one more and resuspend at a density of 500,000 cells/ml in R10 complete medium (88% Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium, RPMI; 10% FBS; 1% N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid, HEPES; 1% sodium pyruvate) supplemented with IL-2 (100 U/ml). Culture at 37&#176; in a CO2 incubator and replace medium 2-3 times weekly.</li>
</ol>
4. Assembling the Glass-supported Planar Lipid Bilayer
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 100 ml piranha solution by mixing 30% hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid at a ratio of 1:3 in a beaker. 
	NOTE: Always carry out work with noxious agents like sulfuric acid in a properly designated chemical fume hood.</li>
	<li>Into this solution, immerse 2 rectangular #1.5 coverslips in piranha solution for 20-30 min. 
	NOTE: It is essential to clean the coverslips with a piranha solution.</li>
	<li>While the coverslips are being cleaned, take 1 tube of previously prepared 400 &#956;M DOPC lipids and 1 tube of previously prepared 80 &#956;M Biotin-PE lipids. Transport them on ice to the argon tank.</li>
	<li>Displace oxygen in a new microcentrifuge tube with argon, then add together the DOPC and Biotin-PE at a 1:1 ratio. The specific volume will vary based on experimental needs but should be at a minimum of 2 &#956;l each. Displace oxygen in the mixture tube once more with argon gas, and the individual reagent tubes as well, before returning the latter to the refrigerator.</li>
	<li>After they are finished cleaning, thoroughly rinse the coverslips with distilled water. Set the coverslips out to air dry for a few minutes.</li>
	<li>Withdraw 1.5 &#956;l of the liposome mixture prepared in step 5.4 and aliquot it in a single drop into one of the lane chambers of the chamber slide. The use of 2 drops per lane is typical, but not necessary.</li>
	<li>Quickly and efficiently place the dry coverslip over the droplets. Ensure that the drops are sufficiently spaced so that they do not merge once the coverslip is placed. Furthermore, make sure that the drops remain circular and well-defined, without touching the edges of the chamber walls. Press down firmly in between and around each lane to ensure a watertight seal between the coverslip and slide.</li>
	<li>Mark the positions of the drops using a marker pen.</li>
	<li>Pass 100 &#956;l of aqueous 5% casein through the chamber to block the bilayer. Try to make sure that there are no bubbles in the flow chamber.</li>
	<li>Inject 100 &#956;l of streptavidin at a concentration of 333 ng/ml into each lane. Incubate for 10-15 min at room temperature (RT). Thereafter, wash by running 3 ml of HEPES-Buffered Saline (HBS)/1% human serum albumin (HSA) through each lane to remove the excess streptavidin.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#956;l of biotinylated fluorescently labeled anti-CD16 such as Alexa Fluor 568 at the protein concentration previously determined to be most effective. Incubate in the dark for 20-30 min. Wash again by running 3 ml of HBS/1% HSA through each lane.</li>
	<li>Flow 100 &#956;l of D-biotin at a concentration of 25 nM through the chamber in order to bind any excess streptavidin and thus eliminate the chance of non-specific binding of streptavidin to the cells.</li>
	<li>Count NK cells and resuspend at a concentration of 500,000/ml in HBS/1% HSA.</li>
	<li>While spinning down the cells, wash the D-biotin out of the chamber with another 3 ml of HBS/1% HSA per lane.</li>
	<li>Check the mobility of ligands on the SLB by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, FRAP) on a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) or confocal microscopy prior to adding NK cells.</li>
	<li>Once the cells have finished spinning and have been resuspended at the desired concentration, add 100 &#956;l to each lane.</li>
	<li>Place the chamber in a 37&#176; 5% CO2 incubator for 30-60 min.</li>
	<li>After this incubation period, fix the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde at RT for 10-20 min. Wash by running 3 ml of PBS through each lane to remove the paraformaldehyde.</li>
	<li>Add 400 &#956;l blocking buffer (5% normal donkey serum and 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS). Incubate at RT for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Stain F-actin and perforin by adding 200 &#956;l of diluted fluorescently-labeled phalloidin (1 unit/ml labeled phalloidin) and fluorescently-labeled anti-perforin monoclonal antibody (500 ng/ml anti-perforin mAb). Incubate at RT for 1 hr.</li>
	<li>Wash by running 3 ml of PBS. The chamber is ready for imaging.</li>
</ol>
5. Imaging of the NK Synapse on Lipid Bilayer using STED
<ol>
	<li>Turn on all necessary hardware modules.</li>
	<li>Start up the image analysis software. Enable both resonant scanning and STED modules. After making these selections, wait for about 3-5 min for the software to initiate.</li>
	<li>Click on the &#34;Configuration&#34; tab at the top of the screen.</li>
	<li>Select &#34;Laser Config&#34; then turn on the white light and STED 592 nm lasers.</li>
	<li>Choose the 100x objective, and align the excitation laser beam with the 592 nm depletion laser.</li>
	<li>Select the &#34;Laser Config&#34; module, turn off the 592 depletion laser, and turn on the 660 nm depletion laser.</li>
	<li>Place the slide upon the stage, over the lens. Bring the cells bound on the demarcated bilayer region into focus using the white light lamp and the oculars.</li>
	<li>Return to the &#34;Acquisition&#34; tab, directly to the right of the &#34;Configuration&#34; tab.</li>
	<li>Click the &#34;Switch to Whitelight&#34; tab, then turn that module on and drag the excitation laser line to the appropriate wavelength.</li>
	<li>Select the desired detector from the list of those available, then set the detection range to encompass the appropriate range of wavelengths. 
	NOTE: NEVER put the detection range directly beneath the excitation beam.</li>
	<li>Click on the &#34;Seqential&#34; button in the left-hand &#34;Acquire&#34; toolbar to bring up the Sequential Scanning dialogue at the bottom of the left-hand toolbar. This allows the user to add multiple sequences, each with a different excitation beam for a different color. Click &#34;Between Frames&#34;, and then set the excitation frequency, detector, and detection range for each additional color as in steps 5.9 and 5.10.</li>
	<li>Once all the settings are optimized, hit &#34;Start&#34; to begin the acquisition process.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>18:1 (&#916;9-Cis) PC (DOPC) 
			1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>850375C</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18:1 Biotinyl Cap PE 
			1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(cap biotinyl) (sodium salt)</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>870273C</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon gas, compressed</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>UN1006</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A lyophilizer</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>Freezone 7740020</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyophilizer tubes</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7540200</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromatography Columns</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-205558</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9856</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 M NaCl</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9759</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octyl-&#946;-D-glucopyranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1008</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dialysis tubing</td>
			<td>Spectrum Labs</td>
			<td>132676</td>
			<td>Liposome preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well V-bottom polystyrene plate (untreated)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3896</td>
			<td>Antibody density determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-functionalized silica beads</td>
			<td>Bangs Laboratories</td>
			<td>SS06N</td>
			<td>Antibody density determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-2A</td>
			<td>Antibody density determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantumTM MESF beads</td>
			<td>Bangs Laboratories</td>
			<td>Variable</td>
			<td>Antibody density determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Casein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C0875</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES buffered saline + 1% HSA</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>434301</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescently-labeled biotinylated protein</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ibidi Sticky-Slide VI 0.4</td>
			<td>ibidi</td>
			<td>80608</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25x75 mm glass coverslip</td>
			<td>ibidi</td>
			<td>10812</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide (30%)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientic</td>
			<td>BP2633</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>258105</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Biotin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>B20656</td>
			<td>Lipid bilayer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens paper</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>54826-001</td>
			<td>For imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type F Immersion Oil</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>11 513 859</td>
			<td>For imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A Leica TCS STED microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

super-resolution imaging of nk cell immunological synapse formation on a supported lipid bilayer

Source: Zheng, P., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52502">Super-resolution Imaging of the Natural Killer Cell Immunological Synapse on a Glass-supported Planar Lipid Bilayer.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
This video demonstrates a technique for visualizing the formation of the immunological synapse in natural killer (NK) cells on a supported lipid bilayer (SLB). The SLB is first labeled with a fluorophore-tagged NK cell activating receptor ligand, followed by incubation with NK cells. Subsequently, the cells are stained for polymerized actin and perforin-positive lytic granules. This approach enables the visualization of synapse formation using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy.

Super-Resolution Imaging of NK Cell Immunological Synapse Formation on a Supported Lipid Bilayer

1. Preparation of Liposomes

	Calculate the amount of chloroform-suspended stock solutions of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and ...

Prepare a chamber slide with a supported lipid bilayer, or SLB, composed of phospholipids and biotinylated phospholipids.
Add blocking proteins to prevent non-specific interactions.
Introduce streptavidin, which binds to the biotinylated phospholipids.
Add biotinylated fluorescently labeled anti-CD16 antibodies, which bind to the immobilized streptavidin.
Pipette D-biotin to prevent non-specific binding of streptavidin to the cells.
Introduce natural killer, or NK, cells. The CD16 receptors on these cells specifically bind to SLB-bound anti-CD16 antibodies, forming an immunological synapse.
This binding triggers actin rearrangement and microtubule polarization, eventually forming microclusters at the synapse center containing SLB-bound anti-CD16 antibodies and CD16 receptors.
Lytic granules containing perforin polarize and penetrate through actin filaments at the synapse.
Fix the cells. Permeabilize the membranes and SLB.
Add fluorescently labeled phalloidin and anti-perforin antibodies, which bind to actin filaments and perforin, respectively.
Using a super-resolution fluorescence microscope, visualize the distribution of fluorescent actin filaments and perforin-positive granules at the synapse.

super-resolution-imaging-nk-cell-immunological-synapse-formation-on

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Imaging and Visualization Techniques

102 ビュー. 出典:Zheng, P., et al.ガラス支持平面脂質二重膜上のナチュラルキラー細胞免疫学的シナプスの超解像イメージング。 J. Vis. Exp. (2015年)。 このビデオは、支持脂質二重膜(SLB)上のナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞における免疫学的シナプスの形成を視覚化する技術を示しています。SLBは、最初に蛍光色素でタグ付けされたNK細胞活性化受容体リガンドで標識され、続いてNK細胞とインキ...

ビデオ: 担持脂質二重膜上におけるNK細胞免疫学的シナプス形成の超解像イメージング - 概念

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.

末梢血およびリンパ組織から主な人間の T 細胞のシナプスのインタ フェースの評価

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

JoVE Journal

免疫・感染学

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and an effector helper T lymphocyte (Th) cell, and to record the images corresponding to the first stages of the IS formation and the subsequent trafficking events (occurring both in the APC and in the Th cell). These events will eventually lead to polarized secretion at the IS. In this protocol, Jurkat cells challenged with Staphylococcus enterotoxin E (SEE)-pulsed Raji cells as a cell synapse model was used, because of the closeness of this experimental system to the biological reality (Th cell-APC synaptic conjugates). The approach presented here involves cell-to-cell conjugation, time-lapse acquisition, wide-field fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) followed by image processing (post-acquisition deconvolution). This improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the images, enhances the temporal resolution, allows the synchronized acquisition of several fluorochromes in emerging synaptic conjugates and decreases fluorescence bleaching. In addition, the protocol is well matched with the end point cell fixation protocols (paraformaldehyde, acetone or methanol), which would allow further immunofluorescence staining and analyses. This protocol is also compatible with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and other state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. As a main caveat, only those T cell-APC boundaries (called IS interfaces) that were at the right 90&#176; angle to the focus plane along the Z-axis could be properly imaged and analyzed. Other experimental models exist that simplify imaging in the Z dimension and the following image analyses, but these approaches do not emulate the complex, irregular surface of an APC, and may promote non-physiological interactions in the IS. Thus, the experimental approach used here is suitable to reproduce and to confront some biological complexities occurring at the IS.

This protocol images both the immunological synapse formation and the subsequent polarized secretory traffic towards the immunological synapse. Cellular conjugates were formed between a superantigen-pulsed Raji cell (acting as an antigen-presenting cell) and a Jurkat clone (acting as an effector helper T lymphocyte).

ヒト免疫シナプスのイメージング

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ...

Preparation of Bead-supported Lipid Bilayers to Study the Particulate Output of T Cell Immune Synapses

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present three activating signals to T cells engaged in physical contact: 1) antigen, 2) costimulation/corepression, and 3) soluble cytokines. T cells release two kinds of effector particles in response to activation: trans-synaptic vesicles (tSVs) and supramolecular attack particles, which transfer intercellular messengers and mediate cytotoxicity, respectively. These entities are quickly internalized by APCs engaged in physical contact with T cells, making their characterization daunting. This paper presents the protocol to fabricate and use Bead-Supported Lipid Bilayers (BSLBs) as antigen-presenting cell (APC) mimetics to capture and analyze these trans-synaptic particles. Also described are the protocols for the absolute measurements of protein densities on cell surfaces, the reconstitution of BSLBs with such physiological levels, and the flow cytometry procedure for tracking synaptic particle release by T cells. This protocol can be adapted to study the effects of individual proteins, complex ligand mixtures, pathogen virulence determinants, and drugs on the effector output of T cells, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells (CART).

Here we present the protocol for the stepwise reconstitution of synthetic antigen-presenting cells using Bead-Supported Lipid Bilayers and their use to interrogate the synaptic output from activated T cells.

T細胞免疫シナプスの粒子出力を研究するためのビーズ担持脂質二重層の調製

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present three activating signals to T cells engaged in physical contact: 1) antigen, 2) costimulation/corepression, and 3) ...

Super-Resolution Imaging of NK Cell Immunological Synapse Formation on a Supported Lipid Bilayer

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